Labeling Theory Is Closely Related To Social-Construction...

Labeling theory is closely related to social-construction...
Labeling theory is closely related to social–construction and symbolic–interaction analysis. It means that deviance is not a natural tendency of an
individual, but instead focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms. The
theory is based off how people tend to own up to what society claims them to be. The theory came about during the 1960s and 1970s. A lot of the
theory's symptoms are still noticeable today.
Labeling theory looks at why this person continued to commit crime or was more prone to do so and then come to be defined as deviant, while others
do not. Labeling theory is also interested in the effects of labeling on individuals. Labeling theorists note ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having someone tell a child they're bad is like saying your bad and I know that and it okay, but its not. Labeling can also mold the way someone
behaves in their lives especially if they cannot shake off that label.
The labeling theory has its perks and it also has its faults. For example, a young man gets caught stealing out of a grocery store. They call his
a[parents and band him from ever returning. His parents then find out and call the family members in such disbelief to talk about what happen. A
family member so happens to work at this child school as well. That family member goes to work the next day repeating what she had heard from
the child's mother to another coworker. Early the next day a pack of pens and easers go missing from that teacher's tote bag. She returned the
family member of the child and accuses him of possibly taking it because she's already heard he stole before. They then enter the child's class
room followed by searching his bags and lunch box in front of the entire class. Now the children in his class know that this child has stolen once
before, the kids no longer want to share with him, or let him play with they're things. He gets home and realized his parents no long leave there
wallets or purses out on the kitchen table like they usually do and dad took all of the change out of the car cup holder. This child grows up believing I
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Recidivism of Sex Offenders Essay example
Sex offenders have been a serious problem for our legal system at all levels, not to mention those who have been their victims. There are 43,000
inmates in prison for sexual offenses while each year in this country over 510,000 children are sexually assaulted(Oakes 99). The latter statistic, in its
context, does not convey the severity of the situation. Each year 510,000 children have their childhood's destroyed, possibly on more than one
occasion, and are faced with dealing with the assault for the rest of their lives. Sadly, many of those assaults are perpetrated by people who have
already been through the correctional system only to victimize again. Sex offenders, as a class of criminals, are nine times more likely to repeat their...
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Barbaree looked at 224 sex offenders. Of those men, 33 committed a new offense of some kind for a general recidivism rate of 14.7 percent. Even
more interesting was the study did not support the idea that good treatment behavior, as in positive or appropriate behavior in group sessions, good
homework assignments, and positive ratings of motivation, could be associated with a less of a chance for recidivism. They gave two possible
reasons for this finding. Sex offenders, by the very nature of their criminal behavior, are masters of manipulation and exploitation. These individuals
can exhibit behavior that contributes to favorable assessments. The second possible reason is these skills are learned, or enhanced, in the treatment
setting. Data from a program evaluation by Quinsey et al in 1998 is consistent with this interpretation. They hypothesized that it was due to exposure
to sexually deviant material or by learning about others' modi operandi. A more recent study, published in the same journal, by Looman et al in 2000
suggests the opposite. Of the released sex offenders they studied they found a 23.6 percent recidivism rate for those treated while a 51.7 percent rate
for the untreated group. They also conducted an analysis separately on the outcome for men who had previous sexual convictions. Those with no
previous sexual offense convictions had a 20.9 percent recidivism rate of the treated men compared to 42.9 percent of the untreated men. Of

The Occurrence Of Rape Essay
"Sexual urge"..."lust"..."desire"..."force" (Emma, 2012) – these are all words used by real life sexual offenders to describe their accounts and what
motivated them to commit such crimes. Relative terms such as rape culture have become increasingly relevant to one of the most discussed issues in
contemporary society. However, a majority of the discussion centres around the impact on the victims, as well as the injustice of their behaviour. Little
of the discussion looks at what goes on through the minds of these types of offenders. In this essay, I will attempt to unpack a number of theories that
discuss the roots of the occurrence of rape. This will be evaluated in conjunction with the criminological theory of seductions of crime, as well as the
conflict theory. In addition to this, I will scrutinise these theories and its flaws. I will also be using the example of a real life convicted rapist to show
his version of how someone could become a sex offender. Furthermore, an analysis on different character traits of sex offenders will follow this, as
well as an investigation on rape culture in order to develop a more informed understanding on sexual offending.
A number of theories have been developed to help explain the reasons why rape occurs. Thornhill and Palmer developed the evolutionary theory that
connects rape to primitive traits (Siegert & Ward, 2002 cited in Lowell, 2010: 158). According to Thornhill and Palmer, this meant that men who could
'force their sexual

Juvenile Sex Offenders Essay example
Sexual assault is one of the fastest growing violent crimes in America. Approximately 20% of all people charged with a sexual offense are juveniles.
Among adult sex offenders, almost 50% report that their first offense occurred during their adolescence. (FBI, 1993) There are many different opinions,
treatment options and legislation to manage the growing numbers of juvenile sex offenders. In today's society the psychological and behavioral
modification treatments used to manage juvenile sex offenders is also a growing concern. To understand and determine the proposed treatment
methods, several related issues will need to be reviewed such as traditional sex offender therapy methods like cognitive therapy and alternative therapies
like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Phoenix police, the girl was lured to a storage shed at an apartment complex. The four boys, who had offered the girl chewing gum,
allegedly restrained and sexually assaulted her. The Phoenix police officers called the case, one of the worst they have investigated in many years. The
14–year–old was charged as an adult and will face two counts of sexual assault and one count of kidnapping. The other three boys were charged in
juvenile court with sexual assault, and two of them also were charged with kidnapping. (Trevino CNN, 2009) Currently, it is estimated that adolescents
(ages 13 to 17) account for up to one–fifth of all rapes and one–half of all cases of child molestation committed each year (Barbaree, Hudson, and
Marshall, 1993).
Who are Juvenile Sex Offenders?
There is a moderate portion of juvenile law violations that are minor; however some young offenders are extremely dangerous and violent. (Caldwell,
2002) Studies have shown that most delinquent behavior stems from some sort of underlining issue or issues in a youth's present or past history. State
and county authorities must deal with these offenders while also responding to their personal social problems. This could range from child abuse and
neglect, family issues and drug abuse, exposure to pornography and exposure to aggressive role models.
Juvenile sex offenders are those who target children and those who offend

The Necessity to Swap Ethnic Profiling for Behavioral...
Humanity has always strived to become more "civilized". Whether it was the manipulation of fire, the domestication of animals, the invention of
electricity or the exploration of space, the goal has always been to become more advanced than our predecessors. We think of "civilization" as the
opposite of "brutality" and we associate the former with peace and the latter with violence. For this reason, we are unable to deem a race that has
walked on the moon as a "violent" race. However, "civilization" doesn't abolish violence it simply removes the individual's right to be violent and
bestows it into the hands of a separate entity (like the military). (Lancaster)
Historically, civilization has demonstrated the greatest degree of violence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this reason, ethnic profiling should carry less weight in the decision making of law enforcement agents and in the realm of criminal justice. In turn,
the criminal justice system should promote the use behavioral profiling, a more effective alternative with a lesser rate of wrongful arrests.
There is no scientific proof that links crime and race. In fact, most psychologists admit that ethnic profiling is not scientifically reliable. (Boylan)
Nevertheless, no one has attempted to eradicate it until recently. This is because America's imprisonment rates were not rising at an alarming rate
until a couple of decades ago. Now that hyper incarceration is a problem experts have begun searching for its root, and ethnic profiling has surfaced as
a probable cause of hyper incarceration. When you analyses the inner–workings of racial profiling you find a direct correlation between the impact of
ethnic profiling and the anxiety levels of the population. In other words, as people become more scared the likelihood that they will perform or tolerate
racial profiling increases.
Fear and violence go hand in hand, and the 50's and 60's left America trembling with fear. During this period we observed the height of the Cold War
and the Civil Rights Movement. Apparently, the threat of communism and the empowerment of blacks turned out to be a poor combination

