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FisiologiFisiologi & Teknologi& Teknologi PascaPascappanenanen
((Postharvest Physiology & TechnologyPostharvest Physiology & Technology))
(TPP(TPP - 2612- 2612))
PENDAHULUANPENDAHULUAN
ILMU & TEKNOLOGI PANGANILMU & TEKNOLOGI PANGAN
ILMU PANGANILMU PANGAN
Food ChemistryFood Chemistry
Food MicrobiologyFood Microbiology
Food AnalysisFood Analysis
Food Processing /Food Processing /
EngineeringEngineering
• Composition
• Structure
• Reaction
• Properties
• Interaction
• Principles
• Methods
• Techniques
• Analysis
• Occurence
• Action
• Handling
• Examination
• Safety
• Unit Operation
• Mechanic
• Fluid Flow
• Heat Transfer
• Evaporation
• Drying, Extraction
• Distilation, Mixing
• Filtration
• Harvesting
• Handling
• Preservation
• Packaging
• Waste Handling
TEKNOLOGITEKNOLOGI
PANGANPANGAN
TEKNOLOGI PANGANTEKNOLOGI PANGAN
DAN HASIL PERTANIANDAN HASIL PERTANIAN
BAHAN DASAR
HASIL PERTANIAN
BAHAN
PANGAN/OLAHANP-1
ILMU TERAPANILMU TERAPAN
• Mudah Rusak
• Musiman
• Bulky
• Nilai Ekonomi Rendah
• Jangkauan Pasar
Terbatas
• Lebih Awet
• Sepanjang Tahun
• Hemat Tempat
• Nilai Ekonomi Tinggi
• Jangkauan Pasar
Luas
P-2 P-3
• Kimia
• (Mikro) Biologi
• Fisika
• Matematika
• Biokimia
• Rekayasa
• Bioteknologi
ILMU DASARILMU DASAR
ILMU PANGAN:
Food Chemistry
Food Microbiology
Food Analysis
Food Engineering
Food Processing
TEKNOLOGI PANGAN
PROFIL NILAIPROFIL NILAI
Fisiologi & Teknologi PascapanenFisiologi & Teknologi Pascapanen
Komponen 2007/2008 2008/2009
Jumlah
Mhs
75 (100%) 14 (100%)
Nilai A 40 (54,05%) 9 (64,29%)
Nilai B 24 (32,43%) 4 (28,57%)
Nilai C 9 (12,16%) 1 (7,14%)
Nilai D 1 (1,35%) 0
Nilai E 0 (0%) 0
ATURAN PENILAIAN
Sumber Nilai
Nilai
(N)
Bobot (B)
Nilai Akhir
(NxB)
Nilai Huruf
Kehadiran Minimal 75 % A : ≥ 80
B : 70 – 79
C : 60 – 69
D : 45 – 59
E : ≤ 44
Quiz N1 10 % 0,10 x N1
Tugas / PR N2 20 % 0,20 x N2
Sisipan dan
Ujian Akhir
N3 70 % 0,70 x N3
Total 100 % 100
Keterangan : Kehadiran mahasiswa minimal 75 % dari total kuliah.
N1, N2 dan N3 maksimal masing-masing 100
REFERENSIREFERENSI
• ER. B, Pantastico. (1989). Fisiologi Pascapanen
(terjemahan Prof. Ir. Kamarijani). Gadjah Mada
University Press.
• Amalendu Chakraverty. (2001). Postharvest
Technology. Science Publisher, Inc.
• Journal : Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Journal of Food
Science, Food Technology.
• Others
Why Postharvest Physyiology ?Why Postharvest Physyiology ?
