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Apresentação unirio
1. Tumores de
Cabeça e Pescoço
Visão Multidisciplinar
Dr. Leonardo G. Rangel
Cirurgião de Cabeça e Pescoço -HUPE-UERJ
Doutorando em Cirurgia
Coordenador de Residência ORL-CCP UERJ
Chefe do Ambulatório de CCP UERJ - HUPE
24. Fatores Tumorais
características Histopatológicas
epithelial membrane antigen and are negative for muscle-
specific actin and vimentin. They may or may not express
cribriform growth patterns reminiscent of adenoid cystic
carcinoma [250]. Basal cell adenocarcinomas show areas
Fig. 3.11: Adenoid cystic carcinoma. a Cribriform growth pattern. Cells with dense angular nuclei and scant clear cytoplasm sur-
round spaces producing a classic Swiss cheese pattern (H&E, 200×). b Perineural invasion (H&E, 200×)
61Pathology of Salivary Gland Disease Chapter 3
30. Caquexia associada a 20% das mortes
Caquexia ≠ Inanição
não reverte com Calorias extras
Anorexia 15-40%
Apetite e Habilidade em comer
principais fatores de Qualidade de Vida
Disfagia≈Desnutrição≈Caquexia
33. should be clearly identified, ligated, and divided to com-
plete the isolation of the internal jugular vein. Other
smaller branches can be cauterized, by means of bipolar
cautery.
The dissection of the carotid sheath has 2 danger points,
one at each end—upper and lower—of the dissection. At
these 2 points the traction exerted to facilitate the dissection
of the fascial envelope produces a folding of the wall of the
internal jugular vein that can be easily sectioned at the touch
of the scalpel blade. The surgeon must be extremely cau-
tious to avoid injuring the vein at these points.
Lower in the neck, the terminal portion of the thoracic
duct on the left side, and the right lymphatic duct—when
present—also are within the boundaries of the dissection
and must be preserved. Once the internal jugular vein is
released from its covering fascia, the dissection continues
medially over the carotid artery. The specimen is now com-
pletely separated from the great vessels and remains at-
tached only to the strap muscles
Dissection of the strap muscles
Although this is described as the last step of the
operation (Figure 10), it may be performed in a different
order according to the needs of the surgery and the
location of the primary tumor. The midline constitutes
the medial border of the dissection for unilateral opera-
tions. Thus, a midline cut is made in the superficial layer
is identified, ligated, and divided at both ends of the
surgical field. The fascia is now dissected from the un-
derlying strap muscles. The dissection starts at the upper
part of the surgical field and continues in a lateral and
inferior direction. The sternohyoid and omohyoid mus-
cles are completely freed from their fascial covering.
The superior thyroid artery can be identified coursing
in an inferomedial direction toward the thyroid gland.
Depending on the resection of the primary tumor, the
Figure 10 The strap muscles are released from their fascial
covering. (1) Strap muscles, (2) thyroid cartilage, (3) thyroid
gland, (4) fascia of the strap muscles, (5) stylohyoid muscle, (6)
digastric muscle, (7) anterior facial vein, and (8) submandibular
gland optionally preserved.
the neck. (1) Carotid artery, (2) internal jugular vein (3) hyoid
bone, (4) suprasternal notch, and (5) thyroid gland
Figure 12 The neck after a right functional neck dissection for
supraglottic cancer of the larynx. (1) Internal jugular vein, (2)
carotid artery, (3) sternocleidomastoid muscle, (4) submandibular
F@lJRE 1. Transection of the strap muscles: Along the superior
border of the thyroid cartilage, the stemohyoid, omohyoid and
tlqrohyoid muscles are cut. The sternothyroid muscle is also
transected. This is performed bilaterally.
FIGURE 3. Disarticulation of the cricothyroid joint: A Freer ele-
vator is placed carefully between the inferior thyroid comu and
the cricoid cartilage so that the recurrent laryngeal nerve is not
damaged. The nerve is not identified during the dissection.
FIGURE 2. Transection of the constrictor muscles: The inferior
pharyngeal constrictor muscles and the thyroid perichondrium
are transected with a No. 15 blade along the posterolateral and
superolateral borders of the thyroid cartilage.
brane, and the periosteum of the inferior hyoid bone is
incised. A Freer elevator is then used to dissect the preepi-
glottic space from the inferior and posterior aspect of the
hyoid bone. The larynx is now entered through a small
transvallecular pharyngotomy, just wide enough to visu-
alize the epiglottis. It is grasped with an Allis clamp and
pulled externally. The surgeon now moves to the head of
the bed, and further tumor cuts can be made under direct
visualization (Fig 5). Using scissors, incisions are made so
that the entire preepiglottic space is resected, but the cuts
are made medial to the main trunk of the internal branch
of the superior laryngeal nerve.
Further tumor cuts are now made on the non-tumor
bearing side. The scissors are advanced anterior to the
previously released pyriform sinus. Precise cuts are made
through the aryepiglottic fold and down to the level of the
false cord. The false cord is transected just anterior to the
arytenoids; the vocal process and true cords are transected
just posterior to the ventricle. It is essential that the aryte-
noid cartilage be preserved on the non-tumor bearing side
of the larynx. In addition, it is important not to enter the
cricoarytenoid joint inadvertently so that postoperative
ankylosis may be avoided. Incisions are now made con-
necting these prearytenoid cuts to the cricothyroidotomy.
The cricothyroid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are
transected along the superior border of the cricoid carti-
lage.
Complete visualization of the tumor bearing side is
necessary. The surgeon takes both thyroid ala in her/his
hands and cracks the cartilage down the middle. It is akin
to opening a book. The resection along the tumor bearing
DUANE SEWELL 29
Fatores do Tratamento
Cirurgia