Public Drinking Water Case Study

Public Drinking Water Case Study
A (Introduction)
The state of Washington is now mandating fluoride be maintained in all public drinking water
sources. Washington state Department of Health states that a mandated fluoridated water policy
would be the most effective method to combat oral health diseases and that it is a proven technique.
The Washington State board of health has adopted the recommendation from the federal Department
of Health and Human Services to produce a rule for public drinking water to maintain fluoride levels
of 0.7ml/L (Washington State Department of Health, 2017). All of Washington state's water supply
is naturally fluoridated. Even though all water sources have fluoride in Washington, the fluoride
levels are not equal. These natural fluoride ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How might the causes be affected by policy action? Specifically concentrating on state wide policy
action to combat oral health. Two policy alternatives are presented, which include fluoridated water
management and implementing child abuse or neglect policy with regard to a child's poor oral
health. The inclusion of a policy that mandates fluoride in all public drinking water and managing
the naturally occurring levels as well can provide preventative medicine measures. Alternatively,
Washington state Board of Health and policymakers implement policy action that considers poor
oral health in children as child neglect or abuse with the dental care providers as the whistle
blowers.
Evaluative criteria and definitions used to decide the two alternatives include: Effectiveness, or the
likelihood of achieving policy goals and objectives or demonstrated achievement of them (Kraft &
Furlong, 2015). Efficiency, the achievement of program goals or benefits in relationship to the costs.
Least cost for a given benefit or the largest benefit for a given cost (Kraft & Furlong, 2015). Equity–
Fairness or justice in the distribution of the policy's costs, benefits, and risks across population
subgroups (Kraft & Furlong, 2015). Social acceptability, the extent to which the public will accept
and support a policy proposal (Kraft & Furlong, 2015). Finally, the last criteria are political
feasibility, or the
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Water Pollution Is Bad For The Environment
Pollution, of any kind is bad for the environment, but water pollution is bad for the environment and
affects people. Our water quality is affecting positano and it 's people. The article "Whale Facts"
state 's " Water pollution has become a growing concern over the last century as more and more
waste is being disposed of in our oceans, rivers and lakes."(Whale Facts). Water pollution is taking
over our oceans, rivers, and lakes which are our primary drinking source. All the water that we drink
comes from these places and they are getting contaminated raising concern. The article "Whale
Facts" also says "Water pollution is caused by the intentional or unintentional release of toxic
chemicals/materials, contaminants and harmful compounds ... Show more content on
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. The quote means If we dispose of the chemicals that affect water than the condition of our water
will get better because the things that are hurting it are going away. The article "water pollution
solutions" says "Second, by implementing renewable energy sources to run these large operations
companies can obtain their energy from eco–friendly sources that do not harm or pollute the
atmosphere."(Water Pollution Solutions). Large companies can have chemical spills and these can
affect the water and the animals and plants that live in it. The article "water pollution solutions" says
"Third, eco–friendly chemicals should be used to replace toxic cleaning chemicals, sprays and other
supplies. These chemicals are extremely helpful as they do not contaminate the water they come into
contact with so if they go down a drain pipe or sewage drain there is little or at least less negative
consequence"(Water Pollution Solutions). . This quote is saying that if we get rid or dispose of these
chemicals properly we will have cleaner water just because we are eliminating the thing that affects
the water the most.
To be able to do these things we need technology that will help us get cleaner water.
The article "will banning plastic bags help the environment?" says "The banning of

Public Water Supply For Drinking And Agricultural Water
Brazos River, the streams and lakes along the river are a major source of public water supply for
drinking and agricultural uses for communities in around the Brazos River basin. Segment 1242 of
Brazos River and the watersheds (Leon River watershed and Lower Brazos–Little Brazos
watershed) and their tributaries flowing into Brazos river in this segment are known to be impaired
for bacteria, salts, nutrients and chlorophyll–a (TCEQ, 2013). The flow of nutrients from rain water
run–off from land into Brazos River results in eutrophication of the river and algae (Chlorophyll–a)
bloom, thereby reducing the dissolved oxygen content in the water. This hypoxia in the water causes
the death of fish and other living organisms in the river. This can ... Show more content on
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4.2 Objectives
The purpose of modeling the fate and transport of pollutants in surface water is for a better
understanding of the relationship between pollutant loads during rainfall events and to be able to
simulate and make predictions of future water quality conditions. By connecting stream flow rates
model to pollutant loads, the relationship between pollutant transport and water quality can be
determined. For this research, models of the fate and transport of the chloride and sulfate in Leon
River was constructed.
4.3 Conceptual Model
The conceptual model for this research is a network model which models the rate of flow of
pollutant through a connected network of points in surface water. The water quality monitoring
stations represent such points and serve as containers. From analysis of the water quality monitoring
measurements of pollutants at each chosen station, it is observed that the concentration levels of
pollutants tend to be high where it has not rained for a long time compared to where it rained the
previous day or few days ago. This then can be interpreted to mean that the concentration of
pollutant in surface water is proportional to the amount of water in the surface water body. Drought
condition will concentrate the pollutants, while on the other hand rain events help to dilute the
pollutes because of increase of water and also contribute to the flow of the pollutant from one point
to the other

Pollution of Drinking Water Supplies Essays
It is widely known that water covers almost three–quarters of the Earth's surface. However, it is not
widely known that more than 99 percent of Earth's water is unusable by humans and many other
living things. Less than one percent of water which supports most of the forms of life we are
familiar with. Unfortunately, that one percent of fresh water becomes more polluted every year. The
pollutants that fill our waterways each year are largely unknown. Water pollution comes from a
number of unique sources, such as industrial waste, urban storm–water, agricultural runoff, various
household chemicals and even nuclear waste. Combining these points of pollution with the increase
in global population results in a continuously decreasing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This rapid pumping has created huge sinkholes on the land surface in some areas. Overpumping in
coastal areas like Florida has caused the water table to drop below sea level and has contaminated
the freshwater with salty ocean water.
Overpumping of rivers for agricultural and personal use has caused some rivers like the Colorado to
dry up before it reaches the ocean. This not only harms the ecosystems found around the rivers, but
also prevents essential nutrients from rivers from entering the ocean, depriving fisheries of food and
in turn hurting the ocean's food chain. The end result of this is a loss in biodiversity and interruption
in the food chain. Irrigation of land with water from these rivers leaves the soil full of salts, resulting
in the land being unable to produce as much as it would have.
In 1972, Congress enacted the Clean Water Act to "restore and maintain the chemical, physical and
biological integrity of the nation's waters." One goal of the Act is to ensure all our sources of water
are clean enough to drink and swim in. To date, roughly 65% of our waters meet this goal. Although
Congress has enacted a number of public health programs to stabilize the problem, there is still
much work that needs to be done.
One point of control the Clean Water Act established involved a federal and state partnership to
control the discharges from large industrial sources