The FAO Hunger MapThe FAO Hunger Map
Sumber : FAO (2010)
Trends in world hunger
Sumber : FAO (2010)
Distribusi Kekurangan Pangan
Dunia
Sumber : FAO (2010)
DISTRIBUSI :
1.JARAK
2.INFRASTRUK
3.SUHU
4.HUMIDITY
5.KEPULAUAN
6.TEKNOLOGI
7.SDM
Populasi penduduk dan penyediaan pangan duniaPopulasi penduduk dan penyediaan pangan dunia
Kehilangan pascapanen :Kehilangan pascapanen :
• Negara maju : 5 – 25%
• Negara berkembang : 20 – 50%
Postharvest di negara maju dan berkembangPostharvest di negara maju dan berkembang
Postharvest di negara maju dan berkembangPostharvest di negara maju dan berkembang
Figure 1. Principal marketing and distribution channels for fresh fruit, vegetables and root crops
• Di negara maju, susut off farm dari :
- grain/biji : 3,62 %
- buah : 5,42 %
- sayuran : 10,3
• Tidak termasuk susut saat :
- sorting
- grading
- packaging
- storage
- whole sale marketing
• Macam susut :
- fisik
- mekanik
- quantity
- nutritional
- harga Sumber : Murdiati Gardjito, 2010
Production and Loss in Less Developed Countries
Commodity Production
(1,000 tonnes)
Estimated Losses
(% of total crop)
Roots/tubers
- Carrots (Daucus carota, L.)
- Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum, L.)
- Sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas, (L.) Lam.)
- Yams (Dioscorea spp.)
- Cassava (Manihot esculanta, Crantz.)
557
26,909
17,630
20,000
103,486
44
5-40
35-95
10-60
10-25
Vegetables
- Onions (Allium cepa, L.)
- Tomatoes (Lycopersion esculentum, Mill.)
- Plantain (Musa spp.)
- Cabbage (Brassica oleracea, L. Capatita group)
- Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea, L. Botrytis group)
-Lettuce (Lactuta sativa, L.)
6,474
12,755
18,301
3,036
916
-
16-35
5-50
35-100
37
49
62
Fruits
- Bananas (Musa spp.)
- Papayas (Carica papaya, L.)
- Avocados (Persea americana, Mill.)
- Peaches (Prunus persica, (L) Batsch.)
- Apricots (Prunus meniaca, L.)
- Nectarines (Prunus persica var.
nucipersica, (Suckow) Schneid.)
- Citrus (Citrus spp.)
- Grapes (Vitis vinifera, L.)
- Raisins (Vitis vinifera, L.)
- Apples (Malus sylvestris, Mill.)
36,898
931
1,020
1,831
22,040
12,720
475
3,677
20-80
40-100
43
28
20-95
27
20-95
14Sumber : Murdiati Gardjito, 2010
Proses FisiologisProses Fisiologis
Contoh : Proses Pematangan Pisang
1. After harvest, the product is dependent entirely on its own food reserves and water
content. Losses of water and substrates used in respiration can no longer be
replaced and deterioration of the product begins
2. Fruit ripening involves many complex changes, including seed maturation, color
changes, abscission from the parent plant, tissue softening, volatile production, wax
devel-opment on skin, and changes in respiration rate, ethylene production, tissue
permeability, carbohydrate composition, organic acids and proteins
Banana Color Guide
CHILLING INJURYCHILLING INJURY
How ripe?
• Maturity of fruit is judge by the level of
yellow colorization of the eyes of the fruit.
