The Bayesian Regression Model

The Bayesian Regression Model
Bayesian regression models are of great values to genomic prediction but computing of these
models can be very intensive [14]. This is becoming the bottleneck in practical genomic selection
programs, in which the data sizes are often large. Thus, parallel programming and computing
strategies are needed in order to increase the computational efficiency and generate high
computational throughputs for genomic selection. For a Bayesian regression model implanted via
multiple–chain MCMC, the speed–upspeedup of computing heavily depends on the length of burn–
in which cannot be parallelized. Often, the length of burn–in is set up arbitrarily, which can be too
short or too long. In the former case, the Markov chains are not converged and generated ... Show
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S9 in the additional file). Thus, running more burn–in iterations after MCMC reached equilibrium
did not improve the predictive performance of the model. Reliability of GEBV is a critical criterion
in deciding whether GEBV should be used for routine genetic evaluation [29]. SNP effect estimation
determines the GEBV, because genotypic data of an animal is known before genomic evaluation.
Estimated SNP effects comparisons demonstrated that tunable burn–in Bayesian methods were
highly comparable to fixed burn–in settings and sequential setting. It is noted that differences
between tunable burn–in Bayesian methods and their fixed burn–in counterparts were not obvious as
differences between sequential Bayesian methods and tunable (or fixed) burn–in Bayesian methods,
the reason might be that tunable burn–in had equivalent effect to fixed burn–in for determining
discarded sampling. While results of parallel Bayesian methods were calculated with average values
of multiple chains, and results of sequential Bayesian methods was calculated with a long chain,
random sampling effect may be more obvious in a single chain than multiple chains. Similarities
among sequential Bayesian methods and multiple chains Bayesian methods were high (>0.95 as
shown in Fig 3). With highly comparable SNP effects estimated using tunable burn–in Bayesian
methods and fixed burn–in counterparts, differences among tunable and
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Child Caregiver: The Heritability Of Criminal Behavior
I believe that some traits are heritable but a criminal behavior is not inherited. For instance, an old
cliche' state that an apple does not fall far from the tree. For that reason, an individual can have the
same characteristics of the caregiver, in which he or she can obtain some of their behaviors.These
characteristics are linked to antisocial behavior, in which will increase the chances of impulsive and
sensation–seeking criminal behavior (Bohm & Vogel, 2011). In addition, it is a personal choice in
how an individual determines his or her behavior. In such matter, a person can become limited in
believing that criminal behavior is acceptable, because of their upbringing as a child. In other words,
if a child caregiver is a gang affiliated

Galton's On The Origin Of Species
The poster being critiqued uses a 'family tree' theme to convey the theory of heritability of
intelligence. The theme logically fits the theory and, to some extent, is memorable. However, there
is arguably too much text for the poster to be understood in a few minutes. The poster also includes
information about environmental factors that influence intelligence, potentially distracting the
viewer from the main concept of heritability. A solution to these critiques is to focus solely on the
theory of heritability, thus minimising text and preventing confusion.
The theory of heritability of intelligence was proposed by Francis Galton (1869) in his book
'Hereditary Genius'; the first scientific study of ingenuity. Galton was influenced by his cousin's
(Charles Darwin, 1859) book 'On the Origin of Species' which portrays the thesis that animals ...
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To tests this, he developed historiometry, defined as quantitative analysis of historical data about
representative people (Simonton, 1990). Following Adolphe Quetelet's research, one of the first to
use historiometry (Simonton, 1997), Galton obtained data about imminent men from biographical
sources which he compared in numerous ways. His analyses concluded that the number of imminent
relatives when comparing first degree relatives to second degree and so forth, had an inverse
relationship: the more distant the relative of an imminent individual, the less likely they were
themselves to be imminent; Galton perceived this as evidence for heritability of intelligence. This
research has limitations however, including the use of retrospective data and the difficulty in
distinguishing nature and nurture. Galton, aware of these limitations, sought to compare twins,
overcoming these critiques. In his paper 'The History of Twins' (Galton, 1876) he concluded the
evidence supported nature rather than

Heritability: Observations, And Current Knowledge
The Effects of Heritability: Observations, Assessments, and Current Knowledge People are always
searching for an answer to why things happen and, more often than not, it comes down to a question
of genetics and environment. This is not a new concept, rather something that has long been seen in
our culture. This paper will explore the research observations and assessments that led to the current
understanding of heritability and how it effects externalized behaviors. Observations In order to
further understand the root of behaviors, an observational study was done. Researchers Kristine
Marceau and colleagues (2011) conducted this study by taking three samples of twins and siblings,
between middle childhood and adolescence, to determine the ultimate truth to the age–old debate of
where externalized behaviors come from. They observed that their samples from Michigan State
University (MSU) and Oregon Twin Project (OTP) showed far more shared environmental
influences when compared to nonshared environmental influences, and no genetic influence at all.
However, when they observed their sample from Nonshared Environment in ... Show more content
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M. van Beijsterveldt, Meike Bartels, and Dorret I. Boomsma (2014) determined that knowing the
effects of heritability largely depends on the way it is assessed and interpreted. Their information
came from a variety of different sources, such as teachers, parents, and even self–evaluations. They
discovered that the inconsistency in measurement was partially responsible for any particular
behavior to seemingly fluctuate in its externalized degree, whether from person to person or the
same person over time. Ultimately, Kan and his colleagues (2014) decided that heritability does
have an influence on one's externalized behavior, but that it is largely due to context, situation, or
environment, although exact proportions of heritability cannot be calculated because of the
inconsistency in measurement among various