The Effects Of Drinking Water On Human Health
The overall importance of good quality drinking water to human health cannot be overemphasized.
The reliability of drinking water, defined as the availability of good quality drinking water all the
time, is therefore an important objective of every government agency, non–government organization
or business tasked with the provision of drinking water. For instance the Government of Alberta
launched its Water for Life strategy in 2003 to ensure the provision of safe and secure drinking
water for its residents in order to achieve a sustainable economy (Alberta Environment n.d.).
A vast majority of drinking water in Alberta originates from the forested Eastern slopes of the
Canadian Rocky Mountains (Emelko et al. 2011; Blandon et al. 2014). However, there are growing
concerns that the increased severity and frequency of summer droughts and forest fires in regions
like Alberta will lead to drinking water reliability challenges for communities. Forest fires also have
negative impacts on downstream water quality (Emelko et al. 2011).
Natural science researchers have suggested forest and watershed management as a method of
providing reliable and good quality drinking water in Alberta. The forest and watershed
management practices include the placement of buffer strips along streams to reduce the amount of
sediment and debris entering drinking water sources. They also include the reduction of the amount
of hazardous forest fuels such as stands of dry trees in the watershed that can

Bottled Water : The Demand For Bottled Drinking Water
NJOKU Bottled Water
The demand for bottled drinking water has been growing rapidly since the 1980s, increasing nearly
400% in the last decade according to the Council of Bottled Water Manufacturers, as a result of
declining consumer confidence in the safety and quality of municipal water supplies. In response,
individuals and businesses are purchasing bottled drinking water for use in their homes and offices.
Free of contaminants and government–monitored, bottled waters are derived from protected springs
or wells or are produced by purifying and processing water from public water supplies. Consumer
demand for bottled water is expected to continue to increase, as water supplies worldwide are
deemed undrinkable or unhealthy.
According to a survey conducted by E–Works in 1988, more than 60% of consumers questioned
about their purchase of bottled waters claimed "taste" was the primary reason for buying bottled
water. Other reasons cited were safety and concerns about "too many chemicals in tap water."
To take advantage of this expanding market for drinking water, NJOKU Bottled Water has been
established to provide home and office delivery of bottled water to the Wichita area. After months of
extensive industry and market research, the company has developed a solid business plan to enter
the market for bottled water. NJOKU will generate revenue as a result of the rental and sale of water
coolers, as well as for the delivery of the three types of water: pure spring water,

Chlorine Is The Single Largest Contributor For Safe...
INTRODUCTION
Chlorine is the single largest contributor to safe drinking water, in the history of public health. In
1902 the first chlorine disinfection system was installed in Belgium. By the 1920's nearly the whole
world started using the process. Due to this disinfection process many disease–causing
microorganisms were abolished. According to Life Magazine (1997)
"The filtration of drinking water plus the use of chlorine is probably the most significant public
health advancement of the millennium"
As consumers have started to have greater knowledge, they want to know what they're drinking and
how this will affect them in short–term and long–term. The main concern related to chlorination is
the by–products produced. The by–products are said to be cancer causing.
CHEMICAL BACKGROUND
Chlorination is used in most Australian capital cities and small water supplies as it is inexpensive,
easy to use and protects water within the pipe system. Treating drinking water involves two
processes; the physical removal and the chemical disinfection. The traditional seven step water
processes used around the globe is Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection,
fluoridation and the storage & distribution. (Refer to figure 1)
The main focus for this report is the disinfection section. During the disinfection process different
chlorine products are added to the filtered water to remove harmful microorganisms. When the
disinfectant is added "free

Hurricane Maria
Hurricane Maria is a category four hurricane that had winds up to 150 miles per hour. And hit Puerto
Rico straight on. Maria caused lots of damage, plus causing Puerto Rico to lose all their plumbing
and clean water supply. They have no power on the island. Also they are running on a short food
supply. Hospitals are on short supply and high demand. And Puerto Rico had not recovered from
Hurricane Harvey when it hit the coast. Hurricane Maria has affected 3.4 million US citizens. And
completely destroying about half of their houses beyond repair. Because most of the buildings are
destroyed and there is a lot of dirty, unuseable water has flooded the small island. The water has
gone every where, in the sewers, the plumbing, and the drinking water supply. Because they have
little to no clean water lots of people are getting sick or dehydrated. On top of having little to no
drinking water, the plumbing is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Puerto Rico has all of these, injury, sickness, and disaster: but they are low on working hospitals.
The hospitals are filling up fast because everyone is either sick, injured, or concerned. And because
the hospitals are overflowing. They need a lot of power to keep all the equipment going and the
lights to stay on. Plus most of the hospitals got destroyed so they are short on hospitals. Category
four, 150 miles per hour, one island; Puerto Rico vs Hurricane Maria. Puerto Rico was caught in a
terrible tragedy. Especially right after Hurricane Harvey hit the edge on it's way to Texas. They lost
almost all of their power. They have no plumbing and their drinking and clean water system has
been contaminated. Because of the storm their plantations have been ruined, and all their food
sources have gone scarce. Also the hospitals are much needed, but are running into a lot of
problems. Through all that little Puerto Rico Is struggling it's way back to how it was before the

An Controversial Issue Of Drinking Water Crisis
Clean water crisis
One of the most controversial issues today relates drinking water. It could be defined as drinkable
water or potable water which is safe enough for drinking and food preparation (Charitywater.org,
2016). Many people argue that some countries are meeting rising problems of not having enough
drinking water. For example in Africa, a lot of people suffer and die daily from various diseases
because they have unclear, dirty, contaminated water. This essay partly agrees with this statement
and will illustrate this issue in term of how important the water is, the causes of getting less clear
drinking water, two technological solutions which is waters desalination and groundwater wells and
how to apply these solutions to Chad in Africa.
Widely, clear water has been getting less because of many reasons. The most two effect causes are
the increase of people number and the pollution of rivers (Eschooltoday.com, 2016). This is because,
the world wants more drinking water for the huge people and it is not like the past when there were
a few people and at less 1 liter for one person a day. For example in China and India, it is difficult
for Chinese and Indians governments to give enough drinking water for the people, so water is so
expensive there. Furthermore, the rivers was one of the sources for having good drinking water, but
farmers and some companies had contaminated the river until the they have been damaged
completely

Compare And Contrast Tap Water Vs Bottled Water
Bottled vs. Tap Water
Water is an important source in this world and it is a source that all of us humans need. Without
water we wouldn't be living today. Water comes in many different ways but the most common and
the most talked about topic is, Bottled Water or Tap Water? There are many debates on which type
of water is safer, better in taste, and what is more convenient. The question is usually what tastes
better. I read in the article "is tap water as safe as bottled water?" "Tap water and bottled water are
generally comparable in terms of safety. So the choice of tap or bottled is mostly a matter of
personal preference." (Zeratsky) I completely agree with this statement. Everyone has his or her
own opinions. In most cases bottled water is what everyone goes for. For a person that is constantly
on the go and is always busy, bottled water is the way to go. Water is such an important source and
this article, "BOTTLE WATER VS. TAP WATER" would agree with me when it states, "Bottled
water is also an alternative to less–healthy sugary packaged beverages when consumers want to
eliminate or moderate calories, caffeine, sugar, artificial flavors or colors, ... Show more content on
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Bottles are helpful for millions of people around the world. In an article, "Study: Bottled Water No
Safer Than Tap Water" it supports this topic by stating "Bottled water is a necessity in parts of the
world without a safe source of potable water, Kay said, and an option for consumers in countries
with adequate public water supplies." (Baumgartner) There are so many people in this world without
healthy drinking water. Bottled water can be shipped overseas to all of these people in need. Tap
water can not save people in that way. Of course it is a great alternative, but bottled water is and can
benefit so many other people in the world. It does not just help with people who can not receive
water at any time. It also helps with natural disasters all around the

