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Exit_Seminar_U_S_EPA
1. Exit seminarby Larry D. Claxton Thanks And Reflections on Some of Our Joint Accomplishments 4/14/2010 1
2. Thanks ! For helping me have a very rewarding career For being my friend (or at least friendly) 4/14/2010 2 A friend is loving at all times, and becomes a brother in times of trouble.
3. There are many who I need to thankPlans fail when there is no counsel,but with abundant advisers they are established The scientificstaff who have supported me by going in the laboratory to do the real work. The colleagues who collaborated with me. The non-scientific staff who has just been there. My mentors and those who have inspired me. My family (including my church family) and friends. Let me name a few: 4/14/2010 3
4. There are 200+ colleagueswho have been coauthorson peer-reviewed publications 4/14/2010 4
5. Adams NH – 1 Allison JC – 1 Alvord WG -1 Allen JW, - 3 Amler RW – 1 Andersen ME – 2 Andon B – 3 Aneja VP – 1 Auletta A – 1 Austern B – 1 Austin AC - 4 Bae J-S, - 1 Ball LM – 4 Barraclough D – 1 Barnes HH – 1 Barry PZ – 1 Baumgardner RE – 2 Baxter R -1 Bell DA – 5 Brachaczek WW – 1 Brady AL -1 Bradow R – 2 Brenner R – 2 Brooks HG – 2 Brooks LR – 2 Bryant BJ – 2 Bufalini JJ – 3 Burghardt R – 1 Burton R – 2 Calvin JA – 1 Capizzi JL – 2 Carneiro PA – 1 Carroquino M – 1 Carvalho L – 1 Chadwick RW – 1 Chen SC – 1 Chung KT – 4 Cizmas L – 1 Coffin DL 1 Coffin RB – 2 Cohen P – 2 Creason J – 15Cupitt LT – 18 Dearfield KL – 2 DeMarini DM – 3 dePollok FS - 1 4/14/2010 5 As iron sharpens iron, so one man sharpens another.
6. Dietrich A – 2 Driver JH – 2 DoerrC – 1 Donnelly KC – 3 Douglas G –2 DumdeiBE – 1 DutcherJS – 1 DzubayTG – 1 Early G – 2 EasterlingR – 3 EdneyEO – 10 Edwards LC – 1 Endo O – 1 Esancy JF – 7 Esancy MK – 2 Fitzgerald J – 1 Franco A – 1 Frank DW – 2 Freeman HS – 14 GalsonSK – 1 Garrett NE – 1 George SE – 18 Gilmour MI – 2 GraedelTE – 4 Graham JA – 1 Gold A – 5 Goldstein BD – 1 Goodman R – 3 Gorse Jr RA – 1 GotoS – 3 GwaltneyC – 1 Harvey JE – 1 HasselbladV – 1 Hawkins DT – 2 HighsmithRV – 1 HoukVS – 17 Huang SL – 1 HudgensEE – 5 Huebner HJ – 5 Hughes TJ – 14 InmonJP – 3 Jackson M – 1 JaparSM – 1 Jensen R – 1 JungersR – 4 KamensR – 6 KawanishiCY – 1 Kenny DV – 1 King LC - 4 4/14/2010 6 As iron sharpens iron, so one man sharpens another.