Mentoring Program to Reduce Juvenile Recidivism
Introduction
Youth are often confronted with socio–economical and political challenges including poverty, ethic and minority status and are often cited as at risk for
committing long–term community problems like rise in crime due to substance abuse, school drop–out and several forms of academic failures,
delinquencies, criminal offenses and unemployment (e.g. Grisso, Vincent & Seagrave, 2005; Champion & Mays, 1991; Fellmeth, 2002). According to
Grisso and his colleagues (2005), the argument that in order to help young offenders that were placed under rehabilitation centers reconnect to
community and avoid recidivism is to provide them education and employment opportunities upon release. It is in this area where mentoring programs
to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B. Mentoring Programs in Reducing Recidivism
Studies suggest that young people are often at risk of re–offending (e.g. Sharkey, et al, 2003; Vincent & Seagrave, 2005). Sharkey and his colleagues
explained that youth often reoffend since, as they prepare themselves in returning to their respective communities, they are usually confronted by
similar situations that had influenced their behaviors prior to committing offenses. Another group of researchers however show that youth engaged in
education, employment and other productive endeavors in their communities within 6 to 8 months after their release are less vulnerable to commit
another offense (e.g. Keating, et al., 2002, Bullis, et al, 2002, Grossman & Tierney, 2008). In the literature, mentoring programs are often advocated as
an effective intervention in helping young offenders in fostering one–to–one relationships (a young offender with a caring adult) and in connecting them
to promising education and employment opportunities upon their release Supporters of this view highlight that positive relationship with caring adults
strengthens the protective factors which help young offenders to overcome structural and institutional hurdles to having healthy and productive lives.
Keating,

Problem Formulation Research
Running head: PROBLEM FORMULATION RESEARCH AND THEORY ANALYSIS
Problem Formulation Research and Theory Analysis
Reggie Autrey
University of Phoenix
Research Methods in Criminal Justice
CJA 433
Theodore J. Smith III , ESQ.
July 26, 2009
Problem Formulation Research and Theory Analysis
This paper will cover GPS Monitoring in Pinellas County for sex offenders. During the summer of 2006 election was heating up in reference to sex
offenders and monitoring GPS devices. Proposition 83, called for Jessica's Law was on the California ballot. The reason for this proposition was to
have all sex offenders wear this device and be monitored at all times. Other states wanted this proposition to pass so it could be enforce in their state. ...
Describe the theoretical concept
The concept was to provide a clear understanding on how the Jessica's Law can work and provide information on where sex offenders are living and
where they can't live. With the information provided with the analysis it shows restriction on how the sex offenders being monitored with a device can
be tracked at all times. The GIS and global positioning system can identify potential housing locations and analyze sex offenders.
Identify an operational definition used by the research
When monitoring sex offender's law enforcement use an enormous amount of spatial information. This data becomes overwhelming and it can be a
challenge to determine which locations is more important to cover than others. The data provides analysis needed for tracking where the offenders
are provides tracking information from up to a querying 4 hours for a single parolee will yield approximately 240 GPS coordinates and the device can
take up to 15 minutes to track the query.
Could the research problem, questions, and theoretical concepts have been formulated differently or improved? The research provided for the analysis
and the concept behind the issues was formulated to understand how the Jessica's Law would work. There were some minor issues that could have
been done differently such as monitoring the GPS tracker in all areas of San Diego County. There were some areas that the

It Changed My Mindset About My Spirituality
Overall this project was moderately successful, because it changed my mindset about my spirituality. When starting this project it was hard to accept
the existence of forces outside myself that could affect me. Forces like god, love, change or fate. The habitual refusal to acknowledging these forces
was my way of keeping my spirituality isolated and unchanging. It had taken time for my negativity to convert what was a beneficial view of these
ideas into a sterile and safe spirituality. So to protect my sensitive ego from considering that my confusion could be easily explained or even solved by
simplicity. Found in common places like bible verses. That existential anxiety was not a symptom getting closer to myself but instead to an... Show
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While reading, something irked at me as wrong with them. They answered all the questions in the plan, but to me the answers were wrong. They
were not going in a direction that I felt would help me care for myself. After reading, rereading and checking the projects direction endlessly the error
became clear. I was trying too hard to change a concept that can't be changed intentionally. Directly trying to change spirituality is like trying to
change the direction wind by turning your body. While I may have been going in circles during most of the nine weeks, by reading the bible
strictly for the project and without searching deeply for my own personal reason, praying only because it was for a progress report and because of
faith or viewing my negativity as something new and devoting so much attention to it during the progress reports. Despite all that, there were
moments when the wind blew a certain way over my body, touching something deep under my skin. That thing has been called soul, by Plotinus Poe
St. John of the Cross or myself as just another metacognitive strategy to explain what my words cannot. Allowing myself to accept that these great
thinkers may have been onto something was healing. By doing so it removed such a weight off my shoulders. For the first time since I was young I
felt like I again could be free from the responsibility of being. I could exist as creation, an ideal that under no circumstance could stray too far off the
well

Profiling is a Necessary Means for Discovering and...
Many studies have been made in the field of criminology, concluding that profiling is a necessary means for discovering and apprehending criminals.
There are many different types of profiling and many people think of profiling differently; however, all types of profiling does work and is proven to
help stop crime. This paper will explore the following: profiling and different forms of it, the closely related stop and frisk policy, different cities that
have proven statistics that profiling does work, how airports are now profiling, and different serial killers that have been apprehended due to work
from profilers.
9/11 led to a re–evaluation of racial profiling as a means of combating crime, and terrorism. Indeed, many people who have ... Show more content on
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They take what they know about an unknown suspect and his actions and try to generate additional information (Grabianowski).
What exactly is profiling is what many people wonder and they don't always get the right definition. What they usually think first is that it is racial
profiling and it is bad, we should not do it, but that's only one type of profiling and it is not necessarily bad in all cases. The Merriam–Webster
dictionary defines it as, "the act of or process of learning information about someone based on what you already know." Under the narrow definition,
racial profiling occurs when a police officer stops, questions, arrests, and/or searches someone solely on the basis of the person's race or ethnicity.
Critics typically use this definition when condemning racial profiling, as do law enforcement agencies when denying the existence of racial profiling
(Cleary). Most people think that the profiling is a bad thing because of controversial topics like NYC's stop and frisk policy and from what the liberal
news puts out. But in most cases profiling is good for communities and helps to catch criminals before they can do harm. The main difference between
what people think and what profiling is comes down to two words disparity and discrimination.
Disparity and discrimination are closely related but there is one major difference between them that sets them far apart. Disparity is

