PSYCH 625 Entire Course Statistics Guide

PSYCH 625 Entire Course
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PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment Basic Concepts in
Statistics Worksheet
PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment Reliability and
Validity Matrix
PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment Time to Practice –
Week One
Week Two
PSYCH 625 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment Statistics Project
Import Data Into IBM ® SPSS ® Software
Week Three
PSYCH 625 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment Hypothesis
Testing Problem Worksheet
Descriptive Statistics
Week Four

Comparing Means
PSYCH 625 Week 5 Individual Assignment Programmatic
Assessment Time to Practice – Week Five
Correlations
PSYCH 625 Week 6 Individual Assignment Overview of
Important Statistical Tests
Presentation
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PSYCH 625 Week 1 DQs
DQ 1: As we begin our venture into statistics, let's pause to
examine the role of research in psychology. Psychology is the
science of behavior. We think of psychology as counseling,
introspection, learning, cognition, etc. How can these processes be
the subject of research? How do we reconcile the discipline and
rigor of good research with the ambiguity of human emotions and
motivations? What is the role of research in psychology?

DQ 2: Many people feel nervous around math, but what we really
need to fear is the selective interpretation of data! For most of us,
1 + 1 = 2, but in the hands of some, 1 + 1 can be "spun" to
support specific agenda. Think about commercials or news clips
that you may have seen recently. In what subtle ways might data
have been used to influence the listener/viewer? For example,
when we hear, "Four out of five dentists recommend Glittering
Grin toothpaste!" is it correct to assume that 100 dentists were
polled and 80 voted for Glittering Grin?
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PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment Basic
Concepts in Statistics Worksheet
Complete the following questions. Be specific and provide
examples when relevant.
Cite any sources consistent with APA guidelines.
What are statistics and how are they used in the behavioral
sciences? Your answer should be 100 to 200 words.

Differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics. What
information do they provide? What are their similarities and
differences? Your answer should be 250 to 400 words.
What is a population? What is a sample? How are they similar
and how are they different? When would you use one or the
other? Your answer should be 250 to 400 words.
Go to the library and find a journal article in your area of interest
that contains empirical data, but does not contain any visual
representation of the data. Use the data to create a chart. Specify
what type of chart you are creating, and why you chose the one
you did. You can create the chart manually or using IBM®
SPSS® software or a Microsoft® Excel® document. The chart
may be pasted into this document or submitted as an attachment
with this document.
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PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment Reliability
and Validity Matrix
For each of the tests of reliability and validity listed on the matrix,
prepare a 50- to 100-word description of the test’s application.
Describe what conditions these reliability types would be used for
as well as when they would be inappropriate. Then, for each test,

prepare a 50- to 100-word description of the strengths and a 50-
to 100-word description of the weaknesses.
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Week 1 Individual Assignment Time to
Practice – Week One
Part A
Some questions in Part A require that you access data from
Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics. This data
is available on the student website under the Student Test
Resources link.
1. By hand, compute the mean, median, and mode for the
following set of 40 reading scores
2. Compute the means for the following set of scores saved as Ch.
2 Data Set 3 using IBM® SPSS® Print out a copy of the output.
3. You are the manager of a fast food store. Part of your job is to
report which special is selling best to the boss at the end of each
day. Use your knowledge of descriptive statistics and write one
paragraph to let the boss know what happened today. Use the
following data. Do not use IBM® SPSS® software to compute the

statistics needed; rather, do it by hand. Include a copy of your
work
4. Suppose you are working with a data set that has some
different (much larger or much smaller than the rest of the data)
scores. What measure of central tendency would you use and why
5. For the following set of scores, compute the range, the unbiased
and the biased standard deviations, and the variance. Do the
exercise by hand
6. Use IBM® SPSS® software to compute all the descriptive
statistics for the following set of three test scores over the course
of a semester. Which test had the highest average score? Which
test had the smallest amount of variability
7. This practice problem uses the data contained in the file named
Ch. 3 Data Set 3. There are two variables in this data set
8. Review the following frequency distribution. Create a
histogram either by hand or by using some other application such
as a Microsoft® Excel® document
9. A third-grade teacher is looking to improve her students’ level
of engagement during group discussions and instruction. She
keeps track of each of the 15 third graders’ number of responses
every day for 1 week. This information is available in Ch. 4 Data
Set 2. Use IBM® SPSS® software to create a bar chart (one bar
for each day).
10. Identify whether these distributions are negatively skewed,
positively skewed, or not skewed at all, and why
11. For each of the following, indicate whether you would use a
pie, line, or bar chart, and why

