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Adjustment Disorders 
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth 
Edition. 5th. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013:286-9. 
Nguyen N, Fakra E, Pradel V, Jouve E, Alquier C, Le Guern ME, et al. Efficacy of etifoxine compared 
to lorazepam monotherapy in the treatment of patients with adjustment disorders with anxiety: a 
double-blind controlled study in general practice. Hum Psychopharmacol. Apr 2006;21(3):139-49. 
[Medline]. 
Rao ML, Hawellek B, Papassotiropoulos A, Deister A, Frahnert C. Upregulation of the platelet 
Serotonin2A receptor and low blood serotonin in suicidal psychiatric patients. Neuropsychobiology. 
1998;38(2):84-9. [Medline]. 
Di Rosa AE, Gangemi S, Cristani M, Fenga C, Saitta S, Abenavoli E, et al. Serum levels of 
carbonylated and nitrosylated proteins in mobbing victims with workplace adjustment disorders. Biol 
Psychol. Dec 2009;82(3):308-11. [Medline]. 
Tomb DA. Child psychiatry emergencies. In: Lewis M. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A 
Comprehensive Textbook. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:929-934. 
Strain JJ, Smith GC, Hammer JS, McKenzie DP, Blumenfield M, Muskin P, et al. Adjustment disorder: 
a multisite study of its utilization and interventions in the consultation-liaison psychiatry setting. Gen 
Hosp Psychiatry. May 1998;20(3):139-49. [Medline]. 
Ponizovsky AM, Levov K, Schultz Y, Radomislensky I. Attachment insecurity and psychological 
resources associated with adjustment disorders. Am J Orthopsychiatry. Apr 2011;81(2):265-76. 
[Medline]. 
Kienlen KK, Birmingham DL, Solberg KB, O'Regan JT, Meloy JR. A comparative study of psychotic 
and nonpsychotic stalking. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1997;25(3):317-34. [Medline]. 
Polyakova I, Knobler HY, Ambrumova A, Lerner V. Characteristics of suicidal attempts in major 
depression versus adjustment reactions. J Affect Disord. Jan 1998;47(1-3):159-67. [Medline]. 
Pelkonen M, Marttunen M, Henriksson M, Lönnqvist J. Suicidality in adjustment disorder--clinical 
characteristics of adolescent outpatients. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. May 2005;14(3):174-80. 
[Medline]. 
Uwakwe R. Psychiatric morbidity in elderly patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards in a 
general/teaching hospital in Nigeria. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. Apr 2000;15(4):346-54. [Medline]. 
Grassi L, Mangelli L, Fava GA, Grandi S, Ottolini F, Porcelli P, et al. Psychosomatic characterization 
of adjustment disorders in the medical setting: some suggestions for DSM-V. J Affect Disord. Aug 
2007;101(1-3):251-4. [Medline]. 
Despland JN, Monod L, Ferrero F. Clinical relevance of adjustment disorder in DSM-III-4 and DSM-
IV. Compr Psychiatry. Nov-Dec 1995;36(6):454-60. [Medline]. 
Wai BH, Hong C, Heok KE. Suicidal behavior among young people in Singapore. Gen Hosp 
Psychiatry. Mar-Apr 1999;21(2):128-33. [Medline]. 
Summary of mental disorder hospitalizations, active and reserve components, U.S. Armed Forces, 
2000-2012. MSMR. Jul 2013;20(7):4-11. [Medline]. 
Schnyder U, Valach L. Suicide attempters in a psychiatric emergency room population. Gen Hosp 
Psychiatry. Mar 1997;19(2):119-29. [Medline]. 
Casey P, Bailey S. Adjustment disorders: the state of the art. World Psychiatry. Feb 2011;10(1):11-8. 
[Medline]. [Full Text]. 
Jones R, Yates WR, Williams S, Zhou M, Hardman L. Outcome for adjustment disorder with 
depressed mood: comparison with other mood disorders. J Affect Disord. Sep 1999;55(1):55-61. 
[Medline]. 
Dobricki M, Komproe IH, de Jong JT, Maercker A. Adjustment disorders after severe life-events in 
four postconflict settings. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. Jan 2010;45(1):39-46. [Medline]. 
Montgomery C, Lydon A, Lloyd K. Psychological distress among cancer patients and informed 
consent. J Psychosom Res. Mar 1999;46(3):241-5. [Medline]. 