The Ethics Of Habitual Criminal Offenders
In this research paper, I will further elaborate on the ethics involving habitual criminal offenders in whether or not they should eligible to receive a
life–saving organ transplant. Google defines habitual criminal offenders as people who were convicted of a new crime and was previously convicted
of a crime(s). In a multitude of US states, there are the habitual offender laws in place to discourage such happenings, but it still happens and as of
2016, there are roughly 1.6 million people in federal and state prisons, a good percentage habitual. Then, there is the aging population in prison in need
of care as denying them of such violates the 8th Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment and there are also a number of prisoners in need of...
UNOS stated that focus on the needs of the person as opposed to person when giving out organs. This goes back to ethics in which John Rawls
discusses about the Veil of Ignorance. This concept focuses on the basic needs and wants of the person, erasing all distinctive traits of the person such
as whether they are in prison or not. I will discuss the ethics involved in this topic later as I focus on UNOS and its partners. According to the
American Medical Association 's Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, they suggest to use medical criteria in discussing who gets the organs in
which includes whether they benefit the patient and improve their life. Also in the matter of ethics, this goes to Utilitarianism, where it focuses on
Consequentialism in which the person to perform an action to overall create best results. Despite this statement, there are people who disagree
otherwise in treating prisoners. Going back to what prisoners lose and gain when they go to prison, the question was raised when taxpayers began to
realize that prisoners get better treatment than the honest person. This was when the organ transplant situation was brought up and the process is
incredibly pricey with Kenneth Pike, a convicted rapist, needing a $800,000 heart transplant. However, denying the said person of healthcare because
he was in a terrible person violates the 8th Amendment and prisoners are unable to get healthcare insurance

Distinguishing Antecedent Traits of Juvenile Sex Offenders...
While sexually deviant behavior among juveniles is not a new phenomenon there has been a dramatic increase in the concern of this problem over
the last two decades. As the number of juvenile sex offenders arrested increases, the recognition of it as a serious issue also increases. The anxiety
over juvenile sex crimes has led to a wide variety of research being conducted to determine if there are antecedent traits in offenders. The tremendous
data collected and analyzed to try to understand the factors leading a juvenile to sexually violate has piloted a wide range of theories and also much
disagreement among professionals about the appropriate consequences a violator must face. The basic uncertainty of who a juvenile sex offender is can
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most research indicates that about ninety percent of juvenile sex offenders are male. However, there is also research indicating there may be a
considerable underrepresentation of the female juvenile offender in data. According to Schwartz, Cavanaugh, Pimental, and Prentky, although the
vast majority of sexually aggressive youth are male, the proportion that is female appears to be much greater than is commonly observed among
adult sex offenders, which may indicate that abuse by adolescent females is reported at a significantly lower rate than abuse by male adolescents
(2006). One explanation for this is that the general public tends to struggle with the idea that a young woman could be capable of such perverse
behavior. It should also be considered that male victims may have more difficulty reporting a sexual crime against them when the perpetrator is
someone that society has taught them is the inferior gender (Hendriks, Bijleveld 2006). As a whole, female abusers have been researched very little,
and juvenile female abusers have been virtually ignored in the field of criminological study. In terms of the female adolescent offenders that have been
studied, more than half report being sexually abused themselves. This tends to be a common characteristic of male juvenile offenders as well.
Childhood experiences of sexual abuse have been associated with juvenile sex offending for quite some time. Rates of juvenile sex

Why the People Are Interested in Serial Killers Essays
Serial Killers Serial killers have struck fear in the hearts of people, yet the public remains fascinated and intrigued by the crimes perpetrated by these
individuals. There are several theories and factors that have been attributed to serial killers in an attempt to explain their behaviors. Furthermore, by
indentifying the behaviors that are exhibited by serial killers, law enforcement professionals are able to gather information about these serial killers that
will assist in the apprehension of the criminal. In the majority of serial homicides, a motivating factor, in addition to domination and manipulation of a
victim, is the sexual gratification and desire that is experienced by the serial killer. Serial killers murder individuals ... Show more content on
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Michael H. Stone in The Anatomy of Evil states that there are several factors that influence a serial killer's behavior. The factors that may influence
behavior are presented in a nature versus nurture model with occasional factors falling into a category of mixed and/or unknown origins (201). The
factors that Stone considers to pertain to an individual's natural environment include mental illness that is coupled with psychosis, schizophrenia,
manic–depression, autism, and Aspergers Syndrome. Also included in the list of natural factors are mental illnesses without psychosis such as ADD
and ADHD, alcoholism, epilepsy, and an inordinate sexual drive (201). Personality disorders are considered to be inherent to an individual and are
therefore considered to be a part of an individual's natural environment; personality disorders include being antisocial, psychopathic, schizoid, sadistic,
paranoid, and/or impulsive–aggressive (201). Stone identifies nurture factors as parental physical/sexual/verbal abuse, parental abandonment and/or
neglect, the loss of a parent, absence of a father, separation and/or divorce of the parental unit before the child is 16, and brain disease or damage (201).
The factors that Stone considers to be attributed to mixed or unknown origins include paraphilia, juvenile delinquency, substance abuse, alcoholism,
conduct disorders that are committed in childhood, animal torture and arson,

Habitual Offender Law Analysis
One of the first well known 'Three Strikes and You're Out' law to be passed in America was passed in California in 1994 (Chen, 2008). The
intention was to give longer sentences for repeat offenders. The reasoning behind the law was simple. The harsh punishment will act as a deterrent for
future criminals and those criminals that have multiple offences will be put away for many years rendering them unable to commit further crimes
against our society (Chen, 2008). There are currently 28 states that have some sort of habitual offender law in place but California is the most severe
in enforcing those laws (Shoener, 1993). Colorado is also one of the states that have a habitual offender law. The law in Colorado divides up the
offences that can count... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Criminal Justice Abstracts in particular was helpful. I wanted some articles published in the last 10 years about three strikes laws so I limited the
search to article published after 2004. Other limiters I used to help sift through the numerous search results were; changing the source type to
"Academic Journals" and using the filters "Linked Full Text" and 'Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journals'. I used a combination of the search terms
"recidivism prevention", "habitual offender laws", "sentencing", "California", and "crime rates".
When I started wrapping up the research for the paper I decided to use the Social Sciences Citation Index to find a few more articles that had not
shown up in my other searches. I returned to the basic search of "three strikes laws" and used an article published in March of 2014 called "In the
Furtherance of Justice, Injustice, or Both? A Multilevel Analysis of Courtroom Context and the Implementation of Three Strikes". I used the citied list
hyperlink to find several other articles that helped me finalize my paper.

The Rise of AmericaвЂ™s Prison Empire Essay
When envisioning a prison, one often conceptualizes a grisly scene of hardened rapists and murderers wandering aimlessly down the darkened halls of
Alcatraz, as opposed to a pleasant facility catering to the needs of troubled souls. Prisons have long been a source of punishment for inmates in
America and the debate continues as to whether or not an overhaul of the US prison system should occur. Such an overhaul would readjust the focuses
of prison to rehabilitation and incarceration of inmates instead of the current focuses of punishment and incarceration. Altering the goal of the entire
state and federal prison system for the purpose of rehabilitation is an unrealistic objective, however. Rehabilitation should not be the main purpose of ...
While all three are considered prison's goals, punishment is most heavily relied on and rehabilitation, when attempted, is often halfheartedly executed
to uninterested participants. According to authors Gerald Melnick, et al. in their essay, "Treatment Process in Prison Therapeutic Communities:
Motivation, Participation, and Outcome," the lack of motivation an individual prisoner experiences regarding his success often contributes to his
dropping out of an in prison rehabilitation program (634). Such programs are therefore futile because the inmates who would benefit most from the
rehabilitation are often the most unmotivated and unwilling to participate.
If an inmate does fulfill the numerous participation requirements for completion of an in prison program, the chances of his continuing treatment are
exponentially low. Prisoners often neglect to extend treatment through the use of after–care rehabilitation programs upon release from jail (Melnick, et
al. 636). The benefits of rehabilitation are therefore lost because after–care facilities are designed to further reinforce critical values gained by prisoners
during prior rehabilitation.
This means that even if a prison were to offer inmates the most innovative forms of rehabilitation, the programs would be in vain due to the
overwhelming majority of prisoners who would not willingly partake in treatment. If a prisoner manages to acquire a job upon release, his
rehabilitation may still

