VIP Hyderabad Call Girls Bahadurpally 7877925207 ₹5000 To 25K With AC Room 💚😋
Abdominal compartment syndrome[1]
1. Abdominal Compartment Syndrome :
An Unrecognised Cause of AKI
SAID KHAMIS (MD, KUL Belgium)
Professor Of Medicine
Nephrology Consultant
Menofia University Hospitals
2. Agenda - IAH and ACS
Definition – what is it?
Causes
Recent increase in recognition
Physiologic Manifestations
Prevalence
Outcome
Treatment
Detection:
Bladder pressure monitoring
6. Causes of Intra-abdominal Pressure
(IAP) Elevation
Abdominal Wall: burn eschar, repair of
gastroschisis or omphalocele, reduction of large
hernias, pneumatic anti-shock garments, lap closure
under tension, abdominal binders
Chronic: central obesity, ascites, large abdominal
tumors, PD, pregnancy
7. Are we seeing more ACS?
Increased Incidence?
Syndromes created by medical
“progress”
ICU’s full of sicker patients
Fluid resuscitation due to early goal
directed therapy for sepsis?
Increased Recognition?
10. Physiologic Sequelae
Cardiac:
Increased intra-abdominal pressures
causes:
Compression of the vena cava with reduction in
venous return to the heart
Elevated ITP with multiple negative cardiac
effects
The result:
Decreased cardiac output increased
SVR
Increased cardiac workload
Decreased tissue perfusion, SVO2
Misleading elevations of PAWP and CVP
Cardiac insufficiency Cardiac arrest
11. Physiologic Sequelae
Pulmonary:
Increased intra-abdominal pressures
causes:
Elevation of the diaphragms with reduction in
lung volumes
Cytokines release, immune hyper-responsiveness
The result:
Elevated intrathoracic pressure (which further
reduces venous return to heart, exacerbating
cardiac problems)
Increased peak pressures, Reduced tidal volumes
Barotrauma, atelectasis, hypoxia, hypercarbia
ARDS (indirect - extrapulmonary)
12. Physiologic Sequelae
Gastrointestinal:
Increased intra-abdominal pressures
causes:
Compression / Congestion of mesenteric
veins and capillaries
Reduced cardiac output to the gut
The result:
Decreased gut perfusion, increased gut
edema and leak
Ischemia, necrosis, cytokine release,
neutrophil priming
Bacterial translocation
Development and perpetuation of SIRS
Further increases in intra-abdominal
pressure
13. Physiologic Sequelae
Renal:
Elevated intra-abdominal pressure
causes:
Compression of renal veins and arteries
Reduced cardiac output to kidneys
The Result:
Decreased renal artery and vein flow
Renal congestion and edema
Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
Renal failure, oliguria/anuria
14. Physiologic Sequelae
Neuro:
Elevated intra-abdominal pressure causes:
Increases in intrathoracic pressure
Increases in superior vena cava (SVC) pressure with
reduction in drainage of SVC into the thorax
The Result:
Increased CVP and IJ pressure
Increased intracranial pressure
Decreased cerebral perfusion pressure
Cerebral edema, brain anoxia, brain injury
15. Physiologic
Sequelae
Direct impact of IAP
on common
pressure
measurements:
IAP elevation causes
immediate increases
in ICP, IJP and CVP
(also in PAOP)
15 liter bag placed on abdomen
(Citerio 2001)
16. Physiologic Sequelae
Miscellaneous
Elevated intra-abdominal pressure causes:
Reduces perfusion of surgical and
traumatic wounds
Reduced blood flow to liver, bone marrow, etc.
Blood pooling in pelvis and legs
“Second hit” in the two event model of MOF?
The Result:
Poor wound healing and dehiscence
Coagulopathy
Immunosuppression
DVT and PE risks
18. How common is this syndrome?
Malbrain, Intensive Care Medicine (2004):
Abdominal Total MICU SICU
pressure: Prevalence prevalence prevalence
IAP > 12 58.8% 54.4% 65%
IAP > 15 28.9% 29.8% 27.5%
IAP > 20 8.2% 10.5% 5.0%
plus organ
failure
19. Does IAH / ACS affect patient
outcome?
Ivatury, J Trauma, 1998: Intra-abdominal
hypertension after life-threatening penetrating
abdominal trauma: prophylaxis, incidence, and
clinical relevance to gastric mucosal pH and
abdominal compartment syndrome.
70 patients with monitored for IAP > 25 mm
Hg
25 had facial closure at time of surgery:
52% developed IAP > 25
39% Died
45 cases had abdomen left “open”:
22% developed IAP > 25
10.6% Died
20. Does IAH / ACS affect patient
outcome?
Points:
Clinical signs of IAH are unreliable and only
show up late in clinical course (once ACS
occurs).
IAH and ACS increase morbidity, mortality
and ICU length of stay.
Preventive therapy plus early detection and
intervention can reduce these complications in
many patients.
Monitoring early (not waiting for clinical signs)
in all high risk patients allows early detection
and early intervention.
21. IAH/ACS Management
Fluids – two edged sword
Fluids will absolutely improve cardiac indices if
the patient has inadequate RV filling- so early in
the course they are necessary
However, over resuscitation will lead to worsened
edema
Abdominal perfusion pressure - optimize
fluids first then add vasopressors. Shoot for a
perfusion pressure > 60 mm Hg
Sedation, Paralytics
Cathartics / enema to clear bowel?
Colloids
Hemofiltration
Paracentesis
Need significant free fluid on US
Decompressive laparotomy
22. IAH/ACS Management :
Abdominal Perfusion Pressure
APP = MAP - IAP
Abdominal perfusion pressure reflects actual
gut perfusion better than IAP alone.
Optimizing APP to > 60 mm Hg should
probably be primary endpoint
Cheatham 2000
Optimizing APP reduced incidence of
ACS - 64% versus 48%
Death - 44% versus 28%
23. IAH/ACS Management:
Decompressive Laparotomy
Rigid Abdomen in ACS
Post decompressive laparotomy
27. Intra-Abdominal Pressure
Monitoring
Bladder pressure monitoring through
the Foley catheter is:
The current standard for monitoring
abdominal pressures (Consensus, World
Congress ACS Dec 2004)
Comparable to direct intraperitoneal
pressure measurements, but is non-
invasive (Bailey, Crit Care 2000)
More reliable and reproducible than
clinical judgment (Kirkpatrick, CJS 2000;
Sugrue World J Surg 2002)
28. “Home Made” Pressure
Transducer Technique
Home-made assembly:
Transducer
2 stopcocks
1 60 ml syringe,
1 tubing with saline
bag spike / luer
connector
1 tubing with luer
both ends
1 needle / angiocath
Clamp for Foley
Assembled sterilely in
proper fashion
29. University of
Utah: IAP
monitoring
algorithm
Entry criteria
defined in table
Nurse is empowered
to enter any patient
fulfilling these
criteria
30. Final Thought
Do NOT wait for signs of ACS to be
present before you decide to check IAP
By then the patient has one foot in the
grave!
You have lost your opportunity for medical
therapy
Monitor ALL high risk patients early and
often:
TREND IAP like a vital sign
Intervene early, before critical pressure
develops
31. QUESTIONS?
IAH and ACS Educational Web
sites:
www.Abdominalcompartmentsyndrome.
org