HARD WATER WIYH STATISTICAL EXPLANATION HARD WATER,SOFT WATER,DELHI WATER

1. Survey on extent/Type ofSurvey on extent/Type of
hardness of water in societyhardness of water in society
using TDS meterusing TDS meter
STATISTICAL METHODS INSTATISTICAL METHODS IN
ECONOMICSECONOMICS

2. GROUP MEMBERSGROUP MEMBERS
KUSHAL BANSALKUSHAL BANSAL
ASHU GIRIASHU GIRI
AAYUSH KUMARAAYUSH KUMAR
PUSHPAK CHORARIAPUSHPAK CHORARIA
ARUN RAWATARUN RAWAT
SHUBHAM AGGARWALSHUBHAM AGGARWAL
AMIT BHATELEYAMIT BHATELEY
GAGAN WASONGAGAN WASON
YASH PRATAPYASH PRATAP
70057005
70077007
70117011
70237023
70417041
70427042
70447044
70577057
70587058
70597059

3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
This project means a lot to us. The aim of thisThis project means a lot to us. The aim of this
project is to analyze the type of hardness inproject is to analyze the type of hardness in
various water samples collected from differentvarious water samples collected from different
water purifiers and different regions i.e. groundwater purifiers and different regions i.e. ground
water sample, boring water, rain water,water sample, boring water, rain water,
household water supply, mineral water and alsohousehold water supply, mineral water and also
from the purifiers from the local peoples of ourfrom the purifiers from the local peoples of our
respective areas. In this project we are going torespective areas. In this project we are going to
analyze major problems of hard water and alsoanalyze major problems of hard water and also
their solutions to improve the salt concentrationtheir solutions to improve the salt concentration
of water.of water.

4. The problems are likeThe problems are like
The problems are like-The problems are like-
Which water is potable or non potable for drinking?Which water is potable or non potable for drinking?
Effects of hard waterEffects of hard water
MeasurementsMeasurements
 Regional informationRegional information
And also their solutionsAnd also their solutions
And their resultsAnd their results

5. This ppt includes-This ppt includes-
• INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
• MAJOR PROBLEMS/ISSUESMAJOR PROBLEMS/ISSUES
• SUGGESTED SOLUTIONsSUGGESTED SOLUTIONs
• OBSERVATIONSOBSERVATIONS
• CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
In this ppt all data are primary data. We
have done survey on this project.Survey is
done in different area of delhi.

6. HARD WATERHARD WATER
• Hardness refers to theHardness refers to the
presence of calcium andpresence of calcium and
magnesium ions in watermagnesium ions in water
(and sometimes iron).(and sometimes iron).
• Ions come from dissolvedIons come from dissolved
rock the water hasrock the water has
passed through.passed through.
• Affects properties of tapAffects properties of tap
waterwater

7. • Minerals in hard waterMinerals in hard water
interact with soap.interact with soap.
• Interferes with soap’sInterferes with soap’s
ability to lather.ability to lather.

8. SOFT WATERSOFT WATER
• Water with very low concentrations of minerals.Water with very low concentrations of minerals.
• Soap lathers easily and is sometimes difficult toSoap lathers easily and is sometimes difficult to
rinse offrinse off..

9. Classification of WaterClassification of Water
Hard waterHard water Soft waterSoft water
• Water that has highWater that has high
mineral contents (Camineral contents (Ca2+2+
and Mgand Mg2+2+
ions) alsoions) also
bicarbonate and sulfates.bicarbonate and sulfates.
• Calcium usually entersCalcium usually enters
the water as eitherthe water as either
CaCOCaCO33, in the form of, in the form of
limestone and chalk, orlimestone and chalk, or
calcium sulfate (CaSOcalcium sulfate (CaSO44).).
• Hard water is generallyHard water is generally
not harmful to one'snot harmful to one's
health.health.
• Water that contain few orWater that contain few or
no calcium or magnesiumno calcium or magnesium
metal cations.metal cations.
• It has low mineralIt has low mineral
contentcontent..

10. MAJOR ISSUES ANDMAJOR ISSUES AND
PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
• HARD WATERHARD WATER
• Water described as “hard” means it is high in dissolvedWater described as “hard” means it is high in dissolved
minerals, specifically calcium and magnesium. Hard water isminerals, specifically calcium and magnesium. Hard water is
not a health risk, but a nuisance because of its tendancy tonot a health risk, but a nuisance because of its tendancy to
cause mineral buildup in water pipe and heating systems,cause mineral buildup in water pipe and heating systems,
and its poor soap and/or detergent performance whenand its poor soap and/or detergent performance when
compared with soft water.compared with soft water.
• SOFT WATERSOFT WATER
• Soft water is neither healthy nor desirable for drinking! If youSoft water is neither healthy nor desirable for drinking! If you
were a steam iron or a washing machine it would be great,were a steam iron or a washing machine it would be great,
but we are neither! There are good reasons you should notbut we are neither! There are good reasons you should not
be drinking soft water!be drinking soft water!
• Water is a universal solvent. Most materials, especiallyWater is a universal solvent. Most materials, especially
metals, are partially soluble in water.metals, are partially soluble in water.

11. COMPOUNDS FOUND INCOMPOUNDS FOUND IN
HARD WATERHARD WATER
• The obvious compound in hard water wouldThe obvious compound in hard water would
be water itself, Hbe water itself, H22O.O.
• Calcium (CaCalcium (Ca+2+2
))
• Magnesium (MgMagnesium (Mg+2+2
))
• These are picked up by water as it movesThese are picked up by water as it moves
down rivers and streams.down rivers and streams.

