There is an introduction for farm animal hygiene and also included the symptoms of sick animals and further more there are brief introduction to bovine and swine diseases
2. Farm Animal Hygiene 2
▪ To provide knowledge on farm animal pathogens
and basic mechanisms of disease causation in
order to maintain the farm hygiene while
minimizing the animal diseases
Objectives
3. ➢ List the disease causing pathogen groups in farm
animals and methods to detect their presence in
farm animals
➢ Identify sick animals in a farm environment
➢ Explain the factors affecting diseases and
epidemiology
➢ Discuss the disease prevention methods in a
given farm
➢ Identify the existing hygienic measures in a
given farm and to suggest measures to improve
the farm hygiene
Farm Animal Hygiene 3
Learning Outcome
4. ❖ Animal diseases and disease causation triad
❖ Clinical signs and identification of sick animals
❖ Common animal pathogens and disease caused by
bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Fungi, Mycoplasma,
Rickettsia and Prions
❖ Common helminth parasites of livestock:
prevention and control
❖ Common ecto-parasites of livestock
❖ Common blood parasites and Vector-borne
diseases of livestock: prevention and control
Course Content
Farm Animal Hygiene 4
5. Farm Animal Hygiene 5
❖ Safe use of antibiotics in livestock industry
❖ Principles of vaccination and immune response
of host against pathogens
❖ Emerging diseases and zoonotic diseases
❖ Biosecurity
6. Farm Animal Hygiene 6
Evaluation
❖ Continuous Assessments – 40%
▪ 2 Quizzes – 10%
➢ First – December
➢ Second – January
▪ Assignment – 5%
▪ Viva examination – 25%
❖ End Semester Examination – 60%
7. Farm Animal Hygiene 7
❖ Farm animal
▪ Animal that are raised on a farm
❖ Hygiene
▪ Conditions or practices that will help to
maintaining health and preventing diseases,
specially through cleanliness
➢ Hygiene involves the implementation of measures
and protocols to ensure clean and sanitary
conditions within animal housing, feeding, and
overall management
8. Farm Animal Hygiene 8
Farm Animal:
▪ A farm animal refers to any domesticated animal
species raised in agricultural settings primarily for
agricultural production purposes, such as food
(meat, milk, eggs), labor, wool, or other products
▪ These animals are typically managed and bred by
humans for specific purposes, and they encompass
a wide variety of species, including but not limited
to cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, poultry (chickens,
ducks, turkeys), and others
9. Farm Animal Hygiene 9
Health of farm animal
▪ The condition of an animal that enables it to
attain acceptable levels of production withing
the farming system in while it is maintained
10. Farm Animal Hygiene 10
Reasons for maintenance of health in
farm animals
1. Increasing the efficiency of production
2. Security against epidemic disease
3. Improvement in human health
➢ Free from risk of zoonotic diseases
➢ Ensure continuous supply of animal
products
4. Improvement of animal welfare
11. Reasons for maintenance of health in farm animals 11
1. Increasing the efficiency of production:
▪ Good farm animal hygiene practices, such as
maintaining clean living conditions, providing
proper nutrition, and regular health
monitoring, contribute directly to improved
animal health
▪ Healthy animals are more efficient in
converting feed into products like meat, milk,
or eggs
▪ For example: maintaining clean and sanitized
housing for poultry reduces the risk of diseases
like avian influenza, resulting in higher egg
production and healthier birds
12. 12
Maintaining clean and sanitized housing for poultry
Reasons for maintenance of health in farm animals
13. 13
Reasons for maintenance of health in farm animals
2. Security against epidemic diseases:
▪ Implementing strict biosecurity measures and hygiene
protocols is crucial to prevent the outbreak and spread
of epidemic diseases within farm animal populations
▪ Quarantine procedures, vaccination programs, and
sanitation practices help mitigate the risk of contagious
diseases like foot-and-mouth disease or swine fever
that can devastate livestock populations
14. 14
Reasons for maintenance of health in farm animals
Epidemic disease
▪ It is one that occurs suddenly and affects a larger
number of individuals within a specific population,
community, or region than is typically expected
▪ This type of disease outbreak is characterized by the
rapid spread of an illness, often surpassing what is
considered normal or anticipated levels within a given
area or population during a particular period
▪ Epidemics can be caused by various factors, including
the introduction of a new infectious agent, changes in
environmental conditions, lack of immunity in the
population, or failure in disease control measures
16. 16
Reasons for maintenance of health in farm animals
3. Improvement in human health and free from risk of
zoonotic diseases:
▪ Proper farm animal hygiene reduces the risk of
zoonotic diseases, which are infections that can be
transmitted from animals to humans
▪ Regular cleaning of animal housing, proper waste
management, and disease prevention measures
(vaccination, parasite control) minimize the
transmission of diseases such as salmonellosis or E.
