1. Prepared byPrepared by
an English teacheran English teacher
O.A. LepertO.A. Lepert
ShostkaShostka
School 1School 1
2. PlanPlan
1.1. Tense formsTense forms
2.2. The functionsThe functions
3.3. Complex ObjectComplex Object
4.4. Complex SubjectComplex Subject
5.5. The Absolute Participle ComplexThe Absolute Participle Complex
3. Tense formsTense forms
TenseTense
formsforms
Participle IParticiple I
Participle IIParticiple II
Active VoiceActive Voice Passive VoicePassive Voice
IndefiniteIndefinite reading
being
being read read
been
PerfectPerfect having read
having been
having been
read
4. The functionsThe functions
Present Participle Indefinite Active is used as
an attribute and as an adverbial modifier.
e.g.e.g. Entering the room, he saw the guestsEntering the room, he saw the guests
there.there.
The girl pointed to a group of womenThe girl pointed to a group of women
sitting in the corner of the room.sitting in the corner of the room.
Present Participle Indefinite Passive is mostly
used as an adverbial modifier, sometimes as an
attribute.
e.g.e.g. Being written in pencil, the letter wasBeing written in pencil, the letter was
difficult to read.difficult to read.
The plant being built in our town willThe plant being built in our town will
produce motor-cycles.produce motor-cycles.
5. The only function of Perfect Participle is that of
adverbial modifiers.
e.g.e.g. Having written the letter, the girl went toHaving written the letter, the girl went to
the post-office.the post-office.
Having been made 20 years ago, the machineHaving been made 20 years ago, the machine
is out of date.is out of date.
Past Participle is mostly used as an attribute. It can
also be used as a predicative and an adverbial modifier.
e.g.e.g. When praised, he was ill at ease.When praised, he was ill at ease.
When he came into the room, the windowWhen he came into the room, the window
was broken.was broken.
6. An attribute expressed by a participle which has
accompanying words is placed after the noun it modifies. If
a participle in the function of an attribute has no
accompanying words it is usually placed before the noun it
modifies.
e.g.e.g. He is a well-known writer.He is a well-known writer.
The children danced round the beautifullyThe children danced round the beautifully
decorated tree.decorated tree.
7. Complex ObjectComplex Object
The Objective Participle Complex consists of a noun in the
Common Case or personal pronoun in the Objective Case and a
participle. The first part of the complex (the noun or pronoun)
denotes the subject or the object of the action expressed by the
participle.
nounnoun
pronounpronoun
Participle IParticiple I
Participle IIParticiple II
8. 1. After verbs to see, to
hear, to feel, to observe,
to notice, to find.
I saw her coming across the street.
I watched the snow falling.
She found the old man seating near
his house.
I saw the eyes of the doctor
turned up on me.
P I
P II
2. After verb to want. I want him changed. P II
3. After verbs to consider,
to believe, to think, to
find, to expect, to suppose.
She considered herself deceived. P II
4. After verbs to get, to
have.
I want to have a new dress made.
I want to have my hair cut.
P II
9. The Subjective Participle Complex consists of a noun in the Common
Case or a personal pronoun in the Nominative Case and a participle
which stands in predicate relation to the noun or pronoun.
Participle IParticiple I
Participle IIParticiple II
Complex SubjectComplex Subject
10. 1. After verbs to see, to
hear, to feel, to observe,
to notice, to think, to
watch.
A plane was heard flying high in
the sky.
For a long time the atom was
thought to be indivisible.
A car was heard to stop outside
the door.
P I
P II
3. After verbs to consider,
to believe, to find.
The work was considered
finished.
These devices are considered to
be very effective.
The poem is believed to have
been written by Byron.
P II
11. The Absolute ParticipleThe Absolute Participle
ComplexComplex
The Absolute Participle Complex is a construction in which a participle
has its own subject expressed by a noun in the Common Case or a
personal pronoun in the Nominative Case.
The Absolute Participle Complex is used in the function of adverbial
modifiers of time, cause, manner, or attending circumstances and
condition.
e.g.e.g. The rain having stopped we went home.The rain having stopped we went home.
The day being very fine, she went for a walk.The day being very fine, she went for a walk.
Weather permitting, we’ll spend our day off in the forest.Weather permitting, we’ll spend our day off in the forest.
12. In the Absolute Participle Complex all the
forms of the Participle are used.
e.g.e.g. The letter being written, I went toThe letter being written, I went to
post it.post it.
They went quickly out of the house,They went quickly out of the house,
Jude accompanying her to the station.Jude accompanying her to the station.
Her face smiling, she came into theHer face smiling, she came into the
room.room.
13. The Absolute Participle Complex may be introduced by
the preposition with. In this case it is used in the
function of adverbial modifiers of manner, or attending
circumstances.
e.g.e.g. She was sitting on the ground, with her headShe was sitting on the ground, with her head
and one arm lying on a chair.and one arm lying on a chair.
He was standing, with his arms crossed and hisHe was standing, with his arms crossed and his
head bent.head bent.