Part B
Complete the questions below. Be specific and provide examples
when relevant.
Cite any sources consistent with APA guidelines
Salkind (2011) describes statistics as a “set of tools” (p. 18). How
do behavioral scientists use those tools
How would you use descriptive statistics to report the
effectiveness of a baseball team? How would you use inferential
statistics to report the effectiveness of a baseball team? In this
example, what is the sample and what is the population
What does a measure of central tendency tell us about a data set?
Identify the three common measures of central tendency used in
descriptive statistics and give an example of each. How do you
calculate them
What is variability in a data set? Identify three measures of
variability used in descriptive statistics, explain how to calculate
each, and give an example of each
==============================================

DQ 1: More and more, we are asked to document impact and to
measure outcomes. We are asked to provide information about a
variety of things through as many varieties of ways. When we go
to stores and they ask us for a zip code or phone number. The list
could go on and on. You text talks about descriptive statistics and
suggests that they are used to make a group of numbers
understandable in a research study. While that is certainly the
case, we use descriptive statistics in a number of other ways.
DQ 2: Research in the library a journal article that is in your area
of interest in which reliability and validity data are reported.
Discuss the outcome measures that are used. Identify the type of
reliability that was established and the type of validity. Comment
on whether you think the levels are acceptable. If not, how can
they be improved?
==============================================
Practice – Week Two
Complete Parts A, B, and C below.
Part A

is available on the student website under the Student Text
Resources link.
1. Why is a z score a standard score? Why can standard scores be
used to compare scores from different distributions
2.For the following set of scores, fill in the cells. The mean is 70
and the standard deviation is 8
3. Questions 3a through 3d are based on a distribution of scores
with and the standard deviation = 6.38. Draw a small picture to
help you see what is required
4. Jake needs to score in the top 10% in order to earn a physical
fitness certificate. The class mean is 78 and the standard deviation
is 5.5. What raw score does he need
5. Who is the better student, relative to his or her classmates? Use
the following table for information
Part B
Some questions in Part B require that you access data from Using
SPSS for Windows and Macintosh. This data is available on the
student website under the Student Text Resources link.
The data for Exercises 6 and 7 are in the data file named Lesson
20 Exercise File 1. Answer Exercises 6 and 7 based on the
following research problem:
Ann wants to describe the demographic characteristics of a
sample of 25 individuals who completed a large-scale survey. She
has demographic data on the participants’ gender (two
categories), educational level (four categories), marital status

(three categories), and community population size (eight
categories).
6. Using IBM® SPSS® software, conduct a frequency analysis on
the gender and marital status variables. From the output, identify
the following
7. Using IBM® SPSS® software, create a frequency table to
summarize the data on the educational level variable
8. David collects anxiety scores from 15 college students who visit
the university health center during finals week. Compute
descriptive statistics on the anxiety scores. From the output,
identify the following
Part C
when relevant.
What is the relationship between reliability and validity?
How can a test be reliable but not valid?
Can a test be valid but not reliable?
Why or why not?
How does understanding probability help you understand
statistics
How could you use standard scores and the standard distribution
to compare the reading scores of two students receiving special
reading resource help and one student in a standard classroom
who does not get special help

In a standard normal distribution: What does a z score of 1
represent?
What percent of cases fall between the mean and one standard
deviation above the mean?
What percent fall between the mean and –1 to +1 standard
deviations from the mean?
What percent of scores will fall between –3 and +3 standard
deviations under the normal curve
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PSYCH 625 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment Statistics
Project Import Data Into IBM ® SPSS ® Software
Import Data Into IBM ® SPSS ® Software
==============================================

DQ 1: Please read the following article in your Electronic
Readings, Null Hypothesis,
CLOSED THINKING: Without scientific competition and open
debate, much psychology research goes nowhere
DQ 2: It is suggested that significance tests should be banned for
two reasons, (1) that there is a tendency for researchers to accept
the null hypothesis as true because the result is not significant and
(2) significance is confused with a large effect size.
Would you agree that testing the significance of a result may lead
to faulty assumptions about accepting the null hypothesis?
==============================================
Practice – Week Three