coli infection from animals to humans, thereby
safeguarding human health
18. 18
Reasons for maintenance of health in farm animals
Zoonotic diseases
▪ They are illnesses caused by infectious agents such as
bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can be
transmitted between animals and humans
▪ These diseases can be naturally transmitted from
animals to humans through direct contact, through
ingestion of contaminated food or water, through
vectors like mosquitoes or ticks, or through
environmental exposure to pathogens in animal
habitats
20. 20
Reasons for maintenance of health in farm animals
4. Ensure continuous supply of animal products:
▪ Maintaining high standards of farm animal hygiene
ensures the production of safe and healthy animal
products for human consumption
▪ For instance, implementing hygiene protocols during
milk production, such as proper udder cleaning
before milking and storage in sanitized containers,
minimizes bacterial contamination, ensuring a
continuous and safe supply of milk and dairy
products for consumers.
22. 22
Reasons for maintenance of health in farm animals
5. Improvement of animal welfare:
▪ Farm animal hygiene is integral to promoting good
animal welfare
▪ Clean and sanitary conditions in housing, provision of
adequate space, access to clean water, proper
ventilation, and disease prevention measures
contribute significantly to the overall welfare of
animals
▪ For example, regular cleaning of stalls and proper
ventilation in barns for cattle promotes comfort and
reduces stress, enhancing their welfare
24. Farm Animal Hygiene 24
Types of production losses caused by
illness
1. Reduced growth rate
2. Increased mortality
3. Reduced animal production
4. Reproduction losses
5. Loss of market value of animals/animal products
25. Types of production losses caused by illness 25
1. Reduced growth rate:
▪ Illness can significantly impact the growth rate of
farm animals.
▪ When animals fall ill, they might reduce their feed
intake or divert energy resources to fight the
disease rather than growth.
▪ For instance, respiratory infections in poultry can
lead to decreased weight gain.
▪ A healthy chicken might reach market weight in a
specific time frame, but an infected one might take
longer due to reduced appetite and weakened
condition, affecting the overall growth rate.
27. 27
Types of production losses caused by illness
2. Increased mortality:
▪ Diseases can lead to higher mortality rates among
farm animals.
▪ Certain illnesses, especially those caused by highly
contagious pathogens, can result in severe
outcomes such as death.
▪ For example, outbreaks of diseases like African
Swine Fever in pigs or Newcastle disease in
poultry can lead to a significant increase in
mortality rates within affected herds or flocks.
29. 29
Types of production losses caused by illness
3. Reduced animal production:
▪ Illness can decrease the productivity of animals in
terms of milk production, egg laying, or wool
growth.
▪ For instance, mastitis in dairy cows can reduce milk
production due to inflammation of the udder,
causing pain and affecting milk yield.
▪ Similarly, respiratory diseases in pigs can reduce
their overall productivity and weight gain.
30. 30
Types of production losses caused by illness
4. Loss of market value of animals/animal products:
▪ Animals affected by diseases might have reduced
market value due to various factors.
▪ Diseased animals may exhibit poor growth, reduced
meat quality, or inferior products such as eggs or
milk.
▪ Additionally, when disease outbreaks occur in a
specific region, consumer confidence in the safety of
animal products from that area might decline,
leading to reduced market demand and
subsequently affecting the market value of those
products.