Megans Law: Protecting American Families Everywhere Essay
Megan's Law: Protecting American
Families Everywhere
In the summer of 1994 in Hamilton, New Jersey, a small girl by the name of Megan Kanka was raped and murdered by a convicted pedophile, Jesse
Timmendequas. The shocking crime rocked not only the small town, but the entire country. A desperate mother told reporters "Please, please help us
find our daughter, she's a wonderful girl ... she's only seven. Let her come back." (www.crimelibrary.com) No mother should ever have to beg for her
daughter's life. People thought that everyone had a right to know if a child molester was living in their midst. Dick Zimmer, then a state senator in
New Jersey, and later a one–term congressman, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another positive aspect of Megan's Law is that it makes the pedophile, who had to register themselves as a sex offender, more weary of their actions.
People are less likely to act a certain way or do things if they know that everyone is keeping watch over almost all their actions (www.nj.gov).
Like most things there is always a negative aspect. A negative aspect of Megan's Law is how some people consider it to be unconstitutional. People
believe that it is unconstitutional in that the rights of the pedophile to live a normal life have been taken away (Star–Ledger). Many argue that they
deserve this violation but when it comes down to it, their rights really are being revoked. If a sex offender who has already served their time in
prison and has gotten the help that they needed want to start a new life as a new person, they can not do this because of Megan's Law. Megan's
Law makes it very hard for the person to try and start over now that everyone knows what they had done and their privacy had been violated
(Amoroso). Megan's Law also only lists people who are of moderate or high risk. Basically if you have done something along the lines of pedophilia
but nothing that made the newspaper, no one will know about it (Amoroso). People also try to use the pedophiles as a reason why you

Chemical Castration and Physical Castration Essay
A Critical Analysis of the Effects of Chemical Castration and Physical Castration on the Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders
Introduction
This paper examines the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders.
Using theory integration or the multifactor approach, the findings reveal there are several factors influencing sex offender recidivism. Both chemical
castration and physical castration have the potential to reduce the recidivism rates of sex offenders by lowering testosterone levels, diminishing sexual
urges, and making sexual urges more controllable if the sexual urges are motivated by increased testosterone levels. Based on theory integration, most
sex offences are not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
44% of rape victims are children under the age of eighteen.
Unfortunately, only one out of sixteen rapists will ever get convicted and serve jail time; the other fifteen will walk free (RAINN Statistics, 2003).
There is debate about what to do with the small percentage of sex offenders who do wind up in prison. Some states and criminal justice agencies are
experimenting with new methods of dealing with paroled sex offenders, namely chemical castration and physical castration, in order to curb sex
offender recidivism.
Laws were first passed in the United States in 1996 allowing for the chemical castration of sex offenders. Chemical castration is the medicinal treatment
of deviant sexual behavior by reducing testosterone secretion in order to "diminish sexual preoccupation and urges, making self–control easier"
(Treatment of Men with Paraphilia, 1998). "Depo–Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate) is named as the legally mandated drug of choice for
chemical castration" (Castration and Drug Therapy, 1999). The drug is administered by injection.
California was the first state to enact legislation in support of chemical castration. According to the California Board of Prison Terms (2003) "any
person guilty of a first conviction of specified sex offenses, where the victim is under 13 years of age, may be required to receive
medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment upon parole, and any person convicted of two such

Criminal Behavior And Its Effects On The Crime
Criminals convicted of sexual offences such as rape and molestation often receive sentences that are not severe enough to account for their crime.
These lax sentences are due to the fact that rape has had ambiguous definitions in the past portions of the blame are shifted onto the victim or
considered out of the offender's control and the offender's behaviour outside of the crime tend to impact the severity of their punishment. A
contemporary example of this is Brock Turner, convicted sexual offender of Stanford University. Turner digitally penetrated an intoxicated, unconscious
woman behind a dumpster and served three months in prison. Differential Association states that criminal behaviour is learned from intimate
associates, like Turner's swim–team friends. Neutralisation is the process of learning to rationalise crime by shifting blame and trivialising the crime.
Brock Turner's case is wrought with neutralisation. Turner's feeble sentence isn't an exception to otherwise proportionate punishments of rapists; it's the
rule. His statement, the victim's statement, media coverage and the public perspective can all be analysed using Neutralisation Theory and Differential
Association to get a better understanding of why rapists are not sufficiently punished.
Neutralisation Theory and Differential Association both stem from the Positivist School ofCriminology meaning that both surmise that punishment
should fit the criminal not the crime. This simply isn't applicable to

child molesters Essays
Communities need to be informed of alleged child molesters?
Every thirty minutes another child is abducted, whether it be from home, school, or their
Neighborhood playgrounds. Imagine that the next thirty minutes it's your child. Now also try to
Imagine that your child's abductor has been living in your community unknown to you. These
Intruders feel they have the right to invade the privacy of these citizens and commit horrible
Crimes such as kidnapping, rapes, and murders. So therefore, it will be best that communities be
Advised of alleged child molesters so that citizens could be aware of the acts of crimes that may
Occur, molesters would be more discouraged to commit these acts, and a safer community could
Be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They should not be left alone in society to function as a regular citizen. Social services
Should check up on them on a weekly basis just like any other criminal. Watching CNN the other
Day, they stated that when these sexual predators are arrested it is only a misdemeanor, when in
Doubt it should be considered a felony because they sometimes they actually kill a person. Most
Of the time they are heavy on drugs or alcohol, which they have many courses that they could take

Before they decide on letting them Rome the streets freely. Once they have completed the certain
Course then the community in which they choose to live in then should decide if that person is
Mentally and physically capable of living around their own children. They should also bar sex
Offenders from school zones, playgrounds or wherever children gather.
Child molesters themselves would be more discouraged as well to commit there acts once
They know other people are aware of what they are capable of. Most sexual predators were
Abused by others most of the time either if it was physical, mental, or sexually as a child. It is
Also a proven fact that they were not shown any love from their mother or father. You wonder

Essay on Is the Use of Castration Constitutional?
The issue of castration has many layers in terms of its use punitively. The biggest area of debate is the rate of success and if sex offender's problem is
physical or psychological. In addition, is the use of castration constitutional? Some people argue that compulsory castration is a violation of the
Fourteenth Amendment and the Eighth Amendment. However, does the unconstitutional nature change whencastration is voluntary and the decision is
made by the offender? Moreover, does labeling castration as a treatment make it constitutional? There are many questions that need to be addressed,
and these are only some of the reasons the use of castration is debated. These issues will be addressed by discussing the support of castration ... Show
There will be those that will despite the castration. This is part of the reason the debate as to whether the behavior of sex offenders is physical or
psychological continues.
Cassandra Thomas holds an opposing viewpoint and does not agree with castration. As a director of a rape program in the Huston Area believes
that it should not be used as a punishment and that "it only buys into the myth that sexual assault is about sex, and so therefore if you get rid of
sexual desires you get rid of rape" (Hickey, 2010, p. 131). Sexual assault is about the use of violence to obtain power and control over another
individual. In addition, castration may promote frustration and feelings of inadequacy, powerlessness and helplessness creating a venue for the use
of violence to compensate (Hickey, 2010, p. 131). Thomas goes further to say that castration "has nothing to do with genital organs" and as a result
views "castration as an empty symbolic gesture..." (Hickey, 2010, p. 131). It is clear that castration is not 100 percent affective, and this fact leaves
room for the belief that psychology may also be a factor.
Obviously, this debate is fueled by the long history of the use of castration. Surgical castration was used prior to the 1900. However, it had numerous
effects on the individual, including "producing hormonal imbalance and psychological and physiological effects" (Hickey, 2010 p. 137). This led to
scrutiny to its use and