Complete both Part A and Part B below.
Part A
is available on the student website under the Student Test
Resources link.
1. For the following research questions, create one null
hypothesis, one directional research hypothesis, and one
nondirectional research hypothesis
What are the effects of attention on out-of-seat classroom
behavior
What is the relationship between the quality of a marriage and
the quality of the spouses’ relationships with their siblings
What is the best way to treat an eating disorder
2. Provide one research hypothesis and an equation for each of
the following topics
The amount of money spent on food among undergraduate
students and undergraduate student-athletes
The average amount of time taken by white and brown rats to get
out of a maze
The effects of Drug A and Drug B on a disease
The time to complete a task in Method 1 and Method 2

3. Why does the null hypothesis presume no relationship between
variables
4. Create a research hypothesis tested using a one-tailed test and a
research hypothesis tested using a two-tailed test
5. What does the critical value represent
6. Given the following information, would your decision be to
reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Setting the level of
significance at .05 for decision making, provide an explanation for
your conclusion
The null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the type
of music a person listens to and his crime rate (p < .05)
The null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the
amount of coffee consumption and GPA (p = .62)
The null hypothesis that there is a negative relationship between
the number of hours worked and level of job satisfaction (p = .51)
7. Why is it harder to find a significant outcome (all other things
being equal) when the research hypothesis is being tested at the
.01 rather than the .05 level of significance
8. Why should we think in terms of “failing to reject” the null
rather than just accepting it
9. When is it appropriate to use the one-sample z test
10. What similarity does a z test have to a simple z or standard
score
11. For the following situations, write out a research hypothesis

Bob wants to know if the weight loss for his group on the
chocolate-only diet is representative of weight loss in a large
population of middle-aged men
The health department is charged with finding out if the rate of
flu per thousand citizens for this past flu season is comparable to
the average rate of the past 50 seasons
Blair is almost sure that his monthly costs for the past year are
not representative of his average monthly costs over the past 20
years
12. There were about 15 flu cases per week, this flu season, in the
Oshkosh school system. The weekly average for the entire state is
16 and the standard deviation, is 2.35. Are the kids in Oshkosh as
sick as the kids throughout the state
Part B
Complete the following questions. Be specific and provide
examples when relevant.
The average raw math achievement score for third graders at a
Smith elementary school is 137; third graders statewide score an
average of 124 with a standard deviation of 7. Are the Smith third
graders better at math than third graders throughout the state?
Perform the correct statistical test, applying the eight steps of the
hypothesis testing process as demonstrated on pp. 185–187 of
Statistics for People Who (Think they) Hate Statistics
What is a research question that you would like to answer? Write
the null and research hypotheses. Would you use a one- or two-
tailed test? Why

What do we mean when we say that a statistical result is
significant? What is the difference between a statistically
significant and a meaningful result? Why is statistical significance
important
Describe a Type I error for the previous study that compares
third graders’ math achievement. Describe a Type II error for
that study
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment
Hypothesis Testing Problem Worksheet
Research in the University Library to find five empirical (those
containing data) research articles. Select articles that are of
interest to you and include the citations at the end of this
document. Place the information for each one in the following
tables:
Title of Article:
Question
Answer
What is the null hypothesis (implied or explicitly stated)?

What is the research hypothesis (implied or explicitly stated)?
Using the content in any of these articles, create another research
hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer
hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer
hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer

hypothesis.
Title of Article:
Question
Answer
hypothesis.
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Project Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
==============================================

WEEK 4:
DQ 1: What is a research question each of you would like to
research?
Who (think they) Hate Statistics as a resource, identify which
statistical test you would use to test your hypothesis.
DQ 2: Let's take some time this week and look at some data that
is used to make up reports through the Anne E. Casey
Foundation. The Foundation published a document called Kid's
Count which is a collection of significant information about risk
factors for kids. Please go to the Foundation's website at
www.aecf.org, find the information for your state, review some of
the key data, tell us what you might use the data for and what are
some of the problems with the data, especially as you look at

census data atwww.census.gov Datafinder, in comparison to kids'
count data.
==============================================
Practice – Week Four
Part A
Resources link.
1. Using the data in the file named Ch. 11 Data Set 2, test the
research hypothesis at the .05 level of significance that boys raise
their hands in class more often than girls. Do this practice
problem by hand using a calculator. What is your conclusion
regarding the research hypothesis? Remember to first decide
whether this is a one- or two-tailed test
2. Using the same data set (Ch. 11 Data Set 2), test the research
hypothesis at the .01 level of significance that there is a difference