32. Factor contributing to changing in health 32
1. Diseases
2. Injuries
3. Stress
4. Boredom
Factor contributing to changing in
health
33. 33
1. Injuries:
▪ Injuries can result from various causes such as
accidents, fights among animals, or improper
handling.
▪ Injuries can lead to pain, stress, reduced
mobility, and susceptibility to infections.
▪ For example, fractures in bones due to accidents
or rough handling can severely affect the mobility
and overall health of farm animals, impacting
their ability to move, feed, or perform normal
activities.
Factor contributing to changing in health
35. 35
Stress:
▪ Stress in farm animals can arise from different
sources such as environmental changes,
transportation, overcrowding, inadequate
nutrition, or social factors.
▪ Chronic stress can suppress the immune system,
making animals more susceptible to diseases.
▪ For instance, overcrowding in poultry farms can
lead to stress among chickens, compromising their
immune function and increasing the risk of
diseases like cannibalism or respiratory infections.
Factor contributing to changing in health
37. 37
Boredom:
▪ Boredom in farm animals occurs when their physical
or mental stimulation needs are not adequately
met.
▪ Lack of environmental enrichment or monotonous
living conditions can result in behavioral issues and
reduced welfare.
▪ For example, pigs kept in barren environments
without access to rooting materials or activities can
become bored, leading to abnormal behaviors like
repetitive movements or aggressive tendencies.
Factor contributing to changing in health
39. Farm Animal Hygiene 39
Diseases
▪ An alternation of the stage of the body or some
of it organs which interrupts or disturb the
proper performance of body functions
Diseases
Infectious
diseases
Non infectious
diseases
40. 40
Non infectious diseases
▪ Non involvement of pathogenic organism
▪ Causes of disease can be 2 types
Non infectious diseases
Internal diseases
Alternation in
metabolism
Ex: metabolic
diseases
External diseases
Ex: traumatic
injury
43. Farm Animal Hygiene 43
▪ Infection the presence of microorganisms that
are capable of causing diseases in the host
tissues and passing of pathogenic organism
from one animal to another
Infectious diseases
➢ Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
➢ Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
➢ Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
➢ Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC)
➢ Mastitis
50. Farm Animal Hygiene 50
▪ Need to know the normal conditions of the animal
in order to identify abnormally clinical signs,
➢ Changes in the eternal appearance
➢ Changes in the behavior
51. Farm Animal Hygiene 51
Changes in the head region
▪ Swelling
▪ Asymmetric head / misshapen head
▪ Tilted hand
(Sometimes in normal behavior)
▪ Abnormal dropping ears
▪ Abnormal masses
▪ Dry and cracked nasolabial plate
▪ Bleeding from natural orifices
▪ Discharges from natural orifices
https://www.pic.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/03/Sick-Pig-
Identification-Tool.pdf
52. Changes in the head region
52
▪ Increase lacrimation
▪ Dull or sunken eyes
▪ Pale or hyperemic eye conjunctives
▪ Swollen ears (pigs)
▪ Blisters and wounds in oral cavity
▪ Abnormal Odor
▪ Protruded tongue
▪ Neck extension
▪ Wounds
72. Changes in the animal body
72
Changes in the animal body
(except head and limbs)
▪ Distended abdomen
▪ Swelling
▪ Vagina, urinary or rectal prolapse
▪ Purulent discharge from vagina
▪ Scaly skin
▪ Abnormal masses
87. 87
Rumen Acidosis
▪ Metabolic disease
▪ Occur when the pH of the rumen falls to less
than 5.5 pH (normal level 6.5 to 7.0 pH)
▪ Depress appetite and production
Causes
▪ Feeding a high level of
rapidly digestible
carbohydrates, such as
barley and other cereals
90. 90
Rumen Acidosis
Prevention
▪ Reducing the amount of readily fermentable
carbohydrates
▪ Both good diet formulation (proper balance of
fiber and non-fiber carbohydrates)
▪ Including long – fiber particles in the diet
▪ Supplement the diet with direct fed microbials
92. 92
Fatty liver syndrome
▪ Accumulation of fat within the liver
▪ Result of the breaking down of much fat for liver
to process properly
▪ Metabolic syndrome