7. As iron sharpens iron, so one man sharpens another. Kleindienst TE – 19 KloudaGA – 2 Kohan M - 16 Kolber A – 1 Kremer F – 4 Krewski DJ – 2 Kummrow F – 2 Leroux BG – 2 Leavitt S – 1 Lee FSC – 2 Lewis CW – 5Lewtas J. – 28 Licht J – 1 Little LW – 1 Lofroth G – 3 Lower WR – 1 Malling HV -1 Martins MH – 1 Matsushita H – 3Matthews P – 1MacGregor JT – 1 McIver CD – 1 MonteithLG – 2 Moore MM – 2 Morin RS – 2 Mortelmans K -2 Mumford J – 3 Myers LE – 3 Nader JA – 1 NamieGR – 3 Nelson, GM – 2 Nero CM – 4 Nesnow S - 4 Nestmann E – 1 Oliveira DP – 2 O'Neil JJ – 1 Orr JD – 1 Otto DA – 1 PasleyT – 3 Paylor RF – 1 Pegram R – 3 Pellizzari E – 2 Perera FP -1 Perry JJ – 1 Perry JM – 4 Perry E – 5 PeschGG – 1 Pierson WR – 1 Pittman JH – 2 Poteat W – 1 Rabinowitz - 1 4/14/2010 7
8. Rech CM – 2 Reife A – 1 Reisman DJ – 1 Riccio ES – 1 Rives G – 2 Rogers HW – 1 Rosenkranz H – 2 Ross TM – 2 Roubicek DA – 1 Rudd LE – 1 Rudo K – 1 Sangaiah R – 4 Sato MIZ – 1 Saucy D -1 Schalkowsky S – 1 Schenck KM – 1 Schmeiser HH – 1 SchuetzleD – 1 Sewall T – 1 ShepsonPB – 13 Shelby M – 2 Shelton ML – 1 Sherwood RL – 1 Simmons DM – 1 Simmons JE – 1 Smith DF – 4 Snow L – 1 Snow RF – 2 Sokolowska-Gajda J – 1 Spanggord RJ – 1 Sparacino C -2 Stack HF – 2 Stead AG – 5 Stevens RK – 3 Stockberger L – 1 Szkarlat AC – 1 Taylor MS – 2 Tejada S – 3Terao Y – 1 Toney GE – 3 Toney SH – 4 Tulis JJ – 1 Umbuzeiro GdA – 6 Utley MJ – 1 Vos GA – 1 Walburg HE - 1 Walsh DB – 7 4/14/2010 8 As iron sharpens iron, so one man sharpens another.
9. Wang J – 2 Warner JR – 1 Warren SH - 16 Washburn KS – 1 Watanabe T – 1 Waters MD – 7 Watts R – 4 White PA – 1 Whitehouse DA – 3 Williams LR – 1 Williams R – 6 Wolff T – 1 ZanoniMVV – 1 ZeigerE - 1 Zhou X – 1 Zweidinger R - 10 4/14/2010 9 If I overlooked anyone or did not give enough credit, it was not intentional. Thanks to all the above for their time, efforts, and patience. As iron sharpens iron, so one man sharpens another.
10. Still others? Graduate Students Jeong, Euigyung Wang, Jinlong Esancy, Michelle Edwards, Laura C. Stratton de Pollok, Fredrick Clemmons, Julie Esancy, James Driver, Jeffrey Kohan, Michael Bell, Douglas A. Morin, Randall S. Houk, Virginia S. Bell, Douglas A. Bedell, Cynthia Holt Rives, Glen D. Postdoctoral Fellows George, Elizabeth** Umbuzeiro, Gisela Chung, King-Thom**Paid for with EPA funds 4/14/2010 10 Let people learn to maintain good works for necessary uses, that they be not unfruitful.
11. There are still others: Ann Austin* Virginia Houk* Tom Hughes* Mike Kohan* Peggy Matthews Erica Perry Stephanie Toney Sarah Warren 4/14/2010 11 Scientific technical staff who worked with me: (This means they did the work.) *I helped to recruit to EPA
27. Herb Rosenkranz(Not actually at ORNL or NIEHS)4/14/2010 16 The one who associates with the wise grows wise
28. 4/14/2010 17 Pearl #3 Mentors don’t impart just knowledge & wisdom, but also opportunities (e.g., travel, speaking, publishing, job opportunities, awards).
29. Overview of Our Accomplishments What I was a part of at EPA. It was great being a part of scientists that lead the way. 4/14/2010 18 Blessedis the one who finds wisdom, and the one who obtains understanding
30. I did more thanSalmonella mutagenicity Examined the pathological effects of congeners in alcoholic beverages Mapped a gene in Musmusculus Developed software Tried to develop biochemical and immunological assays for mutation in the mouse Examined ways to look at the toxicology of GEMs (genetically engineered microorganisms) Was a division director in NHEERL Reviews on the ethics involved with scientific publications & conflict of interest issues 4/14/2010 19
31. 4/14/2010 20 Pearl #4 There is probably more to a person than you see or know.