Tap Water Research Paper
Whether you need it or not, it's a virtual medicine cabinet in our tap water if you live in many areas
across the country. The Associated Press (AP) did a large amount of research on this topic and the
findings show that there were traces of prescription drugs in the water supply used by forty–one
million Americans in some of the biggest cities in the United States. The AP investigation reveals
that every drinking water supply in the country that has been examined for pharmaceuticals tested
positive. They investigated twenty–four major metropolitan areas from coast to coast and they have
found traces of every drugs that include: pain medications, mood stabilizers, sex hormones, drugs
for livestock, anti–seizure medications, prescription painkillers, ... Show more content on
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For instance, female hormones in the pill contribute to feminization as male wild fish and low
concentration of anti–anxiety drugs have affected the behaviour of carp(fish) making them less
social and eat faster which makes them vulnerable to predators. Similarly the article by AP, "Intersex
Fish Are Found at High Rate in a Region" had a similar statement about the intersex fish and the
effects of chemicals in the Potomac river. While Vicki Blazer, a fish pathologist in NY Times could
not find such similar results when compared with AP and Harvard Medical School, he stated "that
researchers were still waiting on data that would help them determine the water quality at the time
the fish were caught, but that preliminary data from the Potomac found a variety of chemical
pollutants." He explains to his audience that the fish were affected however from his statements, it
seems as they did not examine the water when the researcher caught the fish, therefore he is still not
confident to state that the fish were affected because of the

Is Tap Water Safe For People
People drink water every day. Out of plastic bottles, from the refrigerator and even from the tap off
of the sink, yet is it really safe for people? Recent studies from LiveScience show that tap water
from 31 out of 35 U.S cities have been tested positive for hexavalent chromium, a material that
could cause cancer. It's not only this chemical, other chemicals that have been found in drinking
water include arsenic, radon, and lead. 780 million people worldwide drink contaminated water. The
earth's population could grow another 3 billion in 50 to 75 years according to Koshland Science
museum. With the growing population comes more waste contaminating the water and more and
more fresh water being sucked out of the natural environment to satisfy the demand of ... Show
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Plastic waste causes a huge destruction of marine life and could be responsible for over 100,000
deaths of sea mammals, fish and birds. Though it's not just animals that are affected, 15 million
children die each year due to water related diseases. 894 million people globally do not have access
to improved water sources as well as 2.4 billion people (1 in 3) lack access to a toilet. According to
water.org, more people have a mobile phone than a toilet. This is very serious as millions of people
are infected with deathly diseases caused by contaminated water.
In China, 20% of their drinking water is highly contaminated and at least 320 million people there
do not have access to clean water. Industrial activity is high as well as the population and the waste
has to go somewhere. The government would have to invest in 10,000 treatment facilities to get rid
of only half the amount of sewage waste in a way that has a decreased impact on the environment.
The population is at high risk of diseases and increased health risks because of the polluted water.
The government would have to implement a major undertaking to resolve these highly expensive

A Report On The Springs
Nantze Springs is a water producing facility, with state of the art technology, located in the heart of
Arlington, Georgia, although, the home office is located on the outskirts of Dothan, Alabama. The
company supplies a complete product line and a varied assortment of services. Nantze Springs
products have been proven to satisfy customers since 1991. The business offers customers spring,
drinking, distilled, and purified water. Currently, Nanzte Springs serves areas of Alabama, Georgia,
and Florida. However, the establishment plans to take services global by reaching out from the
homeland to places like India for commerce. Nantze Springs, Inc. is confident an expansion to India
will be wildly successful because of the countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that groundwater is being progressively polluted by identified and unfamiliar
contaminants, thus increasing the likelihood of health hazards to humans and the environment. So,
what does this mean for Nantze Springs? Executives within the company believe the services
Nantze Springs provides are the answer to diminish this water crisis. Each water source could serve
a number of different purposes within the country. However, in efforts to be more cost efficient, the
executive council has devised a plan so that only two kinds of water will be purchased rather than all
four. India is in desperate need of clean water. Therefore, Nantze Springs is going to ship
uncontaminated spring water in large containers so that citizens may bathe, wash clothes, and cook
in safe water.
Spring water comes from a natural, underground source and contains a healthy amount of minerals
and nutrients. The water is collected through a shaft that has been drilled into the ground called a
borehole. Although spring water isn't the most purified water India's residents can still benefit from
it. First of all, no bath water is completely pure, even here in the United States. But, according to a
health guide article written by doctors across the U.S., the nutrients and minerals that spring water
provides are excellent for a person's hair, skin, and nails. Next, spring water can be used when
cooking. Again, spring water is not the purest form of water, but once it reaches boiling

Problems With Drinking Water Supplies in Kenya Essay example
Water is a bare necessity both for the survival of an individual and a nation. Freshwater scarcity has
become a global concern as the projected worldwide demand on water exceeds supplies. Less
developed countries in particular are currently suffering from severe water shortages and water
contamination. "…half the population of our "civilized" world suffers today with water
services inferior to those of the ancient Greeks and Romans…In many developing countries,
cholera, dysentery, and other water related diseases are on the upswing." (Gleick,1999) Kenya,
Africa is one such case. Kenya's population is approximately 105,000, with a high infant mortality
rate and an average life expectancy of 58. Average water conditions ... Show more content on
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Most crops are harvested in poor soil and produce low yields, providing inadequate nutrition and
food supplies. Poverty and poor education contribute to the problem. Farmers are in very
disadvantageous economic conditions to improve their land or equipment. The people of Kenya
prove to have very little education on hygiene, bacteria, or water born viruses. Government
inefficiency is contributing to the problem. Although the Kenyan legislature has instituted the
National Irrigation Board, the agency is weak and fails to effectively enforce regulations on
consumption and pollution. It is estimated that 80% of current water abstractions have no permits
and inspectors rarely monitor those that do. Also, Kenya is not a member of any convention that
deals with waters shared across national boundaries. However, government efforts are currently
being made to improve the situation in Kenya. The Lake Naivasha Riparian Owner's Association is
working on an environmental management plan. Steps have been taken to promote more advanced
agricultural techniques such as intercropping and soil and water conservation. Proper uses of
agrochemicals are being encouraged along with development of organic farms, which are less
environmentally threatening. Outside agencies such as PLAN International are making huge
progressive developments in Kenya. PLAN is working with issues of water shortages, poverty, and
poor health by assisting communities financially and