▪ Fatty liver can develop within 24 hours of an
animal going of feed
▪ Fat cows (body condition score greater than 3.5)
are much more prone to fatty liver
96. 96
Fatty liver syndrome
Treatments
▪ Without treatment mortality can be as high as
25%
▪ Long term IV infusion of glucagon
▪ No proven treatment for fatty liver
97. 97
Fatty liver syndrome
Prevention
▪ Calving at the correct body condition
(pregnant time stress)
▪ Glucose supplements can be given to overfat
animals
▪ Minimizing stress
➢ Changes in ration, housing, temperature,
herd mates etc. may cause a reduction in
feed intake and trigger in fat metabolism
99. 99
▪ Inflammation of the mammary gland and
udder tissues
▪ Occurs as an immune response to bacterial
invasion of the teat canal
▪ Occurs as a result if chemical mechanical or
thermal injury to the udder
Mastitis
100. 100
Mastitis
Symptoms
Subclinical mastitis
▪ Somatic cell counts measure milk quality (an
indicator of mastitis)
Clinical mastitis
▪ Udder – swelling, heat, hardness, redness or pain
▪ Reduction of milk yield
▪ Increasing in body temperature
▪ Lack of appetite
▪ A reduction in mobility due to the pain of swollen
udder
104. 104
1. California Mastitis Test (CMT):
▪ This is a simple, cow-side test used to detect
subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.
▪ The CMT detects changes in the somatic cell count
(SCC) of milk, which increases when the cow has
mastitis.
▪ The test involves mixing milk samples with a CMT
reagent in a paddle or cup.
▪ The appearance of gel formation or increased
viscosity indicates a higher SCC, suggesting the
presence of mastitis.
Mastitis
106. Farm Animal Hygiene 106
Somatic Cell Count (SCC):
▪ SCC is a laboratory test that measures the number of
somatic cells (primarily white blood cells) in a milk
sample.
▪ Elevated SCC is an indicator of mastitis.
▪ A high SCC suggests an inflammatory response in
the udder due to infection, even in the absence of
visible signs of mastitis.
▪ Monitoring SCC in milk helps in diagnosing mastitis
and assessing the severity of the infection.
113. 113
▪ Bacterium : Mycobacterium bovis
▪ Able to remain viable for long period of time in
moist and warm soil in cattle
▪ Killed by sunlight , but survive in a wide range of
acidic and alkalis
▪ Zoonotic disease, causes tuberculosis in human
▪ Can be transmitted in raw milk
https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Media_Center/docs/p
df/Disease_cards/BOVINE-TB-EN.pdf
114. 114
Symptoms
▪ Loss of appetite
▪ Weight loss
▪ Fluctuating fever
▪ Intermittent hacking cough
▪ Diarrhea
▪ Lage prominent lymph nodes
https://www.in.gov/boah/files/faq_bovine_tb_March_2014.pdf
Bovine tuberculosis
115. 115
Prevention
▪ Post mortem meat inspection
▪ Intensive surveillance including on farm
visits
▪ Systematic individual testing of cattle and
removal of infected
▪ Vaccination
Bovine tuberculosis
116. 116
Loss of appetite and Weight loss
Fluctuating fever Intermittent hacking cough
Bovine tuberculosis
119. 119
1. What is bovine tuberculosis (TB)?
▪ Bovine TB is a contagious, chronic bacterial disease
caused by Mycobacterium bovis
▪ The infection commonly involves the lungs, but it
may spread to other organs
▪ Animals often don’t show signs until the infection
has reached an advanced stage
2. How does TB get into cattle herds?
▪ TB can be introduced into a herd by infected animals
or people
Bovine tuberculosis
120. 120
▪ The two most common methods of infection are:
I. Purchase of or exposure to infected cattle
II. Exposure to infected free-ranging wildlife
▪ The bacteria that causes bovine TB is found in the
saliva of infected animals and spread through
airborne particles from the respiratory tract
▪ The bacteria can also spread through feed or
watering sites contaminated with saliva and other
bodily discharges (urine, manure) or by drinking raw,
unpasteurized milk from infected animals
Bovine tuberculosis
121. 121
▪ The main method of testing is a tuberculin skin
test, where the animal receives an injection of
tuberculin in the skin and is checked for a reaction
72 hours later
Injection sites with
reactions, showing
injection/measurement
sequence,1–4 (on each side
of the neck), for bovine
tuberculin PPD assay.