Overview of Criminal Profiling Essay
Being a criminal profiler is not like it is on all the television shows, but it is still an interesting and important job. Criminal profilers have been used
to close many police and federal cases. They work in several homicide cases involving rape, racial killings, brutal killings, and involving serial killers.
They help make it easier for the police to find the right person by examining the crime scene. Being a criminal profiler is a tough job but with hard
work and dedication it is a great career choice. A criminal profiler gives a description of what they think the suspect looks like and acts like. They do
this by examining the scenes of where the victims were murdered and looking for clues on why the suspect did it, how they did it, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A criminal profiler can work for the state, federal, or local law. Many work for the FBI, CIA, and as private investigators. They can also work as
an independent consultant or at colleges. Criminal profilers are also able to testify in the court room (CriminalJusticePrograms). Some personal
qualifications to be a criminal profiler are they must be able to examine gruesome crime scenes and be able to deal with appalling killers; having a
weak stomach would not be good for this job. They must also be well organized and ready for some tough work (Denis). An overemotional, easily
spooked, or somebody who does not understand others emotions well would not be a good match with this career. Somebody with a logical mind
and enjoys solving puzzles would fit much better in this career (Dwilson). Not all profilers fit in these characteristics but it will help one
understand if they could be a potential good match. "I would only recommend people if they have the right temperament and personality: you
cannot be timid or scared in this line of work (Wilson). Educationally there is not a certain degree one needs to take because this field is so small.
There are several different options to choose from. Taking courses in topics of police investigation or death investigation is a good start. Having a
master's degree or a Ph. D will improve the chances of finding somewhere to get a job. Most profilers have a degree in psychology or more

Ted Bundy was a brutal serial killer Essay
Works Cited
"A Condemned Man's Last Bequest". People 6 February, 1989 p. 44–51.
Gerdes, Louise. Serial Killers. San Diego: Greenhaven Press Inc.2000.
Knappaman, Edward W. Great American Trials. Detroit: New England
Publishing, Associates, Inc. 1994.
Ted Bundy was a brutal serial killer. He was also very charming and handsome to the ladies, which made it easier toprey on them. He admitted to
killing over twenty people just before his execution. Many families were relieved when he was finally executed. Ted Bundy thought of himself as very
smart, because he was able to outsmart the authorities multiple times throughout the years of being a serial killer ( Gerdes 41).
His victims of choice were young, college age, women ( Gerdes 128). He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He made himself look innocent through just about anything the authorities threw at him. Bundy helped himself out by saying he had been badly
represented by counsel ("A Condemned" 49). The authorities believed he had killed at least forty people, but it was very hard to prove it. Dentists
analyzed bite marks on one of the Chi Omega's victim's buttocks, and compared them to an oversized picture of Bundy's teeth (Knappaman 655). It
was determined that there was a considerable amount of similarities, and it was used against Ted as evidence. This was the first hard evidence the
authorities had against him in the trial. He sensed danger of being convicted and tried his best to cover it up, but failed. The police also innocent
found knotted panty hose like those used to strangle previous victims at the Chi Omega House. They had finally found an eyewitness who was named
Nita Neary, which helped a great deal. They finally proved him guilty with this evidence. After his conviction Bundy admitted to killing about twenty
people, which included Debi Kent on November 8, 1974, and Nancy Wilcox on October 7, 1974.
On July 23, 1978, Ted was found guilty on multiple charges (Knappaman 655). Later on in 1979, he was sentenced to death. He received his third
death sentence on February 12, 1980, following his conviction of killing Kimberly Leach. He was convicted of three separate

Essay on The Reasons Sex Offenders Offend
The Reasons Sex Offenders Offend
I am going to look at two books, which explain why people become sex offenders. The first book that I looked at examines four theories. These
theories are psychodynamic theories, behavioral theories, biological theories, and empirical theories. The second book that I looked at showed some
case studies of men that had committed sex offences and looked at some of the different things that caused these men to offend.
The first theory is the psychodynamic theory, which looks at three ways of classifying the purpose of the act. The first is an aggressive purpose, which
is to humiliate, dirty and belittle the victim. This purpose usually shows that the men usually have a lot of trouble in heterosexual ... Show more content
The third one is rape is basically a disorder of violence and that there are physiological and genetic aspects in the tendency for violence.
The fourth and final theory is the empirical theory and there are a few different empirical theories of why men rape. One of these theories is that
some men believe that they have the right to take sex from a woman if the opportunity comes along. There is a quote from two researchers Medea and
Thompson who said, "it is time...for women to stop thinking of rapists as crazy men...The rapist is the man next door."(Hollin, p. 43).
Another one of these theories is that physical and sexual abuse was found in the childhood histories of many rapists. Another theory looks at a study by
Malamuth, which came up with six "predictor factors" for sexual aggression, "dominance as a sexual motive, hostility toward women, attitudes,
facilitating violence, antisocial characteristics/psychoticism, and sexual experience." (Hollin, p. 44) Malamuth found that these factors were successful
in predicting sexual violence and bringing these factors in with interactions with the predictor increased its success even more.
The second book that I looked at showed some case studies of men that had committed sexual offences. The first one was a man who had sexually
molested young boys. He had been unpopular as a child and also had a poor relationship with his father where there was little interaction. He was
wrestling with a friend when he was younger and

Three Strike Law Case Study
On December 4, 1993, the authorities discovered the body of twelve–year–old Polly Klaas in a grave just off Highway 101. On October 1, 1993, Polly
had a slumber party at her mother's house in Petaluma, CA. While the girls were playing in her bedroom, an unknown man walked in with a knife in
his hands. He advised the girls not to scream, proceeded to tie up the two friends and put pillowcases over their heads and then advised the girls to
count to one thousand, giving him time to exit the house with Polly. Approximately twenty minutes later the girls freed themselves and woke up
Polly's mother, who then called the cops. For two months, nearly four thousand volunteers joined local and federal law enforcements, the Coast Guard
and even members... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The law provides for punishment of those convicted of any felony, according to the following provisions:
An offender convicted of a felony who has one previous serious or violent felony conviction must be sentenced to twice the normal term.
An offender convicted of a felony who has two previous serious or violent felony convictions must be sentenced to either three times the normal term,
or twenty–five years to life, whichever is greater
An offender convicted of a serious or violent felony, who has a previous conviction for any felony, cannot be awarded probation.
Unlike prior law, similar felony conviction while the offender was sixteen or seventeen years of age may be counted as