Water Quality And Contamination. Introduction. Background:.
Water Quality and Contamination
Introduction
Background:
Drinking water is vital to the health and well–being of human life, without it, life does not exist.
Human bodies are composed of 60 percent water. Drinking healthy water is important to maintain a
healthy balance of body fluids. Tap water and bottled water in general are safe to drink, the question
is how safe and what are you willing to pay to consume healthy, safe water. Most Americans assume
the Environmental Protection Agency is protecting our citizens by monitoring water quality,
contaminant levels and potential health effects. Burke (2016) noted, "This was not the case for
residents of Flint, Michigan, where citizens were exposed to high levels of lead because of
government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ammonia test strips, Chloride test strips, 4 in 1 test strips, Phosphate test strips and Iron test strips.
Equal amounts of the three waters were tested for water quality and contamination in the areas of
Ammonia, Chloride, Alkalinity, total chlorine, total hardness, phosphate, iron and pH. Each specific
test used test strips to measure the amount of contaminates and the results recorded in the below
Tables 1 through 6.
Results:
Table 1: Ammonia Test Results
Water Sample Test Results (mg/L)
Tap Water 0
Dasani® Bottled Water 0
Fiji® Bottled Water 0
Table 2: Chloride Test Results
Water Sample Test Results (mg/L)
Tap Water 0
Table 3: 4 in 1 Test Results
Water Sample Total Alkalinity
(mg/L) Total Chlorine
(mg/L) Total Hardness
(mg/L)
Tap Water 80 4.0 50

Dasani® Bottled Water 80 0.2 50
Fiji® Bottled Water 40 10.0 120
Table 4: Phosphate Test Results
Water Sample Test Results (ppm)
Tap Water 50
Table 5: Iron Test Results
Water Sample Test Results (ppm)
Tap Water 0.15
Dasani® Bottled Water 0.6
Fiji® Bottled Water 0.3
Table 6: pH Results
Water Sample Test Results
Tap Water 7
The first test and second test for the presence of ammonia did not show any

The Problem Of Shoal Lake 40 In Canada
For the decades the first nation peoples are not being treated properly. Whether in terms of signing
treaties or getting compensation of using their water from shoal lake 40. The Canadian government
has carried out against Indigenous people, their land and their water as well. A centaury ago when
the demand for water was increasing in Winnipeg city because of growing population , the federal
government forcefully captured their reserve land on shoal lake 40 in order to construct aquaduct
which is used to carry water extracted from shoal lake into the Winnipeg city. The federal
government did not think about the consequences the first nation people will face who actually
depend on shoal lake for their survival. T hey have been isolated from ... Show more content on
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Despite of their many requests the government is not helping them at all. During the winters time
without transportation facilities first nation people have to cross the river to buy their groceries, gas
etc. How difficult it is to cross river of ice . Everyday their life is in danger while crossing the river.
Government never thought about their life security. They are compromising their life to fulfil their
own needs. This shows how cruel government could be .First nation people of shoal lake 40 did so
much for Winnipeg city, they provide them water which is basic necessity of life for decades but
they did not received anything for it. Even thought they were forced to an artificial land , Created
aquaduct without their knowledge they never said anything . What they asked for a water treatment
plant, a proper road access because there is nothing for them on that land which will help them to
develop their future but every time government made false promises. Every time when people of
Winnipeg city open tap they should be great full for this community. It was estimated that it cost
around $75,000 per year excluding cost of transportation, storage and supply . How bad it is when
community have to pay for water when they provide water to whole city. All their discretionary cost
are going to access cost rather than building houses, improving the education system . On January
2015 the 124 first nation

Superfund Program: A Case Study
In the year 2006 the United States Federal governments Environmental Protection agency decided to
include Alternate Energy Resources Incs Augusta, Georgia location on its list of its Superfund
Program National Priorities list. The company Alternate Energy Resource ran a facility where it
stored and treated commercial hazardous waste from 1975 to 2000. According to the EPA, AER's
waste treatment processes included: blending high–BTU hazardous waste to be used as fuel in off–
site industrial boilers and furnaces; recycling hazardous waste solvents by distillation; and treating
used oils, hazardous and non–hazardous wastewater, and non–hazardous coolants. AER filed for
bankruptcy on December 13, 2000. It seemed that the site was contaminating

Safe Tap Water Research Paper
Water firms are criticised for our 'safe' tap water If you watch the news at all, then you'll know that
over the last few years there have been multiple incidents when it comes the safety of our tap water.
From the presence of the cryptosporidium bug to an overflow of chlorine, water here in the UK has
seen it all. Let's take a closer look back at the last 18 months alone and find out why water firms are
criticised for our "safe" tap water? In August of 2015, residents in parts of Lancashire were advised
to boil their TAP WATER before drinking it, brushing their teeth with it and preparing food. This
warning was issued by United Utilities after the cryptosporidium bug was found in the treatment
works near Preston. For any of those who aren't ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yes, you can indeed buy distilled water however this obviously comes with it's own drawbacks,
namely cost and time. Buying enough distilled water for your entire family to drink will consist of a
lot of man power at your local super market. We'd also like to add that in times of trouble when it
comes to the SAFETY of your TAP WATER, said bottles of distilled water will more often than not
suddenly become scarce from your supermarket shelves. This is all before you've taken into
consideration the cost. Bottled water is expensive enough, before adding on the cost of distillation
from a company looking to make a

The Pros And Cons Of Bottled Water
Everybody drinks water and everybody needs it. Water is a human necessity. But the debate of
bottled water versus tap water is growing. Bottled water is a godsend. It is practical in emergencies,
it is convenient, and clean water is not available everywhere. In the event of a natural disaster, such
as Hurricane Katrina, those at risk stock up on bottled water. They could be left to their own devices
for several days before help arrives with no electricity, ergo no water from the tap. Hurricanes are
destructive forces which can cause contaminations of water by destroying sewage systems, "The
immediate flooding of the city caused thousands of gallons of sewage and trash to combine with the
water."(Hulse 4) Bottled water is necessary in the event that safe tap water has become tarnished. If
it were not for bottled water, the victims of natural disasters or other emergencies could be left high
and dry, literally. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bottled water can be carried by a person while they go for a run, or just go out for the day and want
to stay hydrated. Public water fountains are left in unhygienic conditions. In a study on water
fountains done by a college student from Penn State they were able to find "E–coli, legionella, and
coliform are three types of bacteria found in water fountains."(Peterson 5) This is why bottled water
is a safe alternative that is attainable to everyone domestically and in developing countries is needed
because they lack a source of clean drinking