between boys and girls in the number of times they raise their
hands in class. Do this practice problem by hand using a
calculator. What is your conclusion regarding the research
hypothesis? You used the same data for this problem as for
Question 1, but you have a different hypothesis (one is directional
and the other is nondirectional). How do the results differ and
why
3. Practice the following problems by hand just to see if you can
get the numbers right. Using the following information, calculate
the t test statistic
4. Using the results you got from Question 3 and a level of
significance at .05, what are the two-tailed critical values
associated with each? Would the null hypothesis be rejected
5. Using the data in the file named Ch. 11 Data Set 3, test the null
hypothesis that urban and rural residents both have the same
attitude toward gun control. Use IBM® SPSS® software to
complete the analysis for this problem
6. A public health researcher tested the hypothesis that providing
new car buyers with child safety seats will also act as an incentive
for parents to take other measures to protect their children (such
as driving more safely, child-proofing the home, and so on). Dr. L
counted all the occurrences of safe behaviors in the cars and
homes of the parents who accepted the seats versus those who did
not. The findings: a significant difference at the .013 level.
Another researcher did exactly the same study; everything was
the same—same type of sample, same outcome measures, same
car seats, and so on. Dr. R’s results were marginally significant
(recall Ch. 9) at the .051 level. Which result do you trust more
and why

7. In the following examples, indicate whether you would perform
a ttest of independent means or dependent means
Two groups were exposed to different treatment levels for ankle
sprains. Which treatment was most effective
A researcher in nursing wanted to know if the recovery of
patients was quicker when some received additional in-home care
whereas when others received the standard amount
A group of adolescent boys was offered interpersonal skills
counseling and then tested in September and May to see if there
was any impact on family harmony
One group of adult men was given instructions in reducing their
high blood pressure whereas another was not given any
instructions
One group of men was provided access to an exercise program
and tested two times over a 6-month period for heart health
8. For Ch. 12 Data Set 3, compute the t value and write a
conclusion on whether there is a difference in satisfaction level in
a group of families’ use of service centers following a social
service intervention on a scale from 1 to 15. Do this exercise using
IBM® SPSS® software, and report the exact probability of the
outcome
9. Do this exercise by hand. A famous brand-name manufacturer
wants to know whether people prefer Nibbles or Wribbles. They
sample each type of cracker and indicate their like or dislike on a
scale from 1 to 10. Which do they like the most
10. Using the following table, provide three examples of a simple
one-way ANOVA, two examples of a two-factor ANOVA, and one

example of a three-factor ANOVA. Complete the table for the
missing examples. Identify the grouping and the test variable
11. Using the data in Ch. 13 Data Set 2 and the IBM® SPSS®
software, compute the F ratio for a comparison between the three
levels representing the average amount of time that swimmers
practice weekly (< 15, 15–25, and > 25 hours) with the outcome
variable being their time for the 100-yard freestyle. Does practice
time make a difference? Use the Options feature to obtain the
means for the groups
12. When would you use a factorial ANOVA rather than a simple
ANOVA to test the significance of the difference between the
averages of two or more groups
13. Create a drawing or plan for a 2 × 3 experimental design that
would lend itself to a factorial ANOVA. Identify the independent
and dependent variables
Part B
student website under the Student Text Resources link.
The data for Exercise 14 is in the data file named Lesson 22
Exercise File 1.
14. John is interested in determining if a new teaching method,
the involvement technique, is effective in teaching algebra to first
graders. John randomly samples six first graders from all first
graders within the Lawrence City School System and individually
teaches them algebra with the new method. Next, the pupils
complete an eight-item algebra test. Each item describes a
problem and presents four possible answers to the problem. The

scores on each item are 1 or 0, where 1 indicates a correct
response and 0 indicates a wrong response. The IBM® SPSS®
data file contains six cases, each with eight item scores for the
algebra test.
Conduct a one-sample t test on the total scores. On the output,
identify the following
==============================================
Project Comparing Means
Comparing Means
==============================================

DQ 1: Thomas Bayes who was an English Clergyman in the early
18th century who is known for the Bayes' Theorem. The theorem
suggests that science is about conducting research in order to
adjust our preexisting beliefs in light of the evidence collected.
Conclusions drawn from an experiment are always in the context
of what we believed about the world before the experiment.
Others suggest that it is better not to make any assumptions about
prior beliefs. (Aron, Aron & Coups, 2006)
Where do you weigh in on this debate? Do you think we do
research in order to validate something we already believe to be
true or false?
DQ 2: When two variables are correlated, it means that they are
associated with one another. But if they are associated with one
another, then why doesn't one cause the other?
==============================================
PSYCH 625 Week 5 Individual Assignment Programmatic
Assessment Time to Practice – Week Five

