SW 619 Infancy and Early Childhood Development of Drug Addicted Children While in the womb fetus is in the it feeds off the food intake and nourishment through the placenta, which also means that any substances such as drugs, alcohol or tobacco that enters the mothers system flows through the placenta and is delivered to the fetus as well. From birth to three years old is the most critical period in a child’s development process. Children of mothers that use drugs while they are pregnant increase the likelihood that the child will suffer from some form of birth defect and oftentimes born prematurely. The lasting effects of prenatal cocaine affect the growth of the fetus physically. The results of the increase of premature birth, and generalized growth retardation including decreased birth weight, shorter body length, and smaller head circumference (Bigsby et al, 2011; Covington et al, 2002; Gouin et al, 2011; Mayes et al, 2003).  These toxic chemicals can sometimes have irreversible damage that affect the child’s normal development process with regards to proper development of organs and brain function. From the ages of 0-2 months old a child are expected to have develop motor skills that would include the ability to recognize different colors and shapes, kicking waving, have the ability to recognize familiar voices and their sleeping patterns would change, meaning that as they grow older children should be sleeping a little longer than a new born baby. Children from the ages of 2 months old should be able to extend their arm and reach and pick up toys and other objects, hand coordination by shifting objects from one hand to another. The child should be able to pick up finger food and bring it to their mouths. Identifying a problem with a child is when they are not able to perform these age appropriate task. A toddler ages 3 to 5 years old should be able to perform task such as holding crayons drawing horizontal lines, circles and have the ability to fold and snip paper with scissors. Children that have been exposed to substance may struggle with completing these tasks or will develop these cognitive skills at a slower rate. One study using play behavior (Rodning, Beckwith, & Howard, 1989a) found that preterm toddlers exposed to cocaine and other drugs to show poorly developed play behaviors, and a lack of interest and motivation in unstructured situations, in comparison to a group of high risk preterm children. Using play behavior, one study found preterm toddlers exposed to cocaine and other drugs to show poorly. However, by 3 years of age, there were no changes associated with fine motor performance or behavior observed with the child externalizing behavioral problems at age 5 years old. Stress and psychological symptoms of caregivers were found to be in direct correlation with increased child behavioral issues; indicating that the effected children may have m.

1. SW 619
Infancy and Early Childhood Development of Drug Addicted
Children
While in the womb fetus is in the it feeds off the food intake
and nourishment through the
placenta, which also means that any substances such as drugs,
alcohol or tobacco that enters the
mothers system flows through the placenta and is delivered to
the fetus as well. From birth to three
years old is the most critical period in a child’s development
process. Children of mothers that use
drugs while they are pregnant increase the likelihood that the
child will suffer from some form of
birth defect and oftentimes born prematurely. The lasting
effects of prenatal cocaine affect the
growth of the fetus physically. The results of the increase of
premature birth, and generalized growth
retardation including decreased birth weight, shorter body
length, and smaller head circumference
(Bigsby et al, 2011; Covington et al, 2002; Gouin et al,
2011; Mayes et al, 2003).
These toxic chemicals can sometimes have irreversible
damage that affect the child’s normal
development process with regards to proper development of

2. organs and brain function.
From the ages of 0-2 months old a child are expected to have
develop motor skills that would
include the ability to recognize different colors and shapes,
kicking waving, have the ability to
recognize familiar voices and their sleeping patterns would
change, meaning that as they grow older
children should be sleeping a little longer than a new born baby.
Children from the ages of 2
months old should be able to extend their arm and reach and
pick up toys and other objects,
hand coordination by shifting objects from one hand to another.
The child should be able to pick up
finger food and bring it to their mouths. Identifying a problem
with a child is when they are not able
to perform these age appropriate task.
A toddler ages 3 to 5 years old should be able to perform task
such as holding crayons drawing horizontal lines, circles and
have the ability to fold and snip paper with scissors. Children
that have been exposed to substance may struggle with
completing these tasks or will develop these cognitive skills at a
slower rate. One study using play behavior (Rodning, Beckwith,
& Howard, 1989a) found that preterm toddlers exposed to
cocaine
and other drugs to show poorly developed play behaviors, and a
lack of interest and motivation in