Mitchell AJ, Chan M, Bhatti H, Halton M, Grassi L, Johansen C, et al. Prevalence of depression, 
anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: a 
Adjustment Disorder meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies. Lancet Oncol. Feb 2011;12(2):160- 
74. [Medline]. 
Aghanwa HS, Erhabor GE. Demographic/socioeconomic factors in mental disorders associated with 
tuberculosis in southwest Nigeria. J Psychosom Res. Oct 1998;45(4):353-60. [Medline]. 
Popkin MK, Callies AL, Colón EA, Stiebel V. Adjustment disorders in medically ill inpatients 
referred for consultation in a university hospital. Psychosomatics. Fall 1990;31(4):410-4. [Medline]. 
Perez Jimenez JP, Gomez Bajo GJ, Lopez Castillo JJ, Salvador-Robert M, Garcia Torres V. Psychiatric 
consultation and post-traumatic stress disorder in burned patients. Burns. Dec 1994;20(6):532-6. 
[Medline]. 
Gradus JL, Qin P, Lincoln AK, Miller M, Lawler E, Lash TL. The association between adjustment 
disorder diagnosed at psychiatric treatment facilities and completed suicide. Clin Epidemiol. Aug 9 
2010;2:23-8. [Medline]. [Full Text]. 
Mitrev I. A study of deliberate self-poisoning in patients with adjustment disorders. Folia Med 
(Plovdiv). 1996;38(3-4):11-6. [Medline]. 
Runeson BS, Beskow J, Waern M. The suicidal process in suicides among young people. Acta 
Psychiatr Scand. Jan 1996;93(1):35-42. [Medline]. 
Portzky G, Audenaert K, van Heeringen K. Adjustment disorder and the course of the suicidal 
process in adolescents. J Affect Disord. Aug 2005;87(2-3):265-70. [Medline].
Taggart C, O'Grady J, Stevenson M, Hand E, Mc Clelland R, Kelly C. Accuracy of diagnosis at routine 
psychiatric assessment in patients presenting to an accident and emergency department. Gen Hosp 
Psychiatry. Jul-Aug 2006;28(4):330-5. [Medline]. 
Casey P. Adjustment disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs. Nov 
2009;23(11):927-38. [Medline]. 
Greenberg WM, Rosenfeld DN, Ortega EA. Adjustment disorder as an admission diagnosis. Am J 
Psychiatry. Mar 1995;152(3):459-61. [Medline]. 
Presicci A, Lecce P, Ventura P, Margari F, Tafuri S, Margari L. Depressive and adjustment disorders 
- some questions about the differential diagnosis: case studies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. Sep 7 
2010;6:473-81. [Medline]. [Full Text]. 
Chen PF, Chen CS, Chen CC, Lung FW. Alexithymia as a screening index for male conscripts with 
adjustment disorder. Psychiatr Q. Jun 2011;82(2):139-50. [Medline]. 
Maercker A, Forstmeier S, Enzler A, Krüsi G, Hörler E, Maier C, et al. Adjustment disorders, 
posttraumatic stress disorder, and depressive disorders in old age: findings from a community 
survey. Compr Psychiatry. Mar-Apr 2008;49(2):113-20. [Medline]. 
Akizuki N, Yamawaki S, Akechi T, Nakano T, Uchitomi Y. Development of an Impact Thermometer 
for use in combination with the Distress Thermometer as a brief screening tool for adjustment 
disorders and/or major depression in cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. Jan 2005;29(1):91-9. 
[Medline]. 
Strain JJ, Diefenbacher A. The adjustment disorders: the conundrums of the diagnoses. Compr 
Psychiatry. Mar-Apr 2008;49(2):121-30. [Medline]. 
Beck JC. Legal and ethical duties of the clinician treating a patient who is liable to be impulsively 
violent. Behav Sci Law. Summer 1998;16(3):375-89. [Medline]. 
Uhlenhuth EH, Balter MB, Ban TA, Yang K. International study of expert judgment on therapeutic 
use of benzodiazepines and other psychotherapeutic medications: III. Clinical features affecting 
experts' therapeutic recommendations in anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31(2):289- 
96. [Medline]. 
Schatzberg AF. Anxiety and adjustment disorder: a treatment approach. J Clin Psychiatry. Nov 
1990;51 Suppl:20-4. [Medline]. 