Color stages are categorized as follows :
DASAR-DASARDASAR-DASAR
FISIOLOGI PASCAPANENFISIOLOGI PASCAPANEN
Figure 4.5 Photosynthesis and respiration
Relationship of the various fields of study on postproduction
Sifat alami komoditas setelah dipanen
• organ, bagian yang hidup terjadi proses metabolisme
• suplai air dan mineral dari inangnya berhenti
• fotosintesis terganggu dan berhenti
• panenan membuat luka
• pengemasan dan transportasi kerusakan fisik
• lingkungan komoditi dapat memberikan stess suhu dan
atmosfir komoditi akan “mempertahankan diri”
melawan stress
Penanganan Pasca Panen
• memberi kondisi terbaik agar komoditi dapat
mempertahankan diri terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang
baru
Wujud Penanganan
• Aspek suhu memerlukan proses metabolisme tetapi
tidak terjadi kerusakan pada suhu rendah
• Aspek oksigen memerlukan respirasi aerob tetapi
jangan sampai terjadi respirasi anaerob
• Aspek tekanan dalam pengemasan : mencegah goncangan,
tetapi tidak menyebabkan kerusakan karena tertekan
Susut Pasca Panen
• Susut pasca panen perubahan atas jumlah dan mutu
sehingga mengganggu penggunaan dan menurunkan nilai
ekonomis suatu bahan
Internal BahanInternal Bahan
• Komposisi kimia
• Fisiologi:
 Respirasi
 Transpirasi
 Etilen
 Komponen
lain (pigmen,
dll)
EksternalEksternal
(lingkungan):(lingkungan):
• Iklim
• Teknik Budidaya
• Suhu
• Waktu
• Humidity
• Gas (O2, CO2, CO)
• Pengemasan
• Penyimpanan
• Quality
• Quantity
• Economy
• Safety
• Accessability
Korelasi
1. Understand the
biological and
environmental
factors involved in
this breakdown; and
2. Use postharvest
techniques that
delay senescence
Biological factors
Interaksi proses fisiologis dengan lingkungan bahanInteraksi proses fisiologis dengan lingkungan bahan
MakromolekulMakromolekul
organik :organik :
• Karbohidrat
• Protein
• Lemak
RespirasiRespirasi
Respiration is defined as the process by which stored organic materials
(carbohydrates, proteins, fats) are broken down into simple end products
with a release of energy. Oxygen is used in this process and carbon
dioxide is liberated.
Oksigen
MikromolekulMikromolekul
organik :organik :
• CO2
• H2O
• Energi
glucose oxygen carbon
dioxyde
water energy
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O 686 kcal+ + +
oksidasi reduksi
Required for
essential processes
within the cell
Trends in Plant PhysiologyTrends in Plant Physiology
Rekayasa Genetika
Proses fisiologis
New
Old
Weakness :
• Low active substances
• Low immunity
• Low productivity
• etc.
Strenght :
• High active substances
(Antioxidants, vitamine, etc
• High immunity (insect, etc)
• High productivity
• etc.
Tanam
Trends in Plant PhysiologyTrends in Plant Physiology
Postharvest
physiology
New
Internal Factors
External Factors
Technology
Pustaka
• Kader, Adel, A. 1992. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural
Crops. UC Davis.
• Kays, Stanley, J. 1991. Postharvest Physiology of Perishable Plant
Products. AVI Publishing. Van Nostrand Remliod. New York.
• Weichmman, J. 1987. Postharvest Physiology of Vegetable. Marcel &
Dekker.
• Wills, RHH, T.H. Lee, G. Graham. 1981. Postharvest Physiology of
Vegetable. New South Wales, University Press.
• Chakraverty, A, G.S. Wijaya Raghava and Hossa Hali. S. Ramaswamy.
2003. Handbook of Postharvest Technology. Marcel & Dekker.
• Bautista, O. 1980. Postharvest Technology of South East Asian
Perishables Fruit and Vegetables. UPCB.