32. For the Salmonella assay: Basic research Examined in vitro metabolism systems Developed the first published statistical method for examining Salmonella mutagenicity data Developed the first software package for recording Salmonella mutagenicity information and doing multiple types of analysis on the data (includes QA/QC information, control & historical data, data analysis) Examined genetic drift issues Developed a semi-automated, small sample & volume, higher throughput assay (Spiral assay) 4/14/2010 21
33. For the Salmonella assay: Applied research using the Salmonella assay - (Using the assay as a tool) Examples: Determining if Diesel emissions were mutagenic Using the assay for assay-directed fractionation Using the assay to compare control technologies Determining the effects of environmental transformation (we even took advantage of sampling on top of a TV tower during a hurricane) Using the assay with SAR analysis to design replacements for carcinogenic dyes 4/14/2010 22
38. Love of our automobiles & cheap gas brought on pollution. Then came the oil crisis. Next, a shortage of gas & long, long lines. & 4/14/2010 25
39. 4/14/2010 26 APPLICATION OF BIOASSAY TO THE CHARACTERIZATION OF DIESEL PARTICLE EMISSIONS ]. Huisingh, R. Bradow, R. Jungers, L. Claxton, R. Zweidinger, S. Tejada, J. Bumgarner, F. Duffield, and M. Waters Health Effects Research Laboratory and Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina V.F. Simmon SRI International Menlo Park, California C. Hare and C. Rodriguez Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas L. Snow Northrop Services, Inc. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Two heavy- duty Diesel engines Bioassay-directed fraction In: M.D. Waters, S. Nesnow, J.L. Huisingh, S. Sandhu and L.D. Claxton (Eds.), Application of Short-term Bioassays in the Fractionation and Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures, Plenum Press, NY., 1979, pp. 381-418.
43. 4/14/2010 29 Mutagenicity- Ames test Other types of genotoxocity Carcinogenicity Toxicology of mixtures Bioassay-directed fractionation and toxicant identification Comparative risk assessment method Emission chemistry
46. Alaskan Oil Spill Prince William Sound: Not only beautiful but the home of many wild creatures This small village was overrun by staffs from Exxon and the government – I slept in a sleeping bag in a small unheated trailer. The port of Valdez where Prudo Bay Crude is loaded from the Alaskan pipeline onto tankers. The Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Island on March 24, 1989. 11,000,000 gallons were spilled 4/14/2010 32
47. 1,500 miles of beaches harmed. Nearly 1,000,000 animals died. Cleanup methods were overwhelmed 4/14/2010 33
48. EPA Administrator William K. Reilly ORD Bioremediation Research Planning Committee (BRPC) 4/14/2010 34
49. EPA Administrator William K. Reilly ORD Bioremediation Research Planning Committee (BRPC) The BRPC was PIs charged with planning an inter-laboratory program, selecting the projects, and handling the funds. 4/14/2010 35
50. EPA Administrator William K. Reilly ORD Bioremediation Research Planning Committee (BRPC) Convened an international advisory committee BRPC planned the world’s largest bioremediation research project 4/14/2010 36
51. EPA Administrator William K. Reilly ORD Bioremediation Research Planning Committee (BRPC) Convened an international advisory committee BRPC planned the world’s largest bioremediation research project Recruited resources, purchased supplies, & visited sites Began project on Alaskan beaches in early June 4/14/2010 37
54. Fertilizer application did enhance biodegradation: Subsequent monitoring of these and other beaches showed that fertilizer application enhanced biodegradation over that occurring on the reference beaches.
55. Mutagenic toxins lost over time:These studies show that mutagenic toxins associated with spilled Prudhoe Bay crude oil were lost over time.
56. Crude oils differ in their toxicity and in the toxicity of their degradation products:Basic laboratory studies demonstrated that crude oils differed in their mutagenicity and the mutagenicity of their degradation products. 4/14/2010 39
57. 4/14/2010 40 Pearl #5 Scientist (PI)–lead research has lead the way, been cutting-edge, safeguarded public health, conserved funds, and served EPA well.
58. We worked together during my 6 years as division director First, the starting point. Then, some principles we used. Finally, Our final review. 4/14/2010 41 Plans fail when there is no counsel, but with abundant advisers they are established.A bright look brings joy to the heart, and good news gives health to the body.
59. The starting position: Tension between the division’s staff and the lab. Distrust among the staff with unhealthy competition. Lack of focus on solutions. Unproductive Excellent reputation had declined. EXCELLENT SCIENTIFIC STAFF! 4/14/2010 42
60.