Persuasive Speech Outline
Introduction I. Attention getter: When was the last time you drank a glass of water and almost died
due to cholera or dysentery? A. If you live in a developed country with an effective water treatment
plant nearby, the answer is never. B. Clean running water is readily available where you live. II.
Reason to listen: A. Everyone deserves to have access to clean water. B. At the very least, if you
vacation anywhere in LAC, you'll be able to trust the water. III. Preview statement: The problems
facing Latin America's and the Caribbean's water purification systems are rooted in their political
structures. However, desalination is a technique that, coupled with progressive government action,
can increase the clean water supply in LAC. Transition: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to "Desalination and Energy," there are two popular methods to reduce the salinity in
water, but the most commonly used process in LAC is reverse osmosis. A. Basically, feedwater is
pushed through a semi–permeable membrane. B. The reject water is removed to keep the energy
requirement low; no heating performed. C. There are four stages: pretreatment, pressurization,
separation, and stabilization. Transition: Yet, if water desalination seems to be so straightforward,
why isn't it more wildly used? II. Well, while LAC have "smaller" water treatment plants,
government action is preventing full, efficient, and ethical use of their natural water supplies. A.
Josefina Maestu, a coordinator for the UN–Water Programme, says that although "most
governments have made progress with water sector reforms," the actual process of implementing
policies and regulations is slow at best. B. Political fragmentation between sectors prevents policies
from being quickly executed. 1. "Water and Green Economy" states that environmental preservation
policies often butt heads with the wants of big business. 2. Supply and demand policies are poorly
coordinated. C. Lack of large water treatment plans causes severe pollution. 1. Untreated wastewater
is dumped into

Bottled Water Vs Tap Water Research Paper
Society says people should drink eight glasses of water a day, however no one has told us what
water is the best to drink. In the world there are a lot of people that do not have the option to choose
between drinking plastic or bottled water. Tap water is safer and healthier than bottled water for
people to drink. Tap water is also a lot safer for the environment than bottled water.
Society has told people how much they should drink but these are the reason people should drink tap
water. A lot of people around the world do not have a the choice between tap or bottled water.
The reason some people do not get a choice between tap or bottled water is because they do not
have a clean water supply. Without a clean water supply, by drinking the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By drinking tap water we can help others by sending bottled water to the people around the world
and keep them from getting sick off of the contaminated water. Tap water is healthier than bottled
water for many reasons like how they leave the bottled water on non air conditioned shelves. The
problem with bottled water sitting on a shelf is that you do not know how long it has been sitting
there. In fact, there is no way to know how long the water bottles could have been sitting during the
process of being delivered. The water could have been sitting in the back of the trucks for several
weeks before it was finally put on the shelves.
The reason people should not drink water bottles is that if they have been sitting in the delivery
trucks for weeks waiting to be transferred it could be contaminated and may wind up causing
sickness. The Environment is important to our everyday lives and plastic bottles are just another
way people are destroying it. Water bottles are destroying the environment because most bottles are
non–recyclable and end up in landfills. More than 80 percent of recyclable plastic bottles end up in
landfills each year. Then when they do start decomposing they release toxic chemicals

The World Is Growing At An Amazing Rate
"Everything has to come to an end, sometime" (Baum). And the era we live in, is an era in which the
biggest threat to human well–being, to other species and the earth, is the human existence itself. The
blasting increase in human population means that with every increasing life, the demand for food,
fresh water, energy and a whole lot more other items will increase simultaneously. The world is
growing at an amazing rate. Currently, the Earth's population is growing by 60,000 people every
eight hours; that's two children born every second somewhere around the globe (Shariatmadari). So
in a sense, every one second the supply of basic amenities must also increase to cater the need of
two more living human souls. Experts believe that if we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To truly grasp the horror of overpopulation and why it is a threat to human existence itself, it is
important to know the how it all started. Before the industrial revolution, the birth rates and death
rates were about the same, keeping the population stable. Although people had a large number of
kids but many of them died before the age of 6 (Kinder). Then in 1800s came the industrial
revolution. Industrial revolution marked the beginning of an upward increase in the exponential
graph that represents total world population by reducing death rates in the time to come. It allowed
us to achieve this feat through medical advancements, increases in agricultural productivity. Medical
advancements have allowed for a decrease in mortality rate as it provided better measures to treat
critical health illnesses, more effective ways to control epidemics, more effective solutions to
infertility problems and safer pregnancies. Increased food production through intensive farming
techniques, including heavy use of genetically modified seeds, mechanized farming processes and
immense use of fertilizers and pesticides, have also played a significant role in allowing the current
growth of the human population. Lastly, having a large of number of kids, if not for old traditions, is
still considered a highly personal matter and for whatever reasons, people don't like being told what
to do in their personal lives. However, it is important to understand that every personal decision
such

First Nations And Water Rights
First Nations and Water Rights:
The Link to Poor Health Among the First Nations Communities in Canada
Imogene Roulson
201183702
Dr. Irene Shankar
SLGY 2235–001: Sociology of Health and Illness
December 4 2014
On July 28th 2010, through Resolution 64/292, the United Nations General Assembly explicitly
recognized the human right to water and sanitation. They acknowledged that clean drinking water
and sanitation are essential to the realization of all human rights. The UN stated that water should
be, "safe, sufficient, acceptable [taste, colour, odor], physically accessible, and affordable" (Knight
and Hartl, 2003). Water is one of the most important elements to human life. In Canada we are host
to about twenty percent of the world's fresh water (Boyd, 2003). It has a square kilometer
measurement large enough to cover both California and Nevada (Matsui, 2012, p. 1). While most
Canadians who live in urban areas are free to enjoy safe drinking water, some First Nations
communities living on reserves do not (White, Murphy, Spence, 2012). For instance, as of July
2010, 116 First Nation communities in Canada were under a drinking water advisory (Health
Canada, 2010), with many of these communities living under advisories for prolonged periods of
time. This issue is of vital importance to discuss and evaluate because clean, safe drinking water is a
mandated human right. In Canada we have failed to ensure that water on reserves meets that
standards set out by the UN.

Water Privatization Essay
Water is just as important as air, it is a basic need for life, ever since the beginning when one is
searching for life, water is the first thing to look for, without water there is no life. Everyone
deserves to have access to water.
Yet 1/8th of the worlds population doesn't have access to safe and clean drinking water. Most of
these people are from the developing parts of the world, this translates into 884 million people
without safe and clean drinking water, thats equivalent to the size of north and south America. Over
the course of the year 1.5 million people die each year from water related causes. Poor countries
have been told that private companies, including some of the worlds largest corporations such as
Suez, Veolia, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, when the company took over their local wells and informal pumps as well as the system
infrastructure, many consumers were priced out of the market, unable to pay the increased water
rates, which in some case had doubled. To further develop this, the world bank forced Cochabamba
and El Alto's water to be privatised because they said if they didn't, they will cut off Bolivia's water
development loans completely. This explains that once water services are privatised, very little can
be done to ensure that the company will work in the best interest of the
community. Furthermore, if a community is dissatisfied with the performance of the company,
buying back the water rights is a very difficult and costly proposition. Again the prime directive of
the water companies is to minimise profits, not to protect consumers
Water privatisation can also have good affects on the developing parts of the world. This is because
in developing countries their public water facilities and infrastructures are not up to date, damaged
and/or not working properly. By privatising water in these underdeveloped regions, this will ensure
that their water facilities are running adequately because people are paying for it. It will also create
revenue through taxes for the government.
However, around 40% of people in the developing world are living in poverty, they are unable to
afford basic necessities as it is, by