TUGAS
Kelompok 1 Pengamatan masalah yang dihadapi oleh pedagang buah di Pasar Induk Buah dan
Sayur, Gamping (Jl. Wates)
Kelompok 2 Pengamatan masalah yang dihadapi oleh pedagang sayur di Pasar Induk Buah dan
Sayur, Gamping (Jl. Wates)
Kelompok 3 Permasalahan dan cara mengatasinya pada pemasaran sayuran dan buah di pasar
modern (supermarket)
Kelompok 4 Pengamatan kemasakan buah pisang dengan CaC2
dan bioethylene
Kelompok 5 Pengadaan, penanganan dan pemasaran minimally processed fresh fruit (buah
rujak dan buah dingin)
Kelompok 6 Pengamatan tekstur buah (nanas, bengkuang, pepaya, kedondong, mentimun,
mangga muda dan masak, jambu air, belimbing)
Kelompok 7 Pengamatan bagian yang dapat dimakan dari buah nangka, sirsak, srikaya,
salak; dan uraian tentang aromanya
Kelompok 8 Faktor penentu mutu buah salak pondoh : usulan grading standard dalam
pemasaran buah segar
Kelompok 9 Faktor penentu mutu buah manggis : usulan grading standard dalam pemasaran
buah segar
Kelompok 10 Upaya memperpanjang umur simpan sayuran selada air dengan air kelapa dan
penyimpanan dalam ruang lembab
Kelompok 11 Perkembangan warna buah tomat segar dalam suhu kamar dan refrigerasi
(ripening color chart of tomatoes)

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01 1-pengantar fisiologi pascapanen s1

  • 1. FisiologiFisiologi & Teknologi& Teknologi PascaPascappanenanen ((Postharvest Physiology & TechnologyPostharvest Physiology & Technology)) (TPP(TPP - 2612- 2612))
  • 3. ILMU & TEKNOLOGI PANGANILMU & TEKNOLOGI PANGAN ILMU PANGANILMU PANGAN Food ChemistryFood Chemistry Food MicrobiologyFood Microbiology Food AnalysisFood Analysis Food Processing /Food Processing / EngineeringEngineering • Composition • Structure • Reaction • Properties • Interaction • Principles • Methods • Techniques • Analysis • Occurence • Action • Handling • Examination • Safety • Unit Operation • Mechanic • Fluid Flow • Heat Transfer • Evaporation • Drying, Extraction • Distilation, Mixing • Filtration • Harvesting • Handling • Preservation • Packaging • Waste Handling TEKNOLOGITEKNOLOGI PANGANPANGAN
  • 4. TEKNOLOGI PANGANTEKNOLOGI PANGAN DAN HASIL PERTANIANDAN HASIL PERTANIAN BAHAN DASAR HASIL PERTANIAN BAHAN PANGAN/OLAHANP-1 ILMU TERAPANILMU TERAPAN • Mudah Rusak • Musiman • Bulky • Nilai Ekonomi Rendah • Jangkauan Pasar Terbatas • Lebih Awet • Sepanjang Tahun • Hemat Tempat • Nilai Ekonomi Tinggi • Jangkauan Pasar Luas P-2 P-3 • Kimia • (Mikro) Biologi • Fisika • Matematika • Biokimia • Rekayasa • Bioteknologi ILMU DASARILMU DASAR ILMU PANGAN: Food Chemistry Food Microbiology Food Analysis Food Engineering Food Processing TEKNOLOGI PANGAN
  • 5. PROFIL NILAIPROFIL NILAI Fisiologi & Teknologi PascapanenFisiologi & Teknologi Pascapanen Komponen 2007/2008 2008/2009 Jumlah Mhs 75 (100%) 14 (100%) Nilai A 40 (54,05%) 9 (64,29%) Nilai B 24 (32,43%) 4 (28,57%) Nilai C 9 (12,16%) 1 (7,14%) Nilai D 1 (1,35%) 0 Nilai E 0 (0%) 0
  • 6. ATURAN PENILAIAN Sumber Nilai Nilai (N) Bobot (B) Nilai Akhir (NxB) Nilai Huruf Kehadiran Minimal 75 % A : ≥ 80 B : 70 – 79 C : 60 – 69 D : 45 – 59 E : ≤ 44 Quiz N1 10 % 0,10 x N1 Tugas / PR N2 20 % 0,20 x N2 Sisipan dan Ujian Akhir N3 70 % 0,70 x N3 Total 100 % 100 Keterangan : Kehadiran mahasiswa minimal 75 % dari total kuliah. N1, N2 dan N3 maksimal masing-masing 100
  • 7. REFERENSIREFERENSI • ER. B, Pantastico. (1989). Fisiologi Pascapanen (terjemahan Prof. Ir. Kamarijani). Gadjah Mada University Press. • Amalendu Chakraverty. (2001). Postharvest Technology. Science Publisher, Inc. • Journal : Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Journal of Food Science, Food Technology. • Others
  • 8. Why Postharvest Physyiology ?Why Postharvest Physyiology ?