Biography of Debra Jean Beasley
Debra Lafave Debra Lafave, who also is known as Debra Jean Beasley, was former school teacher at Angelo L Greco Middle School, which is
located in Temple Terrace, Florida. She made headline news when she crossed the line of teacher to sex offender after it came to light that she was
having a sexual relationship with one of her students who was fourteen–years–old. At the time this occurred, Debra was twenty–four and married. She
was charged with lewd or lascivious battery on a minor. Now why would a teacher cross over from being a role model to being asex offender? That
may be something we will never really know. Lafave, was this beautiful blond who had a somewhat troubled childhood, she claimed that she was raped
at age thirteen by an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Section 4: Subtypes and Typologies , 2014) Then lastly she fits Approach–Automatic because somewhere deep down inside her she must have had the
desire to commit a deviant sexual act. The first time the situation presented itself in her classroom and thus she ended up taking advantage of it, even
though she said he pushed her against the wall and raised her shirt up and was the aggressor.
John Wayne Gacy John Wayne Gacy was a serial killer–rapist who went after boys and young adult males. He was called the "Killer Clown" because
he actually entertained children at parties as a clown called Pogo. He murder 33 males over a six year period, from 1972 to 1978. However, he
began his predatory lifestyle much sooner than 1972. In 1964, he attempted to sodomized a young boy who refused to give him oral sex. Gacy
was given a ten year sentence, yet only served 18 months of it. He was charged in 1970 with sexual misconduct towards a young man, but the
charges were dropped because the young man did not turn up for the court hearing. He committed his first murder on January 3, 1972. His victims
were all male and the ranged in age of 9 to 20. He would drive around looking for young males. He would pose as an officer and arrest them. Or he
would use the ruse that he was needing to hire for his construction company. He then would befriend them, and they would end up at his home. He
would then dazzle them with magic tricks that often involved a pair of handcuffs. This a

Contemporary Issues Involving Sex Crimes
Contemporary Issues Involving Sex Crimes, Sexual Offenders, and Victims of Sexual Crimes
Heather Anderson
American Public University
Abstract
Sexual abuse is any uncontrolled sexual act in which a person is pressed or physically forced to engage against their will, or any non–consensual
sexual touching of a person. Asex offender is a person who has been convicted of certain sex crimes. A victim of a sexual crime is the subject of
unwanted sexual offenses. In order for sexual activity to be all right, both people must want it to happen. When any person forces you to participate in
any sexual act when you don't want to it is sexual assault. Physical force is not always used to sexually assault a victim. Most victims are assaulted by
someone they know. Most offenders are male whether the victim is female or male. The victims of sexual abuse can be males or females of any race,
age, social class, appearance, or sexual orientation. This paper will discuss some of the contemporary issues involving sex crimes, sexual offenders,
and victims of sexual crimes.
Keywords: sex crimes, victims, offenders, abuse, assault
Sex crimes can involve physical contact such as unwanted touching or no physical contact for example, internet crimes (CSOM, 2006). Sexual abuse
is unwanted contact between two or more adults or two or more minors. Sexual abuse is sexual contact between an adult and a minor (CSOM, 2006).
Sexual abuse is any unwanted sexual contact initiated by a

Essay on Theories, Assessment, and Treatment of Sex...
INTRODUCTION
Stories of sex offenders have been increasingly a focus of attention by the criminal justice system over the past years. By legal definition, a sex
offender "is a person who is convicted of a sexual offense (Sex Offender Law & Legal Definition)," an act which is prohibited by the jurisdiction.
What constitutes as a sex offense or normal/abnormal sexual behavior varies over time and place, meaning that it also varies by legal jurisdiction and
culture. In the United States of America, for example, a person can be convicted of wide range of sexual behavior that includes prostitution, incest, sex
with a minor, rape, and other sex offenses (Sex Offender Law & Legal Definition). As the nature of sex crimes have long held the ... Show more content
Because reduction of the likelihood of offender recidivism in the future is clearly a priority, the criminal justice system has begun to look into the
effectiveness of treatment programs. The following body of research further discusses the purpose and effectiveness of different treatment methods that
can be employed by psychologists with the intention of rehabilitating sex offenders.
THEORIES
There has been much debate about why people commit sexual crimes. As far as to what causes people to become sex offenders, there is no real answer
to this question. No single factor can fully interpret why someone commits a sexual offense, though it is believed that some combination of factors may
combine to increase sexual deviancy dramatically. These factors include biological, circumstantial, environmental, and sociocultural aspects of the
person, describing the development of abnormal sexual expression through the same mechanisms by which conventional sexuality is also learned
(Terry and Tallon). There are a number of sub–theories which have been designed to explain the onset of sexual deviancy. However, because no one
can pinpoint the dynamics of sexual deviancy, different theories have been developed to study and account for the development of sexual aggression
and behavior. An explanation of the main theories is offered below:
Sigmund Freud of the Psychodynamic Theory proposed that human beings possess sexual impulses

The Process of Criminal Profiling as it Pertains to Serial...
The process of criminal profiling as it pertains to serial killers is extremely interesting and much more common than one would first think. This study
deals with the research into the developmental and psychological approaches to serial killers. In the process of studying these offenders, researchers
have discovered that crime scene manifestations of behavioral patterns enabled the investigators to discover much about the offender (Jones The
Process of Criminal Profiling When Applied To ASerial Killer 1). Most crime scenes can tell long detailed stories, and with the right investigators
following every detail within that story, the positive chance of finding a conclusion to that story is not always there. Investigators must always keep ...
Profiling can piece together such a complete picture of the offender with traits of the offender's including sex, age, occupation, disorders, upbringing,
marital status, home, type of car they drive, etc (Forensic Psychology 2).
Before the term serial killer was coined in the mid–1970's, such murders were referred to as stranger murders. The term stranger murders was used to
differentiate the victims of serial killings from the victims who were killed by people he or she knew, usually family members. The great killers of
history had been ones who had killed their wives, or possibly massacred their family members one by one. For most people, the idea and the emotional
components of intrafamilial violence could seem somewhat understandable. At one time or another, most people processed the thought of raising an
angry hand at a child or spouse, and could even comprehend how, in a fit of rage, such an emotion could escalate to murder. In contrast, the emotional
components of a stranger murder seemed unreasonable and incomprehensible to people (Ressler and Shachtman I Have Lived In The Monster 46).
There are three possible manifestations of offender behavior at a crime scene–modus operandi, personation or signature, and staging. Each of these
manifestations plays an important role of analyzing a crime scene in terms of human behavior (Douglas and Munn 1). Modus operandi is the offender's
actions while committing the crime, and the victimology.

Sex Offenders: To Castrate or Not To Castrate Essay
The act of rape is arguably one of the worse crimes that can be committed against another person. In the last few years there has been much debate
about whether sex offenders should be castrated either voluntarily or as a forced treatment. There are a number of arguments for and against chemical
or surgical castration being implemented against known sex offenders. First it is important to explain the difference between surgical and chemical
castration. Surgical castration is the removal of a man's testicles, for the purpose of removing his reproductive abilities and to control the levels of
testosterone being produced. It is questionable if surgical castration results in complete eradication of sexual desires, because the adrenal glands ... Show
Although chemical castration is not as abrasive and permanent as surgical castration it is still heavily criticized as a possible treatment for sex
offenders (Harrison, 2007). Although both forms of castration are viewed as barbaric, there are some arguments in favor of it. The most obvious
one, being the fact it does lower levels of sexual desire in sex offenders. Literature shows low levels of testosterone, also allow the offender to feel
more relaxed and passive, which enables them to have better control their violent and aggressive urges. This would allow castrated sex offenders to
become contributing members of society (Carpenter, 1998). Another advantage of castration, which is supported by extensive research, shows
combining both castration with other types of treatment greatly decreases recidivism risks. One study looked at the recidivism rates of twenty–four
men; all were combining chemical castration and another form of therapy. Out of the twenty–four men who started the study only one participant
committed a violent sex crime two and a half years later. The crime was committed after the participant withdrew from all forms of treatment. (Rice,
and Harris, 2011). One other argument supporting the castration of sex offenders is that the judicial system needs to look at putting the victim before
the rights of the offender. Not castrating the offender because of moral reasons is a weak argument. The victim