Unsafe Drinking Water In First Nations Communities
There have been abundant concerns regarding unsafe drinking water in First Nations communities.
The population of the First Nations lacks clean, running water, and many protests against the
Canadian government. Some people are strongly against this, although I completely agree that these
societies need more attention. Water is a basic unit of life; an adult's body is 60% H2O; therefore,
immaculate water is an essential to humans. Valiant people such as David Suzuki work hard to
supply First Nations with clean water. In his blog, he states: "People were afraid to take showers
because of the potential resultant skin rashes." in several First Nations communities in Northern
Ontario. Imagine living in one of these communities; districts

I Focus On Drinking For The West Bank 's Water Supply Essay
Awela Musleh looks around her house during an interview with NPR News, ashamed of the disarray
around her. Musleh is a mother of six, struggling to survive in the Palestinian–occupied West Bank,
one of the most politically tumultuous regions of the world. "Look at how dirty my house is," she
tells Daniel Estrin, the host of the interview, "I focus on drinking, not cleaning." Where she lives,
water is a luxury. She relies on a few buckets of water to wash her dishes, shower by hand, and flush
the toilet–buckets of water she bought from a truck that brings in water from other areas–trucks that
are accused of such terrible price gouging, they're outlawed in many Palestinian towns. But Musleh
has no choice. Her town hasn't had water for over two weeks. Since the 1950 Oslo Peace
Agreement, Israel has had dominion over the West Bank's water supply, NPR News notes. While
theoretically, Israel is required to cooperate with Palestinian authorities, given the political context
of the region, it's no surprise this isn't the case. Instead, Mekorot, Israel's national water company,
has circumvented the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) and implemented shoddy water
management techniques, vastly disadvantaging entire towns like Salfit. Al Jazeera reporter Sheren
Khalel reports Salfit receives "between 30 and 40 percent of their normal water allowance." Though
COGAT, Israel's Coordination of Government Authorities, says that such shortages are due to
broken pipes, Khalel reports

Introduction: Have You Ever Wondered What Is The One Thing
Introduction: Have you ever wondered what is the one thing you couldn't live without? Is it your
smart phone, WIFI, your cat, or maybe Starbucks? Think about this question next time you'll be
brushing your teeth. You know, those toothbrushes they cell with a one minute timer? While your
timer light flashes, eight children will die due to a lack of clean water.
I. Water facts:
A. Statistics:
There are 7 billion people in the world.
1 billion do not have access to clean drinking water.
2.5 billion lack access to improved sanitation.
3.5 million, mostly children, die annually from water–related diseases, making water the leading
cause of diseases and one of the leading causes of death in the world.
B. What is clean water needed for? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In March of 2016, ninety percent of California was in drought. Emergency drought regulations were
in place and the entire state population were forced into extreme water conservation for an entire
year. Water shortage lowered state's production of crops, decreased farming, and caused food prices
to go up.
2. Additionally, coal fired power plants, industrial outfalls, illegal dumping are all contributing to
water contamination and continuous pollution of our environment. Some indirect sources, such as
acidic rainfalls and gas emissions enter underground water sources and spread chemicals. Humans
play the largest role in water contamination and spread of deadly bacteria.
3. Today, advanced countries are working together on water desalination techniques. However, the
cost of such technology remains very high and unavailable to more disadvantaged nations. Israel
had successfully built a desalinating power plant for an estimated cost of half of a million dollars.
Such plant will increase clean water supply, but its production remains low considering an overall
demand.
III. Technology:
The innovative water technology, used in the United States, includes water filtering system that
allows for clean water production, however, individuals across the world that have access to water
sources do not have a simple way of transforming the water into clean, safe drinking water.
Waterborne pathogens are a huge problem for the environment

Drinking Water In Africa Essay
In Africa three hundred nineteen million people do not have access to daily clean water. That is 25
percent of all the people in africa. Dirty water can have deadly effects on the body. Thankfully there
are many solutions we can put into action such as distilling water, catching fog and recycling water
are very effective ways to get clean water to people in africa.
Not having clean water access regularly can be very harmful causing illnesses, diseases and even
death. Without water the body cannot function properly and cannot retain important vitamins and
nutrients. Dehydration from diarrhea can kill a person if they do not have clean water."While [a
healthy person] might take a couple of weeks to get over Giardia, it could be fatal to a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fog catching is the process of hanging a net outside and letting the fog latch onto the wires that look
like a giant tennis net. After the water hits the net a bucket collects the condescended water which is
then used for drinking.Many countries and nations have been using this method for a while in order
to obtain fresh drinking and bathing water.¨Chilean investigators have estimated that if just 4 percent
of the water contained in the fog could be captured, that would be sufficient to meet all of the water
needs of that nation's four northernmost regions, encompassing the entire Atacama Desert
area¨(David L. Chandler, ¨how to get freshwater out of thin air¨).Being able to catch water from the
fog and be able to supply most of africa with freshwater is an amazing way to solve this

The History Of Drinking Water
"In an age when man has forgotten his origins and is blind even to his most essential needs for
survival, water along with other resources has become the victim of his indifference."
–– Rachel Carson ––
The water you see around you, flowing freely, sparkling in the noonday sun, quenching your thirst,
bathing you, providing you with life is all limited – there is no place on this planet where new water
springs up from a source. Water has been recycled by nature over and over again since time began.
Our drinking water at one time or another was way up high in the clouds, or streaming down a
mountainside, or gushing out of "Old Faithful." It cannot be created; it cannot be renewed by
planting a "water tree;" no such tree ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, much of it is from such sources as fertilizer running off farm fields and motor oil washing off
highways." He concludes, "It's not a matter of getting the attention of a few corporations and cities.
Now we're trying to engage a lot more people."
How Mr. Evans is going to engage a lot more people is never mentioned. Perhaps when we reach
critical levels of toxic elements in our water table than the people will become more involved.
Drinking water is different in that we take it into our bodies. We need this water to live. If the water
is undrinkable due to heavy metals, such as nitrates from farmers, or mercury from power plants, or
by pollution from some other source of industry than the available drinking water becomes scarce.
Informing the public is not enough to engage the people. Battles have been fought over water rights
for many years from the Plaines Indians, cattlemen and ranchers all the way up to Mulholland
stealing water from Owens Valley. Now the fight is between Environmentalist, Industries and the
Government. While they discuss whether EPA reports tell the whole story, there exist an ever–
increasing demand for water from an ever–increasing population. If the people are not "engaged" in
the process of conservation and prevention the water problem will only get worse.
California has seen its share of droughts. Droughts have a way of making things