3. unstructured situations, in comparison to a group of high risk
preterm children. Using play behavior,
one study found preterm toddlers exposed to cocaine and other
drugs to show poorly. However, by
3 years of age, there were no changes associated with fine
motor performance or behavior observed
with the child externalizing behavioral problems at age 5 years
old. Stress and psychological
symptoms of caregivers were found to be in direct correlation
with increased child behavioral issues;
indicating that the effected children may have more difficulties
negotiating the increasing complex
academic and social demands of school-age children
(LaGasse et al, 2012; Twomey et al, 2013).
A study in Florida conducted a study of 715 pregnant women
who had positive urine results of
Black women treated at public clinics among White who were
treated in private offices.
The frequency of positive toxicology results were similar,
however Black women resulted in a high
use of cocaine oppose to White women who used marijuana,
however Black women are more likely
to be reported to Child Protective Services than White women.
Effective treatment is used when a

4. women comes in the prenatal treatment to detect drug use.
“Despite Black women having
alcohol/drug use identified by prenatal care providers at similar
rates to White women and entering
treatment more than expected, Black newborns were 4 times
more likely than White newborns to be
reported to CPS at delivery”.
References
Perreira, K. M., & Cortes, K. E. (2006). Race/ethnicity and
nativity differences in alcohol
and tobacco use during pregnancy. American journal of public
health, 96(9), 1629-36.
Kenner, Carole & D'Apolito, Karen. (1997). Outcomes for
Children Exposed to Drugs In Utero. Journal of Obstetric,
Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 26. 595 - 603.
10.1111/j.1552-6909.1997.tb02163.x.
Roberts, S. C., & Nuru-Jeter, A. (2012). Universal screening for
alcohol and drug use and racial disparities in child protective
services reporting. The journal of behavioral health services &
research, 39(1), 3-16.
Running Head: ORGAN DONATION 1
ORGAN DONATION 3

5. Organ Donation
Tiara Davis
Herzing University
Organ Donation
· My topic is, organ donation after death should be encouraged.
· The target audience for this speech are all concerned citizens
willing to support the nation that continues to lose patients due
to the failure of available organs or lack of organ donors. Their
acceptance of the topic would be a significant step towards
accomplishing improved healthcare delivery.
· Logos, pathos, and ethos
a. Logos to be included, “all over the world, doctors highly
recommend this course of action.”
ii. Pathos to be included, "I know all of you will make the right
choice since you got something many people lack: you have a
heart."
iii. Ethos to be included, "As a physician, I am skilled in telling
you that this recommendation and practice will assist a lot of
dying patients."
· The other persuasive techniques I will use would be
storytelling to breathe life into the topic. Also, I will give social
proofs to increase their willingness to organ donation after
death. For example, people who have been saved due to organ
donation after death.
· I would avoid defective persuasion through two significant
ways that are; relying on proper logic and presenting with my
audience in mind. Appropriate logic and having the audience in
mind will avoid introducing a new topic to the discussion.