https://www.icbf.com/all-about-tb/ Bovine tuberculosis
124. 124
▪ Build up of gas in the rumen
▪ 2 types
➢ Gassy bloat
▪ Occurs when the gullet/ esophagus is
obstructed
➢ Frothy bloat
▪ Stable foam developing on top of the
rumen liquid
▪ Blocks the release of the gas (most
common)
Bloat in cattle
126. 126
Symptoms
▪ Distended left abdomen
▪ Pain, discomfort and bellowing
Treatments
▪ Passing the stomach tube
▪ Out break of frothy bloat
▪ Pasture should be removed immediately and
put onto a high fiber diet (Hay or Straw)
https://www.wikihow.com/Treat-and-Prevent-Bloat-in-Cattle
Bloat in cattle
127. Farm Animal Hygiene 127
Prevention
▪ Most effective to prevent bloat than the
treatment
▪ Management and planning
▪ Avoid using high risk pasture at high risk
times
Bloat in cattle
129. Farm Animal Hygiene 129
Look for signs of discomfort
▪ Bloated cattle will often kick at their bellies with
their hind legs, act restless (laying down and
getting up frequently), defecate often, and even
roll over as an attempt to relieve the discomfort
Bloat in cattle
130. Farm Animal Hygiene 130
❖ "Bellowing" refers to a deep, loud, and
prolonged sound produced by certain animals,
often as a means of communication or
expression
❖ Cattle, for example, are known to bellow,
emitting a low-pitched, resonant vocalization.
Bloat in cattle
136. 136
▪ Common cause of respiratory and
reproductive issues
▪ Viral disease
▪ Congenital infection of the fetus or after birth
(may cause resorption, abortion, stillbirth, live
birth)
https://youtu.be/NEBHaNSsfII
Bovine viral disease
137. 137
Symptoms
Claves
➢ Lack of voluntary coordination of
muscle movements
➢ Tremors
➢ Wide stance
➢ Failure to nurse
Elder cattle
➢ Decreased milk production
➢ Reproductive disorders increase
occurrence of other diseases
➢ Death
➢ Diarrhea
➢ Calf pneumonia
Bovine viral disease
143. 143
Resorption:
▪ Resorption refers to the process where the
developing fetus is absorbed or reabsorbed by
the cow's body, leading to the disappearance of
the fetus
▪ In the case of a BVDV infection during early
pregnancy, the virus can cause severe damage to
the developing fetus, leading to its resorption
▪ This process can occur without any obvious
external signs, making it difficult to detect
without specific diagnostic tests
Bovine viral disease
145. 145
Abortion:
▪ Abortion, in the context of bovine viral diseases like
BVDV, is the premature expulsion of the fetus
from the cow's uterus
▪ When a pregnant cow becomes infected with
BVDV, especially during mid-gestation, the virus can
cause significant harm to the fetus, leading to the
cow aborting or prematurely giving birth to the
infected calf
▪ The abortion might be a response of the cow's
body to the presence of the virus, aiming to expel
the infected fetus
Bovine viral disease
146. 146
Stillbirth:
▪ Stillbirth refers to the birth of a dead calf
▪ In the case of bovine viral diseases affecting
pregnancy, such as BVDV infection during later
stages of gestation, the virus can cause severe
harm to the developing fetus, leading to its death
before birth
▪ The result is a stillbirth where the cow delivers a
dead calf
Bovine viral disease
147. 147
Live birth:
▪ Despite being affected by a bovine viral disease
like BVDV in utero, some calves might manage to
survive and be born alive
▪ However, these calves are often affected by the
virus and may exhibit various health issues such as
developmental abnormalities, immune system
deficiencies, or other complications that affect
their overall health and viability.