Part A
Resources link.
1. Use the following data to answer Questions 1a and 1b
Compute the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient by
hand and show all your work
Construct a scatterplot for these 10 values by hand. Based on the
scatterplot, would you predict the correlation to be direct or
indirect? Why
2. Rank the following correlation coefficients on strength of their
relationship (list the weakest first)
3. Use IBM® SPSS® software to determine the correlation
between hours of studying and grade point average for these
honor students. Why is the correlation so low
4. Look at the following table.
What type of correlation coefficient would you use to examine the
relationship between ethnicity (defined as different categories)
and political affiliation
5. When two variables are correlated (such as strength and
running speed), it also means that they are associated with one
another. But if they are associated with one another, then why
does one not cause the other
6. Given the following information, use Table B.4 in Appendix B
of Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics to

determine whether the correlations are significant and how you
would interpret the results
The correlation between speed and strength for 20 women is .567.
Test these results at the .01 level using a one-tailed test
The correlation between the number correct on a math test and
the time it takes to complete the test is –.45. Test whether this
correlation is significant for 80 children at the .05 level of
significance. Choose either a one- or a two-tailed test and justify
your choice
The correlation between number of friends and grade point
average (GPA) for 50 adolescents is .37. Is this significant at the
.05 level for a two-tailed test
7. Use the data in Ch. 15 Data Set 3 to answer the questions
below. Do this one manually or use IBM® SPSS® software
Compute the correlation between income and level of education
Test for the significance of the correlation
What argument can you make to support the conclusion that
lower levels of education cause low income
8. Use the following data set to answer the questions. Do this one
manually
Compute the correlation between age in months and number of
words known
Test for the significance of the correlation at the .05 level of
significance

Recall what you learned in Ch. 5 of Salkind (2011) about
correlation coefficients and interpret this correlation
9. How does linear regression differ from analysis of variance
10. Betsy is interested in predicting how many 75-year-olds will
develop Alzheimer’s disease and is using level of education and
general physical health graded on a scale from 1 to 10 as
predictors. But she is interested in using other predictor variables
as well. Answer the following questions
What criteria should she use in the selection of other predictors?
Why
Name two other predictors that you think might be related to the
development of Alzheimer’s disease
With the four predictor variables (level of education, general
physical health, and the two new ones that you name), draw out
what the model of the regression equation would look like
11. Joe Coach was curious to know if the average number of
games won in a year predicts Super Bowl performance (win or
lose). The x variable was the average number of games won
during the past 10 seasons. The y variable was whether the team
ever won the Super Bowl during the past 10 seasons. Refer to the
following data set
How would you assess the usefulness of the average number of
wins as a predictor of whether a team ever won a Super Bowl
What’s the advantage of being able to use a categorical variable
(such as 1 or 0) as a dependent variable
What other variables might you use to predict the dependent
variable, and why would you choose them

Part B
student website under the Student Text Resources link. The data
for this exercise is in the data file named Lesson 33 Exercise File
1.
Peter was interested in determining if children who hit a bobo
doll more frequently would display more or less aggressive
behavior on the playground. He was given permission to observe
10 boys in a nursery school classroom. Each boy was encouraged
to hit a bobo doll for 5 minutes. The number of times each boy
struck the bobo doll was recorded (bobo). Next, Peterobserved
the boys on the playground for an hour and recorded the number
of times each boy struck a classmate (peer).
Conduct a linear regression to predict the number of times a boy
would strike a classmate from the number of times the boy hit a
bobo doll. From the output, identify the following
Slope associated with the predictor
Additive constant for the regression equation
Mean number of times they struck a classmate
Correlation between the number of times they hit the bobo doll
and the number of times they struck a classmate
Standard error of estimate
Part C
when relevant.

Draw a scatterplot of each of the following:
A strong positive correlation
A strong negative correlation
A weak positive correlation
A weak negative correlation
Give a realistic example of each
What is the coefficient of determination? What is the coefficient
of alienation?
Why is it important to know the amount of shared variance when
interpreting both the significance and the meaningfulness of a
correlation coefficient
If a researcher wanted to predict how well a student might do in
college, what variables do you think he or she might examine?
What statistical procedure would he or she use
What is the meaning of the p value of a correlation coefficient
==============================================
Project Correlations

Correlations
==============================================
DQ 1: We have looked at a number of important statistical
concepts over the past few weeks and there is value in considering
how some of those concepts are employed to drive decisions that
impact all of us and our families.
==============================================
Project Presentation

Presentation
==============================================

PSYCH 625 Entire Course Statistics Guide

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