Seeking Retribution Or Habitual Offender
As there are as many reasons and circumstances for the commission of crimes as there are those who commit them, there is therefore no one
philosophy which best suits to serve as the ideal model when sentencing. The justification for a first time offender of a misdemeanor offense, with no
prior history and attempting to lead an otherwise normal life should not be the same for the 3 time convicted felon or habitual offender (frequent flier)
who's intent in life is to survive by any means necessary to satisfy his needs and desires.
While many would argue that seeking retribution is not an action taken literally by the judicial system (in the US), the administering of sanctions such as
prison/jail sentences and fines act as punishment for the

The Root Causes of Sexual Offending: Social Learning Theory
Many etiological theories exist attempting to explain the root causes of sexual offending. Although few provide substantial evidence and no definitive
conclusions have been made, the social learning theory has been proposed to account for sex offending behaviors. Specifically, the social learning
theory, or victim–to–victimizer theory, suggests sexually abused children learn these behaviors and are much more likely to perpetrate abuse when
they're older (Seto & Lalumiere, 2010). The following studies have provided substantial support for the social learning etiology. Through the use of a
meta–analysis, Seto and Lalumiere (2010) concluded that sexual offending is tied to prior sexual abuse. Burton, Miller, and Shill (2002) discovered...
Roughly 79.4% of adolescent sex offenders experienced sexual abuse while only 46.7% of nonsexual offenders reported abuse (Burton, Miller, &
Shills, 2002). About 43.9% of sex offenders identified both male and female perpetrators as opposed to 9.6% of nonsexual offenders. These
individuals were exposed to more severe forms of victimization with a longer duration. Sex offenders endured an average of 5.6 years of abuse while
nonsexual offenders experienced 3.9 years. Through the use of logistic regression analyses, Burton, Miller, and Shill (2002) concluded that method of
operation and gender of abuser accurately predicts whether an individual will sexually offend. The analysis correctly predicted and placed 78.3% of
the sex–offending males into their correct groups. Burton, Miller, and Shill (2002) found that sex offenders were more likely to be sexually abused
compared to nonsexual offenders. Specifically, they were more often related to their perpetrators, experienced longer durations of abuse, were
manipulated through the use of force, and penetration occurred. Forcefulness, or the method of operation, and gender may identify individuals who
are more susceptible to carrying out sexual crimes. For example, a victim who experiences the use of favors or games as a method of manipulation is
less likely to commit sexual crimes. Whereas a victim that experiences threats or physical force is

The Department Of Juvenile Justice
The Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) appointed a new commissioner at the beginning of 1983, at this time the department was facing many
organizational issues. The state legislature had previously passed legislation affecting the environment in which the organization operated affecting the
population it was originally intending to serve. Internally the DJJ faced many challenges involving organizational goals, routines, engaged staff, and
new leadership. It is recommended that the organization take actions to adjust to the environment and align its goals with the new legislature. The
newly appointed commissioner should adjust her management towards a task–orientated leadership until the critical director and staff positions are
fulfilled. Once the department directors are in place, directives can be established to develop department routines. Hired management can then enforce
standard operation procedures as needed to optimize the performance of the organization.
Service Population and State Regulation
A change in service population at Spofford was a result of new legislation passed in 1978. Public concern and legislature in New York had a
significant impact on the Department of Juvenile Justice; Spofford was to absorb serious juvenile offenders due to the Juvenile Offender Act. This
resulted in a shift of the service population from status offender to include more serious juvenile offenders (Varley, 1987, p. 6). This change in
legislation and youth population

Punishment Availability for Sex Offenders Essay
Punishment Availability for Sex Offenders 'Due to the Heterogeneous Nature of Sex Offenders as an Offender Groups, the Punishment(s) Available
are Inadequate'. Research shows that sex offenders as an offender group are hugely varied and mixed in nature. Many different acts can be classified
as sex offences, such as rape, paedophilia and unlawful exposure. Another way in, which sex offenders are varied, are by their more general
classifiable traits such as age or gender. This essay will concentrate on the heterogeneous nature of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the disuse of the Doli Incapax, the consequent arguments supporting the protection of children (via the continuation of the act) portray the
current process of punishment as inadequate and too largely based upon the abilities and needs of adults. However there are many counter
arguments supporting the Labour parties decision and backing the idea that in fact the current process of punishment is adequate for children. Many
of the arguments proposed by the Labour Party focused on discrediting the idea that children are not morally mature enough to be held accountable
for their actions. One argument stated that the Doli Incapax is contrary to the current compulsory age of education (age 5). Children are attending
school at the younger age than previous years, and so in theory should be learning the morals of society at a younger age also. If as this idea
proposes, children are in fact learning right from wrong at an earlier age. Then the current law and lowered age of punishment for sex offenders is
adequate and appropriate. However, 'Better formal education and earlier sophistication do not guarantee that the child will more readily distinguish
right from wrong' (Lord Lowry, Cv DPP [1995] AC1 at 33). There is no evidence to suggest that children are, as the previous argument advocates,
maturing morally earlier. In

Oral And Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Association between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion (I/D) Polymorphism and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Aisha Mahmood Fageer, Elshazali Widaa Ali, Nasr Eldeen Ali Mohamed
Department of haematology, Faculty of medical laboratory sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
Corresponding author: Dr. Elshazali Widaa Ali Mohamed Ahmed, Ph.D
Faculty of medical laboratory sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
Mobile: 00249122694501, E–mail: elshazaliwidaa@gmail.com
Abstract
Background: Recurrent abortion or recurrent pregnant loss (RPL) is a common clinical problem, and for most women the cause is unknown.
Angiotensin–converting enzyme (ACE) affects vascular structure and placental function, and its role in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte
balance is well documented, as well as it is play a role in regulation of fibrinolysis indirectly.
Objective: This study aimed to examine the association of the ACE I/D polymorphism with recurrent pregnancy loss in Sudanese women.
Materials and methods: It is a case–control study, in which 40 patients with RPL and 40 healthy women with one or more successful pregnancies
were enrolled. Salting out method was used for DNA isolation from peripheral blood leukocytes, and PCR was used to determine the ACE genotypes
(DD, ID, and II).
Results: In women with RPL the frequencies of ACE genotypes were found to be 57.5% for DD, 35.0% for ID, and 7.5% for II. in the control group
the frequencies were 92.5% for DD,