6. · Research materials
Caplan, A. L., McCartney, J. J., & Reid, D. P.
(2015). Replacement parts: The ethics of procuring and
replacing organs in humans. Washington, DC: Georgetown
University Press.
According to the author, the availability of human organs in
America continues to be behind the demand. It is because the
standard policies for encouraged volunteerism that have been
established have failed regularly. Therefore, a new approach
towards increasing organ donation would be encouraging the
dead donor policy. It would be a strategy that will assist live or
cadaveric organ donation to enhance the number of available
organs in the medical market.
Morrissey, P. E., & Monaco, A. P. (January 01, 2014). Donation
after circulatory death: current practices, ongoing challenges,
and potential improvements. Transplantation, 97, 3, 258-64.
The author suggests that organ donation after circulatory death
(DCD) is endorsed and encouraged by the World Health
Organization and is practicable globally. Besides, there can be
an increase in the common kidney transplants that can be
realized if the idea of kidney donation regarding the death of
potential DCD donors is extended. DCD donors will open the
new way to people’s perception of helping those in need of
organs since, after death, the organs will no longer be useful to
them.
Flescher, A. M. (2018). The organ shortage crisis in America:
Incentives, civic duty, and closing the gap. Washington, DC:
Georgetown University Press.
Based on the research by the author, over 100,000 Americans
need healthy organs. Daily, approximately eight patients die
waiting for an organ to be available and more names added to
this list. Besides, the worst is that the gap between the patient
in need of organs and the number of available organ donors is
vast and growing. Given that, the only practical way would be
to encourage organ donation after death since death. These
organs will help treat patients instead of them going to waste.

7. · I will specifically use photographs, diagrams, and charts.
These presentation aids will ensure that the patients come to
reality with the medical challenges that physicians experience
in their duties. Photos of people in need of organs are likely to
change their perceptions of the topic.
Running head: PERSUASIVE SPEECH OUTLINE
1
PERSUASIVE SPEECH OUTLINE
3
Outline: Why Online Classes are better than Face-To-Face
Classes
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Topic:
Why online classes are better than face-to-face classes
Audience:
In this speech, the audience is students, trainers, employees
and teachers and faculties.
General purpose:
To persuade and convince learners on the benefits of online
learning compared to face-to-face learning.
Technique:
Practical class session has been conducted to differentiate the
effectiveness of both online and face-to-classes. Analysis of the
data from both sessions has profound results about the studies.

8. In this case, the techniques I used, in this case, are quantitative
and qualitative methods (Keen, Georgescu & Gomes, 2014).
Quantitative in this case analyzes the level in terms of numbers.
On the other hand, qualitative techniques focus on the effects of
online classes on students.
I. Introduction:
A. Attention Getter:
Many scholars have explained the advantages of online classes
in face-to-face classes. Have you asked yourself why online
lessons are nowadays becoming more common than traditional
learning? Do you believe that online studying will entirely
replace traditional studying?
B. Thesis statement:
Typically, online classes save real time for students. Class
accessibility is very much convenient for students who have
time jobs entirely. Also, it enables students to record lecture
notes and points for revision purposes.
C. Establish credibility:
I have studied online for the past few years using modern
technology. I understand the benefits which students gain from
studying online. (Alexander, 2017).
D. Preview of speech:
I will majorly focus on how online classes are more flexible
than face-to-face courses. Besides, I will also talk about how
online courses encourage self-discipline and responsibility
(Alexander, 2017). Additionally, I will explain how online
classes helps in lowering the cost of studying. Lastly, I will
describe how online studies provide a broad choice of courses.
II. Transition:
From the previous studies, we realize that online classes have
many benefits than face-to-face courses.
i. Online classes are flexible because students can learn when
they are free (Alexander, 2017).
ii. Online classes encourage self-discipline and responsibility

9. because student have to manage the time and learning resource
alone without supervision.
iii. Lastly, online learning helps to lower the cost of studying
because student need not pay tuition fees.
III. Conclusion:
1. Review of main points
Online classes are more flexible than in face-to-face courses.
Secondly, they encourage self-discipline and responsibility of
students as well as providing a broad choice of courses.
2. Presentation aid
For your understanding, I would recommend that you use the
various examples I have used to enhance your knowledge of
benefits online classes.
3. Closure
In summary, remember that online classes are better than face-
to-face classes due to their advantages over face-to-face
learning.
References
Alexander, R. C. (2017). Best practices in online teaching and
learning across academic disciplines.
Keen, E., Georgescu, M., & In Gomes, R. M.
(2014). Bookmarks: A manual for combating hate speech online
through human rights education.
Windingland, D. (2012). Speech class for teens: 28 speech class
lessons plus handouts and forms. Place of publication not
identified: Diane Windingland.