Salt Water As A Universal Human Right
1.0 Introduction
Water is life, and although it is tasteless, colourless and orderless, it is still the most valuable source
of life. Fresh water is regarded as a universal human right (United Nations Committee in
Economics, Social and cultural Rights, 2003).
2.0 Background
70% of the earths surface is covered with water and 90% of this is salt water, over 700 million
people don 't have access to clean and safe drinking water (wateringearth.org). Furthermore 30% of
the total world area comprises of inhabited arid and semi–arid areas (Howard, Mathais Xin, 2010). It
has also been proven that social and economic development of these areas relate to significant water
shortages. These areas also face the problem of limited fresh water from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
An IPCC report done in 2009, anticipates that over the next centuries climate change will influence
river flows, sea levels and rainfall patterns. Dry and low pressure air contribute to the causes of
aridity, therefore aridity is commonly found in areas where anticyclonic conditions are continuous.
3.0 Presentation Of Options
While a number of different techniques are available all over the world to ensure safe, clean
drinking water, such as desalination, borehole water (ground water) the building of dams to store
rainwater recycling of Municipal waste water, which seems to work well in industrial purpose
(Mays, 2008) in Durban, South Arica. Through biological Water Treatment Plant, waste water has
been successfully purified, but while it works well in industrial consumption convincing the public
it is safe for drinking, it is proving to be a little difficult even though Shemang and Chaoka (2004)
points out that the water is 100% safe for human consumption.
Other methods are Water Transfer which works in some countries such as Tanzania since water
availability is difficult due to precipitation changes (British Geological Survey, 2004)
In order to sustain life in these regions two techniques will be discussed to ensure a constant supply
of fresh water to these regions namely desalination and harvesting water.

Desalination is also referred to as distillation. It is a method whereby sea water is distilled into
drinking

Market Analysis : Trust Bridge Inc.
Trust Bridge Inc.
Kazuhiko Konno
Market Analysis
Market Needs
Safe Drinking Water at an Affordable Cost:
Rural areas depend on private wells for drinking water all over the world. These people need safe
and clean drinking water at affordable costs. However, if arsenic is in drinking water, it causes liver,
lung, gallbladder and skin cancers, as well as nerve system disorders. As the medical research
conducted by the University of California Barkley, arsenic increases the chances of liver and lung
cancers by 12 times, if six year old children start drinking arsenic in drinking water.
These people need an affordable detection system and devices to remove arsenic. However, there are
not 100% reliable and accurate solutions that can be a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, we need paradigm shift that is an eye opening experience to inform the health risks.
Market Trends
Bangladesh:
The arsenic contamination in Bangladesh is a serious environmental disaster in human history.
Although different national and international organizations are working to provide safe drinking
water to the people, there is not enough technology that is economically affordable to exposed
people. "So it is an important responsibility to international communities to have a sustainable
technology that can save millions of peoples from the suffering and give them safe drinking water
sources" (the World Health Organization, August 2012). Fig. 1
The US:
The US is not an exception to arsenic contamination. There are people suffering from health
problems arising from arsenic in drinking water in Idaho, Texas, Maine, and New Hampshire in Fig.
2.
However, they can switch to municipal water from private wells, so detecting arsenic should be the
first concern rather than removing arsenic from drinking water. This means that as long as they have
good detection systems, they can avoid the arsenic influences. Fig. 2
Platte River, Nebraska:
High arsenic concentrations are observed in Grand Island, so northeast of Grand Island, inhabitants
near the Platte River switched to city water from private wells. Moreover, public water supplies
need to be checked frequently with yearly water

The Effects Of Water Quality On The Water Supply Of...
Body Paragraph #1 – Background:
Water is perhaps the most important component of any ecosystem. All living organisms need water
to grow and survive. As human population continues to grow, we need to understand and determine
the effects our habits will have on the ecosystems and our water supply. Four factors that can affect
the quality and importance of water are its abilities as a solvent, dipolar, benefits and costs.
Acceptance and long–term sustainability of water quality interventions are pivotal to realizing
continued health benefits. According to the EPA (2015), "only 3% of the world's water is suitable for
drinking, 2% of which is found in glaciers and ice, so in reality, only 1% of the earth's water is
accessible and potable".
Body Paragraph # 2 – Objective:
This paper highlights the need to effectively involve and design interventions to determine human
factors that can cause damage to the supply of drinking water and the damage to the environment.
Furthermore, that interventions are required to improve water quality and supply. A number of
settings and experiments were conducted of initial water sources and the effects that household
factors can lead to determine water qualities and levels of contamination. The results would show
how such household chemicals like oil, vinegar and soap cause turbidity, odor and color change in
water supply.
Body Paragraph # 3 – Hypotheses:
The premise for each experiment would have different results for a conclusion

Is Fluoride A Natural Occurring Element?
Hazard Assessment
Sources
Fluoride is a natural occurring element found abundantly in the Earth's crust. It is widely distributed
in the lithosphere and is the 13th most common element in the earth's crust (Lennon et al., 2004, pg.
2). It is found in seawater at a concentrations between 1.2–1.4 mg/L, in groundwater at
concentrations up to 67 mg/L, and in most surface waters at concentrations below 0.1 mg/L (IPCS,
2002). While all foods contain traces of fluoride, water and non–dairy beverages are the main
sources of ingested fluoride; concentrations of fluoride in public drinking water accounts for 66 to
80% of fluoride intake in the United States (IPCS, 2002).
There are large differences in the amount of fluoride found naturally in water ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The amount added will vary slightly from well to well, as naturally occurring fluoride levels
fluctuate. There are optimal levels of fluoride in the water supply, which range between 0.7 and 1.3
parts per million (ppm) (Sacramento County n.d.). Customers that have the highest probability of
receiving fluoridated surface water are those that live closest to Franklin Blvd and Dwight Road
(this is where fluoridated surface water enters the water system). This process still remains
controversial with some studies suggesting that it is unnecessary to fluoridate water supplies
because most people receive enough fluoride from other sources. These now include widely used
fluoridated toothpastes and mouthwashes; additionally, there have been suggestions that adding
fluoride to drinking water can produce adverse health effects, and the environmental risks of the
most common fluoridating agents have not been fully assessed.
Fate & Transport
Fluoride can relocate from its original source, the earth's soil, to other places through a variety of
transport processes. Rocks contain the largest amounts of fluoride. There is a range of 100 to 13000
mg/kg in most rocks; soil concentrations can be about 20 to 500 mg/kg (Vithanage & Bhattacharya,
2015). It naturally occurs in the public water systems from runoff, weathering of fluoride, and
leaching from soil into the groundwater. Another fluoride transportation process is by atmospheric
deposition (Agency for Toxic Substance and

Drinking Water Supplies And Natural Aquatic Systems
Sydney Water Supplies By: Dilu Arulanandarajah Describe why drinking water supplies and natural
aquatic systems are subject to regular monitoring. It is very important for that water quality is
monitored in water supplies and natural aquatic systems because it an essential resource for living
organisms, industrial process, irrigation and domestic use. Water quality monitoring can be defined
as a process used to monitor surface and ground water by using different methods to gain
information about a body of water. Monitoring water quality is important for a number of reasons.
Firstly so that trends in the water quality can be detected. These trends are important in in
determining the quality of water such the mineral content within it. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These pollutants can also be consumed by people and animals which will lead to sickness and
disease. By monitoring the water quality pollution and contamination can be prevented in its early
stages and which can also improve water quality. What and where is Sydney's Catchment area?
Sydney Catchment Authority defines a catchment as "an area where water is collected by the natural
landscape.' When water is collected by dams or weirs or by tapping into ground water it is called a
water supply system. Dams are usually built are large rivers to give a more permanent supply of
water. There are 11 major dams in Sydney that store water in five catchments which are
Warragamba, Shoalhaven, Upper Nepean, Woronora and Blue Mountains. These 5 main catchments
of water cover 16.000 km2 of land and hold 2,500 billion litres of water while providing 4 million
people with water. Warragamba Catchment Warragamba Dam is the biggest catchment in Sydney
and voters about 9,500km2. This catchment is mainly used for cattle and sheep grazing because of
the wilderness in the centre of the catchment. More than 25% of the catchment is protected from
human activities for over 70 years because it is home to the spotted–tail quoll, eastern pygmy
possum, Rosenberg's goanna and three threatened species of owls. The dam is created by damming
the Warragamba River and flooding Burragorang Valley. This makes the lake four times the size of