Newcorn JH, Strain J. Adjustment disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc 
Psychiatry. Mar 1992;31(2):318-26. [Medline]. 
Walcott DM, Cerundolo P, Beck JC. Current analysis of the Tarasoff duty: an evolution towards the 
limitation of the duty to protect. Behav Sci Law. 2001;19(3):325-43. [Medline].
Andreasen NC, Hoenk PR. The predictive value of adjustment disorders: a follow-up study. Am J 
Psychiatry. May 1982;139(5):584-90. [Medline]. 
Sifneos PE. Brief dynamic and crisis therapy. In: Kaplan HI, Sadcock BJ, eds. Comprehensive 
Textbook of Psychiatry. Vol 2. 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1989:1562-7. 
Kisely S, Preston N, Rooney M. Pathways and outcomes of psychiatric care: does it depend on who 
you are, or what you've got?. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. Dec 2000;34(6):1009-14. [Medline]. 
González-Jaimes EI, Turnbull-Plaza B. Selection of psychotherapeutic treatment for adjustment 
disorder with depressive mood due to acute myocardial infarction. Arch Med Res. Jul-Aug 
2003;34(4):298-304. [Medline]. 
van der Klink JJ, Blonk RW, Schene AH, van Dijk FJ. Reducing long term sickness absence by an 
activating intervention in adjustment disorders: a cluster randomised controlled design. Occup 
Environ Med. Jun 2003;60(6):429-37. [Medline]. [Full Text]. 
Brown RL, Brown RL, Saunders LA, Castelaz CA, Papasouliotis O. Physicians' decisions to prescribe 
benzodiazepines for nervousness and insomnia. J Gen Intern Med. Jan 1997;12(1):44-52. [Medline]. 
[Full Text]. 
Stewart JW, Quitkin FM, Klein DF. The pharmacotherapy of minor depression. Am J Psychother. Jan 
1992;46(1):23-36. [Medline]. 
Shaner R. Benzodiazepines in psychiatric emergency settings. Psychiatr Ann. ;():. 2000;30: 4:268-75. 
Razavi D, Kormoss N, Collard A, Farvacques C, Delvaux N. Comparative study of the efficacy and 
safety of trazodone versus clorazepate in the treatment of adjustment disorders in cancer patients: a 
pilot study. J Int Med Res. 1999;27(6):264-72. [Medline]. 
Bourin M, Bougerol T, Guitton B, Broutin E. A combination of plant extracts in the treatment of 
outpatients with adjustment disorder with anxious mood: controlled study versus placebo. Fundam 
Clin Pharmacol. 1997;11(2):127-32. [Medline]. 
Volz HP, Kieser M. Kava-kava extract WS 1490 versus placebo in anxiety disorders--a randomized 
placebo-controlled 25-week outpatient trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. Jan 1997;30(1):1-5. [Medline].
Adjustment Disorders

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Adjustment Disorders

  • 1. Adjustment Disorders American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. 5th. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013:286-9. Nguyen N, Fakra E, Pradel V, Jouve E, Alquier C, Le Guern ME, et al. Efficacy of etifoxine compared to lorazepam monotherapy in the treatment of patients with adjustment disorders with anxiety: a double-blind controlled study in general practice. Hum Psychopharmacol. Apr 2006;21(3):139-49. [Medline]. Rao ML, Hawellek B, Papassotiropoulos A, Deister A, Frahnert C. Upregulation of the platelet Serotonin2A receptor and low blood serotonin in suicidal psychiatric patients. Neuropsychobiology. 1998;38(2):84-9. [Medline]. Di Rosa AE, Gangemi S, Cristani M, Fenga C, Saitta S, Abenavoli E, et al. Serum levels of carbonylated and nitrosylated proteins in mobbing victims with workplace adjustment disorders. Biol Psychol. Dec 2009;82(3):308-11. [Medline]. Tomb DA. Child psychiatry emergencies. In: Lewis M. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:929-934. Strain JJ, Smith GC, Hammer JS, McKenzie DP, Blumenfield M, Muskin P, et al. Adjustment disorder: a multisite study of its utilization and interventions in the consultation-liaison psychiatry setting. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. May 1998;20(3):139-49. [Medline]. Ponizovsky AM, Levov K, Schultz Y, Radomislensky I. Attachment insecurity and psychological resources associated with adjustment disorders. Am J Orthopsychiatry. Apr 2011;81(2):265-76. [Medline]. Kienlen KK, Birmingham DL, Solberg KB, O'Regan JT, Meloy JR. A comparative study of psychotic and nonpsychotic stalking. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1997;25(3):317-34. [Medline]. Polyakova I, Knobler HY, Ambrumova A, Lerner V. Characteristics of suicidal attempts in major depression versus adjustment reactions. J Affect Disord. Jan 1998;47(1-3):159-67. [Medline]. Pelkonen M, Marttunen M, Henriksson M, Lönnqvist J. Suicidality in adjustment disorder--clinical characteristics of adolescent outpatients. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. May 2005;14(3):174-80. [Medline]. Uwakwe R. Psychiatric morbidity in elderly patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards in a general/teaching hospital in Nigeria. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. Apr 2000;15(4):346-54. [Medline]. Grassi L, Mangelli L, Fava GA, Grandi S, Ottolini F, Porcelli P, et al. Psychosomatic characterization of adjustment disorders in the medical setting: some suggestions for DSM-V. J Affect Disord. Aug 2007;101(1-3):251-4. [Medline]. Despland JN, Monod L, Ferrero F. Clinical relevance of adjustment disorder in DSM-III-4 and DSM-
  • 2. IV. Compr Psychiatry. Nov-Dec 1995;36(6):454-60. [Medline]. Wai BH, Hong C, Heok KE. Suicidal behavior among young people in Singapore. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. Mar-Apr 1999;21(2):128-33. [Medline]. Summary of mental disorder hospitalizations, active and reserve components, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2012. MSMR. Jul 2013;20(7):4-11. [Medline]. Schnyder U, Valach L. Suicide attempters in a psychiatric emergency room population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. Mar 1997;19(2):119-29. [Medline]. Casey P, Bailey S. Adjustment disorders: the state of the art. World Psychiatry. Feb 2011;10(1):11-8. [Medline]. [Full Text]. Jones R, Yates WR, Williams S, Zhou M, Hardman L. Outcome for adjustment disorder with depressed mood: comparison with other mood disorders. J Affect Disord. Sep 1999;55(1):55-61. [Medline]. Dobricki M, Komproe IH, de Jong JT, Maercker A. Adjustment disorders after severe life-events in four postconflict settings. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. Jan 2010;45(1):39-46. [Medline]. Montgomery C, Lydon A, Lloyd K. Psychological distress among cancer patients and informed consent. J Psychosom Res. Mar 1999;46(3):241-5. [Medline]. Mitchell AJ, Chan M, Bhatti H, Halton M, Grassi L, Johansen C, et al. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: a Adjustment Disorder meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies. Lancet Oncol. Feb 2011;12(2):160- 74. [Medline]. Aghanwa HS, Erhabor GE. Demographic/socioeconomic factors in mental disorders associated with tuberculosis in southwest Nigeria. J Psychosom Res. Oct 1998;45(4):353-60. [Medline]. Popkin MK, Callies AL, Colón EA, Stiebel V. Adjustment disorders in medically ill inpatients referred for consultation in a university hospital. Psychosomatics. Fall 1990;31(4):410-4. [Medline]. Perez Jimenez JP, Gomez Bajo GJ, Lopez Castillo JJ, Salvador-Robert M, Garcia Torres V. Psychiatric consultation and post-traumatic stress disorder in burned patients. Burns. Dec 1994;20(6):532-6. [Medline]. Gradus JL, Qin P, Lincoln AK, Miller M, Lawler E, Lash TL. The association between adjustment disorder diagnosed at psychiatric treatment facilities and completed suicide. Clin Epidemiol. Aug 9 2010;2:23-8. [Medline]. [Full Text]. Mitrev I. A study of deliberate self-poisoning in patients with adjustment disorders. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1996;38(3-4):11-6. [Medline]. Runeson BS, Beskow J, Waern M. The suicidal process in suicides among young people. Acta Psychiatr Scand. Jan 1996;93(1):35-42. [Medline]. Portzky G, Audenaert K, van Heeringen K. Adjustment disorder and the course of the suicidal process in adolescents. J Affect Disord. Aug 2005;87(2-3):265-70. [Medline].
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