Bovine viral disease
149. 149
▪ Insect home viral disease in sheep, goats, cattles
▪ Virus family : Reo viridae
▪ Non – contagious
▪ Only transmitted by insect vectors
Bluetongue (BTV)
150. 150
Symptoms
➢ Fever
➢ Hemorrhage of oral and nasal
tissues
➢ Excessive salivation
➢ Nasal discharge
➢ Lips and tongue become swollen
➢ Reduced feed consumption –
painful inflamed mouth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0ZQL3U60qw
Hemorrhaged of the
coronary band
Bluetongue (BTV)
151. 151
Prevention
➢ Restriction of movement of animals with BTV
➢ Confirmation of suspected causes by
laboratory tests
➢ Zoning to define infected and disease free
areas
➢ Vaccination
➢ Vector surveillance and control stratergies
Bluetongue (BTV)
158. 158
▪ Highly contagious viral disease of cattle and
swine
▪ Zoonotic disease
▪ Caused by Apthovirus (genus)
▪ Spread direct contact
▪ Food (out breaks linked to infected meat and
meat products), infected carcass
Foot and mouth disease
159. Farm Animal Hygiene 159
Symptoms
➢ Fever
➢ Blisters in the mouth and
on feet
➢ Drop in milk production
➢ Weight loss
➢ Loss of appetite
➢ Shaking lips and
frothing of mouth
➢ Cows may develop
blisters on teat
➢ Lameness
Foot and mouth disease
160. Farm Animal Hygiene 160
Prevention
➢ Vaccination
➢ Export restrictions
➢ Quarantine and movement restrictions
➢ Euthanasia of affected and contract animals
➢ Causes must be disposed of safely
➢ Biosecurity measures
▪ The painless killing
of a patient
suffering from an
incurable and
painful disease
Foot and mouth disease
168. Farm Animal Hygiene 168
Common disease in farm animals
2. Swine
I. Swine fever
II. Swine brucellosis
III. Influenza A Virus in Swine
IV. Swine Dysentery
V. Parvo virus
VI. Enteric Colibacillosis
VII. Anemia
VIII. Swine Foot and Mouth Disease
IX. Swine Mastitis
173. 173
What is African swine fever?
▪ ASF is a highly contagious viral pig disease
▪ The most common symptoms of the virus in its
acute form are a high temperature and loss of
appetite; other symptoms include vomiting,
diarrhea, and difficulty with breathing and standing
▪ There is no treatment for the disease, some versions
can have a 100% mortality rate in certain
circumstances
▪ It is not the same as swine flu
Swine fever
187. Farm Animal Hygiene 187
▪ Brucella suis (B. suis)
▪ Zoonotic disease
▪ Develop a bacterial infection in the blood
▪ Infection can localize in various tissues
Swine brucellosis
190. 190
Fetal mummification
▪ In swine due to Brucella suis infection occurs
when the bacterium affects developing pig fetuses
in utero
▪ This infection can lead to the death of the fetus
within the uterus, wherein instead of being
expelled, the fetus undergoes a process of
desiccation and preservation, resulting in a
mummified appearance within the womb
▪ Sows carrying mummified fetuses might exhibit
signs of infertility or abnormalities during
farrowing, contributing to reproductive issues
within the herd
Swine brucellosis
196. 196
Diagnosis:
▪ Diagnostic tests involve serological assays to
detect antibodies against Brucella suis in blood or
serum samples
▪ Other methods include bacterial isolation from
tissues or fluids collected from infected animals
Control and Prevention:
1. Vaccination:
➢ There are vaccines available for pigs, but their
efficacy varies across different strains of Brucella
suis. Vaccination strategies aim to reduce the
severity of clinical signs and prevent transmission
Swine brucellosis
197. 197
2. Biosecurity Measures:
➢ Strict hygiene, quarantine procedures, and control
of movement of animals can help prevent the
spread of the disease
3. Culling:
➢ Infected animals might need to be culled to prevent
further transmission within the herd.