Bottled Water Vs. Tap Water
BOTTLED WATER VERSUS TAP
Purer Water or Pure Hype?
Seventy percent of the human body is comprised of water. This makes drinking water quality vital.
The EPA estimates the average adult consumes 1.2 liters daily or 115 gallons of community (tap)
water daily while the average consumption of bottled water per capita in the U.S. is in excess of
30.8 gallons per year and is expected to continue to increase according to the International Bottled
Water Association (IBWA) and the Beverage Marketing Association's 2013 report. Bottled water
costs anywhere from 240 to 10,000 times more per gallon than the average cost of tap, but people's
perception that bottled water is purer, safer or healthier is driven, in part, by strong bottled water
marketing campaigns that focus on news reports about crises that involve municipal water supplies.
(NRDC, "Bottled Water Pure Drink or Pure Hype") The sources for both tap and bottled waters as
well as additives to either enrich or neutralize contents of water determine the mineral and chemical
composition of drinking water. Is bottled water really any purer or healthier than local tap water?
Drinking water provided by a municipality, "tap", is regulated by the EPA. Additionally, the Safe
Water Drinking Act requires all states submit annual reports regarding public water system
violations to the EPA. The EPA determines Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) for tap
water. The goals are the levels at which a consumer could perceivably drink

Implementing A Clean And Quality Water Supply System
Table of Contents I. Introduction 2 Background Information II. Problem Definition 2 Issues III.
Technical Review of Option 3 Design Area Existing solutions IV. Design Assessment Criteria 4 V.
Design Selection 5 VI. Conclusion 7 VII. Design Recommendation 8 VIII. Reference List 9 IX.
Appendix 10 Introduction Background Information This report outlines the EWB Challenge that is
operational for development based in Bambui, Cameroon. Bambui is a rural community in the North
West region of Cameroon that is undergoing rapid population growth. The population growth is
increasing the pressure on the existing water supply, sanitation, waste management and housing
facilities available. The purpose of this report is to work cooperatively with EWB and the
community of Bambui in establishing a clean and quality water supply system. The report will cover
the essential problems of water quality and water supply in Bambui in common terms as well as
develop a design criteria. By forming a template of three to five measurable design requirements and
testing a minimum of two design option against these requirements we will be able to make the most
effective recommendation based on our findings. Problem Definition Water supply is the primary
problem in Bambui, as currently Bambui lacks in adequate large storages of clean water. The main
source of water in Bambui come from a set of twelve springs and one stream that flow into the
Tubah watershed. However there are many factors that

Choler The Lady Of The Lamp, Florence Nightingale
Cholera affects many individuals world wide if it is not prevented. The 'Lady of the Lamp', Florence
Nightingale dealt with patients who had cholera. Florence Nightingale was the secretary of war and
along with other nurses, she cared for the soldiers that fought in the Crimean War. The soldiers were
suffering from terrible conditions, and one of the main ones being cholera. The soldiers were not
treated in the best manner and Nightingale was able to change this with her nursing practices. These
practices of Nightingale are used in various organizations and programs worldwide. In order to
minimize the spreading of cholera, and increase safe sources of food and water, there is a massive
immunization campaign to minimize the spreading of this harsh disease and this stemmed from
Nightingale's theories of nursing practices including, providing safe drinking water, personal
cleanliness, and cleanliness of the environment.
Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium, vibrio cholera, and is found in the feces of
an individual who was contaminated. It affects countless individuals and it is affecting individuals of
Ethiopia. It is one of the largest national cholera outbreaks. Currently, the Médecins Sans Frontières
is starting an immunization campaign in the Gambella region of Ethiopia, in order to minimize the
spreading of cholera to South Sudan, the neighbouring region. The refugee camps in the Gambella
region of Ethopia allow perfect breeding for cholera and

The Social Determinant Of Health
Introduction:
This research paper will focus on the social determinant of health involving access to clean water.
We have focused our research on the accessibility of safe water intake on First Nations Reserves in
Canada, we all know of the issues with limited access to safe water in other countries but we often
forget about our own issues at home here. Over a billion people in the world lack safe drinking
water, something that many of us in the Canada take for granted on a daily basis. As pointed out by
Peter Gleick, "nearly three billion people live without access to adequate sanitation systems
necessary for reducing exposure to water–related diseases"5. Throughout this paper we will explore
different solution options in order to prevent the spread of dangerous diseases through unsanitary
water conditions. Our research is going to express the importance of focusing on the issue we have
at hand here in Canada and increasing awareness for the issues here before worrying about other
countries over seas. Outbreaks of water–borne infections include but are not limited to; E'coli,
Salmonella, Schistosoma, Cholera vibrios and Hepatitis A. Thousands of people die every day
worldwide from water–related diseases; these deaths include mostly children and elderly, with some
of these incidents taking place in Canada.
Analysis:
We know and hear of the issues in Africa and other developing countries all the time, there are
starving and thirsty children and families living in poor

The Pollution of East Kazakhstan
East Kazakhstan.The reason this pollution is air pollution,smoke which go out from factory. The
main role in pollution of the city belongs to anthropogenic sources . Nevertheles , social– economic,
psychological and other factors in the complex have a significant adverse impact the public
health.Man–made sources of pollution , including historical, chemical and physical factors of
influence. Meanwhile, people use this water for watering gardens. Also all the heavy metals enter
the body , environmentalists say . However even more dangerous mines that drains eventually
appear in the Irtysh.International waterway Irtysh in the east of Kazakhstan nourish 7 tributaries. In
addition, five of them admitted dirty. Shown that water all the time shoal , shoal , the messier it
becomes . People do not protect this river , running all sorts of waste. While Irtysh still struggling
with pollution . However experts say its reserves already on the wane . Then if the situation does not
change , it threatens ecological disaster of international proportions. In Ust–Kamenogorsk cleaning
problem of groundwater pollution is becoming increasingly important . In Ust–Kamenogorsk for a
long time went groundwater contamination and any groundwater always has connection to the
surface . Most importantly, what the project intends – to prevent contamination of the Irtysh River ,
which is known to cross–border . If pollution will go Irtysh , the spot will go to Kazakhstan , to
Russia and further into the

Public Drinking Water Case Study

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