  • 9. The FAO Hunger MapThe FAO Hunger Map Sumber : FAO (2010)
  • 10. Trends in world hunger Sumber : FAO (2010)
  • 13. Populasi penduduk dan penyediaan pangan duniaPopulasi penduduk dan penyediaan pangan dunia Kehilangan pascapanen :Kehilangan pascapanen : • Negara maju : 5 – 25% • Negara berkembang : 20 – 50%
  • 14. Postharvest di negara maju dan berkembangPostharvest di negara maju dan berkembang
  • 15. Postharvest di negara maju dan berkembangPostharvest di negara maju dan berkembang
  • 16. Figure 1. Principal marketing and distribution channels for fresh fruit, vegetables and root crops
  • 17. • Di negara maju, susut off farm dari : - grain/biji : 3,62 % - buah : 5,42 % - sayuran : 10,3 • Tidak termasuk susut saat : - sorting - grading - packaging - storage - whole sale marketing • Macam susut : - fisik - mekanik - quantity - nutritional - harga Sumber : Murdiati Gardjito, 2010
  • 18. Production and Loss in Less Developed Countries Commodity Production (1,000 tonnes) Estimated Losses (% of total crop) Roots/tubers - Carrots (Daucus carota, L.) - Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum, L.) - Sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas, (L.) Lam.) - Yams (Dioscorea spp.) - Cassava (Manihot esculanta, Crantz.) 557 26,909 17,630 20,000 103,486 44 5-40 35-95 10-60 10-25 Vegetables - Onions (Allium cepa, L.) - Tomatoes (Lycopersion esculentum, Mill.) - Plantain (Musa spp.) - Cabbage (Brassica oleracea, L. Capatita group) - Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea, L. Botrytis group) -Lettuce (Lactuta sativa, L.) 6,474 12,755 18,301 3,036 916 - 16-35 5-50 35-100 37 49 62 Fruits - Bananas (Musa spp.) - Papayas (Carica papaya, L.) - Avocados (Persea americana, Mill.) - Peaches (Prunus persica, (L) Batsch.) - Apricots (Prunus meniaca, L.) - Nectarines (Prunus persica var. nucipersica, (Suckow) Schneid.) - Citrus (Citrus spp.) - Grapes (Vitis vinifera, L.) - Raisins (Vitis vinifera, L.) - Apples (Malus sylvestris, Mill.) 36,898 931 1,020 1,831 22,040 12,720 475 3,677 20-80 40-100 43 28 20-95 27 20-95 14Sumber : Murdiati Gardjito, 2010
  • 19. Proses FisiologisProses Fisiologis Contoh : Proses Pematangan Pisang 1. After harvest, the product is dependent entirely on its own food reserves and water content. Losses of water and substrates used in respiration can no longer be replaced and deterioration of the product begins 2. Fruit ripening involves many complex changes, including seed maturation, color changes, abscission from the parent plant, tissue softening, volatile production, wax devel-opment on skin, and changes in respiration rate, ethylene production, tissue permeability, carbohydrate composition, organic acids and proteins
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. How ripe? • Maturity of fruit is judge by the level of yellow colorization of the eyes of the fruit. Color stages are categorized as follows :
  • 26. Figure 4.5 Photosynthesis and respiration
  • 27. Relationship of the various fields of study on postproduction
  • 28. Sifat alami komoditas setelah dipanen • organ, bagian yang hidup terjadi proses metabolisme • suplai air dan mineral dari inangnya berhenti • fotosintesis terganggu dan berhenti • panenan membuat luka • pengemasan dan transportasi kerusakan fisik • lingkungan komoditi dapat memberikan stess suhu dan atmosfir komoditi akan “mempertahankan diri” melawan stress Penanganan Pasca Panen • memberi kondisi terbaik agar komoditi dapat mempertahankan diri terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang baru
