the topic is about embolism, there is a video included as well, I hope ppt is useful for some one atleast

1. embolisum
(Embolism is the blockage of a blood vessel by solid, liquid or
gas(embolus) at a site distant from its origin.
Bogomolets national medical university
Discipline :- pathophysiology
Semester :- 1

2. Embolus
(Greek word :-"wedge", "plug")
 is an unattached mass that travels through the blood
stream, and is capable of clogging arterial capillary
beds (create an arterial occlusion) at a site distant from
its point of origin
There are a number of different types of emboli :-
 Fat embolism – embolism of bone fracture or fat droplets.
Air embolism (also known as a gas embolism) – embolism of air bubbles.
Cholesterol embolism – embolism of cholesterol, often from
atherosclerotic plaque inside a vessel.
Thromboembolism – embolism of thrombus (blood clot)

3. Classification :-
Arterial embolism
(Arterial embolism can cause occlusion in any part of the body. It is a major cause
of infarction (tissue death from blockage of the blood supply).
 Venous embolisum
embolus formed in a systemic vein will always impact in the lungs, This will form
a pulmonary embolism that will result in a blockage of the main artery of the lungs and
can be a complication of deep-vein thrombosis.
Paradoxical (venous to arterial)
In paradoxical embolism, also known as crossed embolism, an embolus from the
veins crosses to the arterial blood system. This is generally found only with heart
problems such as septal defects (holes in the cardiac septum)

4. Thrombosis
Thrombosis is the formation of a solid mass of blood within the
circulatory system
Why does thrombosis occur?
• (Abnormalities of the vessel wall)
• atheroma
• direct injury
• inflammation

5. Arterial embolism
Risk factors :-
• advanced age
• cigarette smoking
• hypertension (high blood
pressure)
• obesity
• hyperlipidaemia
e.g. hypercholesterolemi
a, hypertriglyceridemia,
elevated lipoprotein or
decreased levels
of HDL cholesterol)
• diabetes mellitus
• Sedentary lifestyle
• stress

6. Pathophysiological reason of arterial embolisum
(Detection of Right Coronary Artery Air
Embolism)
An arterial embolism is caused by one or more emboli
getting stuck in an artery and blocking blood flow,
causing ischemia, possibly resulting in infarction with
tissue death (necrosis). Individuals with arterial
thrombosis or embolism often develop collateral
circulation to compensate for the loss of arterial flow.
However, it takes time for sufficient collateral
circulation to develop, making affected areas more
vulnerable for sudden occlusion by embolisation than
for e.g. gradual occlusion as in atherosclerosis.
Diagnosis :-
 Doppler ultrasound, duplex ultrasonography
 Echocardiography

7. Pulmonary embolism :-
 Risk factor :-
• Alterations in blood flow
• immobilization (after surgery, long-haul flight)
• injury, pregnancy (also procoagulant), obesity
• Factors in the vessel wall: endothelial injury"
• surgery, catheterizations causing direct injury
• Venous stasis
• Estrogen,OCP,HRT

8. Complication :-
• Passing out
• abnormally low blood
pressure
• sudden death
• Pulmonary infraction
• Pulmonary hemorrhage
• Increasing of intra arterial
pressure
• Pulmonary atherosclerosis

9. saddle embolism :-
• Saddle pulmonary embolism (PE) is
a form of large pulmonary
thrombo-embolism that straddles
the main pulmonary arterial trunk
at its bifurcation. Its incidence
among patients diagnosed with PE
was found to be approximately
2.6%.

10. Diagonosis :-
(CT pulmonary angiography)
 CT pulmonary angiography
 Ventilation/perfusion scan
 Fluoroscopic pulmonary angiography
 Echocardiography

11.  Paradoxical embolism
• A paradoxical embolism refers to
an embolus which is carried from the venous side
of circulation to the arterial side, or vice versa.
• exm:- foramen ovale for any
pathologically reasons couldn’t
form ductus arteriosum, in this
we can see this embolism.

12. Embolectomy :-
(is the emergency surgical removal of emboli which are blocking blood circulation)
 Balloon embolectomy
 Aspiration embolectomy
 Surgical embolectomy

14. Thank you for
your attention
(have a really nice day)
Created by ahamed sakil