Swine brucellosis
199. 199
▪ 03 types in common H1N1, H1N2, H3N2
▪ Zoonotic disease
▪ Highly contagious respiratory disease
(within 1-3 days can spread entire herd)
Influenza A Virus in Swine
201. 201
▪ Influenza A virus in swine, commonly referred to as
swine flu, is caused by influenza A viruses that
infect pigs
▪ These viruses belong to the family
Orthomyxoviridae and are further categorized
based on their surface glycoproteins,
hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA), into
different subtypes
▪ The primary subtypes that commonly circulate in
swine are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2
▪ Swine influenza viruses have the ability to undergo
genetic reassortment, leading to the emergence of
new strains with pandemic potential
Influenza A Virus in Swine
208. Farm Animal Hygiene 208
▪ Caused by Brachyspira spp.
▪ Serves mucohaemorhagic enteric disease
▪ Transmitted : Direct contact
▪ Can be spread : flies, mice, birds, domestic
animals and rodents
▪ Can survive outside: 8 weeks - cold mist
3 days - dry warm
Swine dysentery
209. Farm Animal Hygiene 209
Symptoms
➢ High temperature
➢ Depressed
➢ Less appetite
➢ Sunken side of abdomen
➢ Watery feces with blood
➢ Unpleasant smell of feces
Swine dysentery
210. 210
Treatments
➢ Antibiotics (antimicrobial resistance)
Prevention
➢ Biosecurity measure of incoming herd
and foreign objects
➢ Management procedures
➢ Cleaning and disinfection after All-in-All-
out
https://vemedim.com/en/1/chuyen-nganh-chan-nuoi-gia-suc-gia-
cam/technical/1020/swine-dysentery
https://www.pig333.com/pig-diseases/swine-dysentery_116
Swine dysentery
212. 212
(A) Affected pigs often exhibit loose feces giving a “dribbling” appearance under the
rectum
(B) A range of fecal appearances in an SD infection (Schwartz, 2013).
Swine dysentery
213. 213
A. Diarrhea with blood and mucus from a pig infected with B.
hyodysenteriae
B. Spiral colon from a pig infected with B. hyodysenteriae
revealing hemorrhage and abundant mucus along the
mucosal surface (Burrough, 2012).
Swine dysentery
216. Farm Animal Hygiene
▪ Major case : Infertility ;
➢ Stillbirths, Mummification, Embryonic Death and
Infertility (SMEDI)
▪ Multiplies in the intestine of the pig without
causing clinical signs
▪ Can survive outside for longer period
(widespread and difficult to eliminate)
Swine Parvo Virus
217. 217
Symptoms
➢ Increased number of stillbirths :
mummified piglets
➢ Small litters : embryos loss after
Prevention
➢ Vaccination
➢ Testing frequently
➢ Management practices
https://www.pig333.com/pig-diseases/porcine-parvovirus-infection_90
Swine Parvo Virus
221. 221
Measures to take
1. Parvovirus:
▪ Vaccination is delayed as much as possible for
replacements, which will eventually receive 3 doses at
21-day intervals before their first service. Gilts that were
already pregnant were given a new vaccine and booster
against parvovirus.
2. All biosecurity guidelines should improve
3. Transfers in lactation should minimize
4. Movement of piglets should limit to forward movements,
making it clear that small piglets must not be delayed by
keeping them with younger animals until they reach the
desired weight.
Swine Parvo Virus
223. Farm Animal Hygiene 223
➢ Escherichia coli
➢ More severs in baby piglets
➢ Produce enterotoxins including diarrhea
Heat stable and ……
Enteric colibacillosis
224. 224
Symptoms
➢ Diarrhea in sucking piglets : mild to prolific,
watery, whitish to light brown
➢ Dehydrated ; serves diarrhea - increase
mortality
➢ Neurological signs in nursery pigs
➢ Urinary tract infections in sows
Enteric colibacillosis
225. 225
Prevention
➢ Develop resistance with maturity
➢ Management practices – maintain health
condition of piglets
➢ Inherit resistant animals
➢ Cleaning and disinfections
Enteric colibacillosis
229. 229
Associated lesions
▪ Macroscopic lesions
The most common lesions seen are those
associated with dehydration.
The intestine and stomach may be inflamed or
filled with fluid or gas.