61. More thanks: GTD and NHEERL Support Staff Carolyn Fowler Betty Linthicum Beverly McKim Stephen Thompson Owens Vaughn 4/14/2010 44
65. Metabolism and identification of toxicants found in mixturesThrew out projects that: Did not concern EPA Affected non-susceptible, small populations Other groups would do much better ECD had no expertise 4/14/2010 45
66. 4/14/2010 46 Our final review: Publication records don’t tell everything, but they are one indicator of success.
70. More thanks: Other colleagues deserving recognition and thanks: Bill Baird, Patricia Barry, Linda Birnbaum, Dan Blazer, Diana Brame, Joanne Cook, Mike Davis, Karen Dean, George Douglas, EPA-RTP Library Staff, D.B. Folden, Jane Gallagher, Ian Gilmour, Tom Graedel, Dan Grosch, Ron Hart, George Hoffman, Bob Kavlock, Kelly Leovic, StandfordMalette, Bob MacPhail, Wendell McKenzie, Tong Man Ong, Rhonda Rogers, Mike Shelby, Adam Swank, Richard Thompson, Vera Vargas, Carole Yauk, Errol Zeiger 4/14/2010 50
71. 4/14/2010 51 Pearl #6 When working together, do not underestimate what you as a group of scientists can do!
73. 4/14/2010 53 Reference Site Dye processing plant Galvanizer 540 m3/h ~6 km DWTP Water intake ~60.000 people Quality Assessment Monitoring Program:Cristais River, Brazil Salmonella Positive New
74. 4/14/2010 54 Reference Site Dye processing plant Galvanizer 540 m3/h ~6 km DWTP Water intake ~60.000 people 106-7 rev/L 400,000 ng/L MUTAGENICINITY RESULTS (YG1041) AND BDCP DYE CONCENTRATION 105-6 rev/L 200,000 ng/L Negative None Negative None 104 rev/L 500 ng/L sediment 103 rev/L 20 ng/L 103-4 rev/g 70 ng/g sludge New 104-5 rev/g 7,500 ng/g
75. 4/14/2010 55 Created a Model for Future Surface Water – Drinking Water Research, Monitoring, Treatment, and Regulation Created new effluent treatment Identified & tested dye components Other toxicity tests Identified & tested environmental transformation components Cristais River Study Moved effluent discharge to below DWTP intake New Identified & tested chlorinated DBPs arising from dyes
78. 4/14/2010 58 My Church Family & Friends VBS Assembly Carnival for Special Needs Children Kindergarden Recognition Brooks Avenue Church of Christ, Raleigh, North Carolina
80. 4/14/2010 60 YOU ! (Or at least most of you) For greeting me with a cheery “hello” or just smiling at me, For holding a door for me, and For helping me up off the floor. A bright look brings joy to the heart, and good news gives health to the body
81. 4/14/2010 61 Pearl #7 Just think: If a hillbilly from Tennessee can be a part of all these achievements, you, being younger and smarter, can achieve much more.
EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL: Ten Years Later Technical Background Paperfor Alaska Wilderness Leagueby Pamela A. Miller, Arctic Connections 3/99 I am satisfied that tanker traffic to and from Port Valdez, and operation of an oil port there will not cause any significant damage to the marine environment or to fisheries interests." --L.R. Beyon, British Petroleum Environmental Studies speaking for Alyeska in 1971 Our nation's largest oil spill. Four minutes after midnight on March 24, 1989 the Exxon Valdez hit Bligh Reef in Alaska's Prince William Sound. Eleven million gallons of oil spewed into one of the most bountiful marine ecosystems in the world. It killed birds, marine mammals, and fish and devastated the ecosystem in the oil's path. North Slope crude spoiled lands and waters that had sustained Alaska Native people for millennia. Exxon says that the Sound has recovered. They’re wrong.MARINE MAMMALSSea otters -- 3,500 to 5,500 died. Continued exposure to hydrocarbons in 1998. Populations in heavily oiled bays not recovered.Harbor seals -- 300 died. Most seals and pups oiled at contaminated haulouts. From 1989 to 1997, the population has declined 35% and continues downward.Killer whales – Up to 22 died. Unprecedented mortality of females with calves. Males with collapsed dorsal fins subsequently died. Not recovered.BIRDSCommon murres -- 175,000-300,000 killed. Minimum of 300,000 chicks lost, complete breeding failures at several large colonies from 1989 to 1991. El nino has set back recovery that was occurring.Other seabirds -- 375,000 to 435,000 died. Declines of 16 species compared with earlier baseline surveys, including loons, black oystercatchers, pigeon guillemots, pelagic and red-faced cormorants, scoters, Barrow’s