12. Potential health affectsPotential health affects
• Hard water is not a health hazard. In fact, the NationalHard water is not a health hazard. In fact, the National
Research Council (National Academy of Sciences) states thatResearch Council (National Academy of Sciences) states that
hard drinking water generally contributes a small amounthard drinking water generally contributes a small amount
toward the total calcium and magnesium needed in the humantoward the total calcium and magnesium needed in the human
diet. The Council further states that in some instances, wherediet. The Council further states that in some instances, where
dissolved calcium and magnesium are very high, water coulddissolved calcium and magnesium are very high, water could
be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet.be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet.
• Much research has been done on the relationship betweenMuch research has been done on the relationship between
water hardness and cardiovascular disease mortality. Whilewater hardness and cardiovascular disease mortality. While
numerous studies suggest a correlation between hard waternumerous studies suggest a correlation between hard water
and lower cardiovascular disease mortality, no firm conclusionsand lower cardiovascular disease mortality, no firm conclusions
have been drawn. The National Research Council hashave been drawn. The National Research Council has
recommended further studies be conducted. The World Healthrecommended further studies be conducted. The World Health
Organization (WHO) is attempting to coordinate a worldwideOrganization (WHO) is attempting to coordinate a worldwide
study on the effect on cardiovascular disease before and afterstudy on the effect on cardiovascular disease before and after

13. WATER HARDNESS REFERENCEWATER HARDNESS REFERENCE
TABLETABLE
S.NO. Calcium Carbonate (ppm) Degree of hardness
1. 0-43 Soft
2. 43-150 Slightly Hard
3. 150-300 Moderately Hard
4. 300-450 Hard
5. >450 Very Hard

14. ObservationObservation
S.NO. NAME BRAND OF
PURIFIER
SPECIFICAT
IONS
TDS
MEASURE
TYPE OF
HARDNESS
1 Mr. Pradeep
tiwari
Kent Ro+Uv 76 Slightly hard
2 Mr. k.c Sharma Varuna Ro+uv+tds 229 Moderately
hard
3 Mr kumar pal
singh tomar
Kemfio Ro+uv 48 Slightly hard
4 Raj rani gola RO(aquafresh) Ro 112 Slightly hard
5 Suresh khurana aquaguard Ro+uv+tds 43 Soft water
6 Mrs sanjogta
dutta
Tata swach Nano technology
+Ro+uv+tsra tech
46 Slightly hard
7 Mrs satender
kumar
Kent grand plus 3 stage of
purfications
117 Slightly hard
8 Mrs meena bisht Alfaa purifier Ro+uv+nano
technology
69 Slightly hard
9 Kripal singh Tata marvella Advanced nano
tech
71 Slightly hard

15. 10 Mrs duntipal
pal
Xylem Wall mounted 5
stage
purification
113 Slightly hard
11 Ajay kumar aquaguard Ro+uv 92 Slightly hard
12 Usha chauraria Klone Uv+Ro 74 Slightly hard
13 Rashmi jain aquaguard Ro 113 Slightly hard
14 Promila thakur aquafresh Ro 162 Moderately
hard
15 Santosh nair Kent Uv+Ro 101 Slightly hard
16 Ankita jain Kent Ro+uv 77 Slightly hard
17 Josh vangue Kent Nano tec+Ro+uv 71 Slightly hard
18 Mr.arun rawat Tata swach RO+UV 53 Slightly hard
19 Mr.shubahm Aquafresh RO 41 Soft

16. 20 Mrs. Pooja
singh
aquaguard 3 satges of
purification
67 Slightly hard
21 Shyam lal college Ro purifier Ro 103 Slightly hard
22 Groundwater(s
angam vihar)
_________ _________ 859 Very Hard
23 Rain water _________ _________ 15 Soft water
24 Household
Water
_________ _________ 627 Very Hard
25 Bisleri 60 Slightly hard

17. MEAN OF THIS DATAMEAN OF THIS DATA
MEAN= Sum of all no.MEAN= Sum of all no.
Total no. of observationTotal no. of observation
X =X =
15+41+43+46+48+53+60+67+69+71+74+15+41+43+46+48+53+60+67+69+71+74+
71+76+77+92+101+103+112+113+113+1171+76+77+92+101+103+112+113+113+11
7+162+229+627+8597+162+229+627+859
2525

18. X= 3439
25
= 137.56
Mean value of TDS measure
is 137.56

19. 10% Trimmed mean10% Trimmed mean
10n n10n n
100 10100 10
Remove 15 and 859 from both cornerRemove 15 and 859 from both corner
Then find meanThen find mean
=2565/23= 111.52=2565/23= 111.52

20. MEDIANMEDIAN
N=25 .This no. is odd no. and series is discrete.N=25 .This no. is odd no. and series is discrete.
ThenThen
MEDIAN = n+1 th termMEDIAN = n+1 th term
22
Me=25+1 = 26Me=25+1 = 26
2 22 2
= 13 th term= 13 th term
= 76= 76
15,41,43,46,48,53,60,67,69,71,71,74,7
6,77,92,101,103,112,113,113,117,162,
229,627,859

21. TDS METERTDS METER

22. Conclusion and resultConclusion and result
About 80% of people drink slightly hard water.About 80% of people drink slightly hard water.
10% of the people drink moderately hard water.10% of the people drink moderately hard water.
10% of the people drink soft water10% of the people drink soft water..

24. Data analysis of different water samples:-

25. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Slightlyhard Soft ModeratelyHard
Series 1
Series 1

26. THANK YOUTHANK YOU