▪ Microscopic lesions
Under the microscope, high amounts of bacteria are
found attached to the epithelium of the villi or less
commonly around the crypts in the jejunum or
ileum of the pigs.
Enteric colibacillosis
233. 233
➢ Reduction of red blood cells
▪ Hemorrhage
▪ Dietary insufficiencies
➢ Newly born piglets : low iron reserves,
colostrum and milk of sow provide relatively
low iron (15% - 30%) daily requirement
➢ Copper deficiency : copper essential for iron
utilization
Anemia
234. 234
Symptoms
➢ Rapidly lose body condition
➢ Rapid breathing
➢ Sudden deaths
➢ Edema and lesions in various tissues
(A condition characterized by an excess of watery
fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body)
➢ Accumulate fluid around the throat
Anemia
235. 235
Prevention
➢ Supplement with extra iron by injections (most
common), dosages by mouth or other methods
▪ Injection (iron dextran / iron galactan)
before piglets are 72 hours old
▪ Oral before piglets are 18 hours old (iron
galatan is only absorbed from the gut early
stages)
▪ Sprinkle iron compounds and / or
uncontaminated soil in farrowing pens
▪ Provide creep feed with a high iron content
▪ Raise iron levels in lactating sow diet litters
receive more surrounded
Anemia
236. 236
▪ Iron deficiency is the primary cause of anemia in
piglets
▪ They are born with limited iron reserves that last
only a few days, while their rapid growth demands
significantly higher iron levels, up to 300-400 mg by
week 3
▪ Commercial farming restricts access to natural
sources of iron found in soil, and sow milk provides
only a fraction (1.5 mg per liter) of the required daily
intake (7-16 mg)
▪ Larger, faster-growing piglets and those from larger
litters face a higher risk due to increased iron needs
and limited access to milk, exacerbating the
prevalence of anemia in pig populations
Anemia
238. 238
Commercial analyzer that
measures hemoglobin levels.
▪ Creep feeding is a technique commonly used in pig farming to provide
supplemental feed to piglets while they are still nursing from their mother.
▪ The purpose of creep feeding is to offer additional nutrition and encourage
early solid feed consumption in piglets, helping them transition to solid
food more smoothly after weaning.
Anemia
241. Farm Animal Hygiene 241
Oral
Provide creep feed
with a high iron
content
Anemia
242. Farm Animal Hygiene 242
▪ Foot-and-mouth disease is an acute, highly
contagious, viral of animals with hooves, such as
cattle, water buffalo, goats and pigs.
8. Swine Foot and Mouth
Disease
243. 243
Symptoms
➢ Sudden onset of severe lameness, fever,
formation of vesicles on coronary bands
➢ Blisters can be found on thin-skinned areas like
udder, teats, anal area and eyelids. These
blisters rapture within one day
➢ There may be frothy saliva, anorexia,
sometimes hooves become loose and fall off
➢ Sows may abort
Swine Foot and Mouth Disease
244. Farm Animal Hygiene 244
Prevention and treatment
➢ Vaccination
➢ Quarantine
➢ Slaughter and burial
Swine Foot and Mouth Disease
246. Farm Animal Hygiene 246
9. Swine Mastitis
Bacterial infection causes an inflammation of the
mammary organ and results in changes in milk
production. These bacteria enter the wounds in
the udder.
Swine mastitis
247. 247
Symptoms
➢ Swollen, hot and painful udder
➢ Absence or reduction of milk in the affected udder
➢ Sow refuses to suckle her piglets. As a result,
piglets squeal due to hunger
➢ Sow has depression and often fever
Prevention
➢ Provide adequate bedding
➢ Keep pig pens clean, dry and free of sharp
objects, clip milk teeth of baby pigs.
Swine mastitis
250. 250
Treatment
▪ Gently massage the affected udder with lukewarm
water
▪ Do not allow the young to suck milk from the
infected sow
▪ Remove the milk from the infected udder and
discard
▪ Separate sow from piglets and reduce access to
teats (allow a few piglets to suckle at a time). If
possible, foster piglets to lactating mothers
▪ Use antibiotics. Inject penicillin-streptomycin into
the muscle of hip or neck
Swine mastitis