  • 29. Wujud Penanganan • Aspek suhu memerlukan proses metabolisme tetapi tidak terjadi kerusakan pada suhu rendah • Aspek oksigen memerlukan respirasi aerob tetapi jangan sampai terjadi respirasi anaerob • Aspek tekanan dalam pengemasan : mencegah goncangan, tetapi tidak menyebabkan kerusakan karena tertekan Susut Pasca Panen • Susut pasca panen perubahan atas jumlah dan mutu sehingga mengganggu penggunaan dan menurunkan nilai ekonomis suatu bahan
  • 30. Internal BahanInternal Bahan • Komposisi kimia • Fisiologi:  Respirasi  Transpirasi  Etilen  Komponen lain (pigmen, dll) EksternalEksternal (lingkungan):(lingkungan): • Iklim • Teknik Budidaya • Suhu • Waktu • Humidity • Gas (O2, CO2, CO) • Pengemasan • Penyimpanan • Quality • Quantity • Economy • Safety • Accessability Korelasi 1. Understand the biological and environmental factors involved in this breakdown; and 2. Use postharvest techniques that delay senescence Biological factors Interaksi proses fisiologis dengan lingkungan bahanInteraksi proses fisiologis dengan lingkungan bahan
  • 31. MakromolekulMakromolekul organik :organik : • Karbohidrat • Protein • Lemak RespirasiRespirasi Respiration is defined as the process by which stored organic materials (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) are broken down into simple end products with a release of energy. Oxygen is used in this process and carbon dioxide is liberated. Oksigen MikromolekulMikromolekul organik :organik : • CO2 • H2O • Energi glucose oxygen carbon dioxyde water energy C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O 686 kcal+ + + oksidasi reduksi Required for essential processes within the cell
  • 32. Trends in Plant PhysiologyTrends in Plant Physiology Rekayasa Genetika Proses fisiologis New Old Weakness : • Low active substances • Low immunity • Low productivity • etc. Strenght : • High active substances (Antioxidants, vitamine, etc • High immunity (insect, etc) • High productivity • etc. Tanam
  • 33. Trends in Plant PhysiologyTrends in Plant Physiology Postharvest physiology New Internal Factors External Factors Technology
  • 34. Pustaka • Kader, Adel, A. 1992. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. UC Davis. • Kays, Stanley, J. 1991. Postharvest Physiology of Perishable Plant Products. AVI Publishing. Van Nostrand Remliod. New York. • Weichmman, J. 1987. Postharvest Physiology of Vegetable. Marcel & Dekker. • Wills, RHH, T.H. Lee, G. Graham. 1981. Postharvest Physiology of Vegetable. New South Wales, University Press. • Chakraverty, A, G.S. Wijaya Raghava and Hossa Hali. S. Ramaswamy. 2003. Handbook of Postharvest Technology. Marcel & Dekker. • Bautista, O. 1980. Postharvest Technology of South East Asian Perishables Fruit and Vegetables. UPCB.
  • 35. TUGAS Kelompok 1 Pengamatan masalah yang dihadapi oleh pedagang buah di Pasar Induk Buah dan Sayur, Gamping (Jl. Wates) Kelompok 2 Pengamatan masalah yang dihadapi oleh pedagang sayur di Pasar Induk Buah dan Sayur, Gamping (Jl. Wates) Kelompok 3 Permasalahan dan cara mengatasinya pada pemasaran sayuran dan buah di pasar modern (supermarket) Kelompok 4 Pengamatan kemasakan buah pisang dengan CaC2 dan bioethylene Kelompok 5 Pengadaan, penanganan dan pemasaran minimally processed fresh fruit (buah rujak dan buah dingin) Kelompok 6 Pengamatan tekstur buah (nanas, bengkuang, pepaya, kedondong, mentimun, mangga muda dan masak, jambu air, belimbing) Kelompok 7 Pengamatan bagian yang dapat dimakan dari buah nangka, sirsak, srikaya, salak; dan uraian tentang aromanya Kelompok 8 Faktor penentu mutu buah salak pondoh : usulan grading standard dalam pemasaran buah segar Kelompok 9 Faktor penentu mutu buah manggis : usulan grading standard dalam pemasaran buah segar Kelompok 10 Upaya memperpanjang umur simpan sayuran selada air dengan air kelapa dan penyimpanan dalam ruang lembab Kelompok 11 Perkembangan warna buah tomat segar dalam suhu kamar dan refrigerasi (ripening color chart of tomatoes)