Essay on Theodore Bundy
Theodore Bundy
One of the most famous killers of all time, Theodore Bundy vented his rage on women, mostly college girls, all the while maintaining the facade of a
perfectly normal, intelligent, model citizen. His traveling ways, clever tactics, and thorough body disposal methods make it difficult to even say how
many women Bundy killed during his reign, but he was definitely one of the most prolific and frightening serial killers of all time.
Bundy's rampage most likely began with Kathy Devine, 15, a hitchhiker who disappeared on November 25th,1973 and found on December 6th. She
was sodomized, strangled, and her throat was cut. Lynda Ann Healy soon disappeared from her basement bedroom. In... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But Bundy's luck finally ran out on August 16th, 1975 when Bundy was spooked by and fled from a squad car around Salt Lake. Arrested for
possession of burglary tools and released, it wasn't long before police noticed the similarities between Bundy and a man who had attempted to abduct
Carol DeRonch previously. Bundy was son arrested for the attack, tried, and convicted.
It was fairly obvious at this point that Bundy was the man responsible for the killings in the north, and when he was transferred to the Garfield county
Jail in Colorado to await trial for the murder of Caryn Campbell. To the embarrassment of the police, he escaped out a second–story law library
window. Bundy took to the woods and eluded the law for a few days until he was recaptured only to escape again from the Garfield County Jail on
December 30th, with much more drastic results. He made his way to Tallahassee, Florida and settled near the Florida St. campus. While in Florida,
Bundy killed several more women, including a horrifying blitz–style attack in a sorority house on the Florida St. campus that killed two young women,
and the abduction of Kimberly Ann Leach, 12, from her school. She was found about two months later in a nearby state park.
Leach would be the final victim. Bundy was arrested for the final time in Pensacola, Florida after struggling

Essay on Is There Help For Sex Offenders?
On March 26, 1999, six year old Opal Jo Jennings was abducted outside her grandparent's home in Saginaw, Texas. The man responsible for Opal's
abduction and subsequent rape and murder was later revealed to be thirty year old Richard Lee Franks, a convicted child molester. Franks' good
behavior allowed him to be set on parole for a 1991 child molestation charge– a release that proved catastrophic to an innocent little girl and her family.
In the same area, convicted killer and sexual predator Wesley Miller has been released several times over the past two decades under mandatory
supervision. Each time being sent back to correctional facilities for refusal to attend treatment and was even convicted of stalking a Wichita Falls
woman. Both... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the chains are broken free, offenders will often time revert to the lifestyle that allow them to inflict emotional and physical scars on innocent,
unsuspecting individuals, after all they are four times more susceptible to reoffend then if locked up. That is precisely why implementing the
transitional programs to help offenders adapt and treat their heinous tendencies is crucial to eliminating possible re–offense. Under the plan to rid the
streets of reoffending sex offenders; offenders would be required to attend daily counseling sessions while living in the supervised facilities. The
purpose of supervised facilities outside of prison is to allow offenders to feel some of the amenities that are experienced in the free world, all the
while being supervised to examine progress. In addition to counseling sessions, mandatory extracurricular activities would be set in place to inhibit
time to plot and think of fiendish thoughts. The program would be in effect for as long as it takes for that particular offender to be society ready.
Although some may see the program as extra incentive to keeping offenders from their right to freedom– their right to freedom disappeared the
moment they decided to commit the acts they did. The program is to keep men like Franks and Miller contained without possibility of seeing the
free world. Their odd and risky behaviors would have been a huge siren within the program. Had the program been in effect maybe Opal would be able
to do all

Essay about Issues In Psychological Profiling
Issues In Psychological Profiling
Historically, crime and criminals have always caught the attention of law–abiding citizens. Whenever there is mention of serial killers or unsolved
murders or abductions, psychological profiling, floats to the top of the list of concerns (Egger, 1999). Psychological profiling is an attempt to provide
investigators with more information about an offender who has not yet been identified (Egger, 1999). Its purpose is to develop a behavioral composite
that combines both sociological and psychological assessment of the would–be offender. The type of person who could have committed the crime can
often be identified on the premise that accurate analysis and interpretation of the crime scene can point to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the mid–1950s, a psychiatrist named Dr. James Brussel, with no prior links to law enforcement, was asked by the New York CityPolice
Department to profile the "Mad Bomber of New York" (Padbury, n.d.). After studying crime scene evidence and the bomber's mail to the press,
Brussel was able to develop a profile that described the bomber in detail. He claimed that offender would be heavy set, middle aged, and foreign–born.
That he was Roman Catholic, single and lived with a sibling. He added that when found, the offender would most likely be wearing a buttoned,
double–breasted suit. This proved to be very accurate. Brussel went on to aid other investigative agencies between 1957 and 1972. His work would
lead to the arrest of Albert DeSalvo, the Boston Strangler in 1964 (Padbury, n.d.). It was Brussel's technique of interpreting bizarre behavior of
these killers and then applying his knowledge of psychiatry to the investigative realities that proved to be a very effective means to assist law
enforcement solve cases such as these (Egger, 1999). In 1976 and 1977, the Son of Sam terrorized New York City shooting couples as they sat in
their parked vehicles throughout the city. Dr. Murray Miron was asked to assist forensic experts in creating a psycholinguistic analysis of the notes
sent by the Son of Sam to local newspapers. When David Berkowitz, the Son of Sam, was finally

Prevention Programs : Rape, And The Safer Travel At Night...
Prevention Programs:
Forcible rape has been an ongoing problem in the United States for many years. Researchers and scientist have experimented for years with different
programs targeting specific groups in order to deter further rape, sexual assault, and abuse from occurring. There are many programs that have been
put into action over the years; two of the most well–known and successful programs were Project 290/Sexual Habitual Offender Program (SHOP) and
the Safer Travel at Night Campaign program. Two well–known programs that have shown mixed results is the Multisystemic Therapy for Youth With
Problem Sexual Behaviors (MST–PSB) program and Minnesota Prison–Based Sex Offender Treatment Program. Both programs provide an idea on
what works and what doesn't work in order to deter assault.
Project 290/Sexual Habitual Offender Program: October 1, 1993 Richard Allen Davis, recently released from prison on kidnapping charges,
abducted Polly Klaas from her Petaluma, California home. Polly was having a sleepover with two of her close friends in her bedroom when
Richard Davis went through the unlocked front door of the Klaas residence and went up to Polly's room. Davis asked the three girls who lived in this
house, than proceeded to tie up the two girls and abduct Polly. With little time to be able to investigate, Polly was found murdered thirty miles from
her house in an open field. San Diego Police Detectives, Sergeant Joanne Welter and Sharon McNair took the Polly Klaas case

Negative Effects Of Social Media
In today 's society we fail to realize how easy we can access social media sites without any precautions. The accessibility may be different depending
on not only the location, but it can very well differentiate through different states. The effects in which social media from the basic functions of social
media websites, how sex offenders can access these websites without there being any type of consequences and how other countries can have access
to their own social media. Starting with Facebook which was created in 2004, gives you the ability to blog, establish private networks, share photos,
and locate friends. You can post brief status updates, as you might do on Twitter. Facebook is a dynamic and vibrant Web community that is
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In most countries, such as China, they do not have the ability to the freedom to use social media freely. By 2013, there were 618 million Chinese
internet users, which is approximately 46 percent of the population. This rate is slightly higher than the global average of 39 percent (China Internet
Network Information Center 2014; International Telecommunication Union 2013). Of China's internet users, 281 million (45 percent) actively
participated in microblogging, which refers to social media outlets. However, social media also provide authoritarian governments with new
opportunities for political control as noted by Egorov, Guriev, and Sonin (2009), Shirky (2011), Morozov (2012), and Lorentzen (2014). Social media
messages are transmitted in electronic form through an infrastructure that is typically controlled by the government. Recent advances in automated text
analysis, machine learning techniques, and high–powered computing have substantially reduced the costs of identifying critical users and censoring
messages (Edmond 2013). Governments can use these methods to track and analyze online activities, to gauge public opinion, and to contain threats
before they spread. The popularity of microblogs is a recent phenomenon. In 2006, Chinese people became aware of Twitter; the next year, major
Chinese counterparts–Fanfou, Digu, and Jiwai–were launched. The number of micro bloggers grew slowly

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