goldeneye, mergansers. Not recovered.Harlequin ducks -- 400-1,000 died. Decreased molting populations and wintering survival for females in oiled areas, and evidence of exposure to hydrocarbons in tissues through 1998. Not recovered.Marbled murrelets – 12,800 to 14,800 died. A large part of the world’s population at risk from the spill; Prince William Sound numbers declined 67% since the 1970’s. Population continued to decline to 1991. Not recovered. Loons - 395 carcasses, 4 loon species. Common loons have small, slow reproducing populations. Not recovering. FISH Pacific herring -- Most salmon spawning and feeding habitats in Prince William Sound were oiled, causing egg and larval mortality and physical deformities. Unprecedented population crash in 1993, first year eggs laid in 1989 should have returned. Not recovered.Pink salmon -- Increased mortality of eggs in oiled streams. Lower adult survival and juvenile growth rates and gross abnormalities in young fish in oiled streams. Oil-spill related collapses in pink salmon populations in 1992 and 1993. Some spawning streams still oiled. Not recovered. Dolly varden -- Lower adult survival through 1991 in oiled areas. Rate of recovery unknown.Cutthroat trout – At its northwest limit in Prince William Sound, its isolated ranges are highly vulnerable to pollution. Lower rates of growth persisted through 1991. Recovery rate unknown.Rockfish, other marine fish -- Rockfish died from ingestion of oil and had sublethal injuries. Hydrocarbons were found in halibut; pollack; rock, yellowfin, Dover, and flathead sole; Pacific cod; and sablefish. Recovery rates unknown. HABITATNational Parks -- Oiled Kenai Fiords, Katmai, and Aniakchak National Park and Preserve. Buried oil remains in park beaches.National Wildlife Refuges -- Kodiak, Alaska Peninsula/ Becharof, Alaska Maritime refuges oiled. Resources not recovered.Chugach National Forest -- Wilderness study area oiled. Forest resources still injured.Designated Wilderness -- Oiled Katmai National Park, Becharof National Wildlife Refuge, Kenai Fiords National Park wilderness study area, and Kachemak Bay State Wilderness Park. Invasion of more than 11,000 clean up workers, boats, and helicopters on remote beaches harmed wilderness values throughout spill area. Permanent loss. Intertidal Communities – 1,500 miles of beaches harmed. Recent studies revealed that even on “cleaned-up” washed beaches, mollusks and other invertebrates were far less abundant than on comparable unspoiled beaches. Not recovered.Subtidal Communities – Habitats providing shelter and food for an array of fishes, birds, and marine mammals were oiled, killing snails, clams, sea urchins, and invertebrates. Evidence of oil contamination in sediments, reduced abundance of clams and altered community composition persists. Not recovered.Archeological Sites -- 24 sites were damaged by the spill and cleanup. Permanent injury.America’s Public Lands – American’s were outraged and saddened by the Exxon Valdez spill. A study of the lost aesthetic and intrinsic values derived simply from knowing that the resources exist (“passive use”) estimated the damage to Americans at $2.8 billion.[26] Permanent loss to a priceless place.
The Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Island on March 24, and we began on the beaches the first of June.
Natural bioremediation was seen: At some sites, the natural bioremediation processes (in Prince Wi11iam Sound) were at least equivalent to the bioremediation during fertilizer application. This is in agreement with the decreases in the C-18:phytane ratio.Fertilizer application did enhance biodegradation: Subsequent monitoring of these and other beaches t however, showed that fertilizer application enhanced biodegradation over that occurring on the reference beaches. This result is understandable considering that naturally supplied nutrients needed by the microorganisms vary by location and time.Mutagenic toxins lost over time:These studies show that mutagenic toxins associated with spilled Prudhoe Bay crude oil were lost over time.Crude differ in their toxicity and in the toxicity of their degradation products: This work. together with more basic laboratory studies, demonstrated that crude oils differed in their mutagenicity and the mutagenicity of their degradation products.
Prov 15:30 A bright look brings joy to the heart,and good news gives health to the body