Crime In The 1970's
The United States of America has a crime problem. When was the last time you turned on the
evening news and did not hear a story about violence? Everything from the shows we watch to the
music we listen to in modern society portrays crime in some way. The shows people watch on
television become more and more violent and gory in order to keep viewers tuned in. People line up
to view the newest crime–fighting movie. If you turn on the radio you hear song lyrics from the
degrading of women to sex, crime, drugs and violence. All of this influences us on a daily basis.
Americans spend millions of dollars figuring out ways to improve crime control. Everything from
building new prisons, to raising police salaries, courthouse operations, and security systems, we
even elect politicians with promises of tougher laws and safer streets. Our car insurance rises, often
caused by insurance fraud. Whether you recognize it or not we have all been victims of crimes. This
is why effective policies must be established to reduce criminal activity in the future. Since crime is
so broad ranging from violent crimes to cyber crimes this paper will view it from a different
perspective, drawing evidence from genetic and biosocial criminology. Being able to better identity
early signs of criminal activity and having proper policies in place should ... Show more content on
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By the 1970's a general public sentiment of "war on crime" developed, partly because of President
Nixon (Worrall, 2015). The crime problem in the United States is defined differently according to
whom you speak to. One American may be concerned about being a victim of a sexual assault,
while another American might be worried about cyber security. Crime is a multifaceted concept
(Worrall, 2015). This is so because of the varieties of crime. Crime is a concept because it is
something that needs to be further defined. In other words, most crimes need to be specified as
criminal acts or

Annotated Bibliography: Intelligence, Heredity, And...
Steven Woods
October 22, 2015
Annotated Bibliography 2
Sternberg, Robert J., and Elena L. Grigorenko. Introduction. Intelligence, Heredity, and
Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. N. Print.
Reflection
This wasn't as easy of read as I first thought. Trying to take as much information as possible from
the large amount of information available in the book. To understand the information I had to do a
significant amount of background research to be able to tie it all together and make sense of it.
Understanding the complexity of the human mind and why we make decisions is not an easy
concept to grasp with trivial effort.
Today, researchers generally agree that heredity and environment have an interactive influence on
intelligence. Many researchers believe that there is a reaction range to IQ, which refers to the limits
placed on IQ by heredity. The environment determines where within these limits the person's IQ will
lie. Despite the prevailing view that both heredity and environment influence intelligence,
researchers still have different opinions about how much each contributes and how they interact but
also believe that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies have shown a discrepancy in average IQ scores between whites and minority groups in the
United States. The reason IQ is such of big factor is because many people associate IQ with high
mental functions. More specifically it is considered that having a high, average, or low IQ presents
qualities are an important factor in success for example: dedication; motivation; self–confidence;
and social skills. Nature vs. Nurture has been skewed in recent years rather than even 10 years ago
because of this concept of IQ because the thing that I wanted to understand was that can one's metal
functions be impacted by what you inherit from your parents alone (nature) or can it be influenced
by where and how you matured in life

The Causes And Cures Of Schizophrenia
The causes, cures and intellectual comprehension in schizophrenia patients remains unknown.
Scientists have discovered that schizophrenia is a severe condition that develops by a combination
of biological, environmental, and unforeseen factors. Since this condition effects no more than two
percent of the population, it is challenging to find an adequate sample size for assessments and
further study. People suffering from schizophrenia are incapable of determining reality and show a
wide array of symptoms varying from delusions, hallucinations, irrational conduct and disorganized
speech. The complex severity of these symptoms make it difficult for scientists to find a remedy that
works for all patients. Recent studies have shown that identical twins have an increased risk of
developing the condition. The risk is increased by half in comparison to individuals who do not
carry twin genetics. Many wonder if schizophrenia is caused by a physical abnormality inside the
brain, but it has not been scientifically proven yet. Since twins are at the highest at risk for
schizophrenia, it is essential to study the behaviors, patterns and recovery methods of these patients.
A study conducted by Michael Harms suggests that one of the causes of Schizophrenia is
determined by the structure of the thalamus and a reduction in volume of the hippocampus. "In the
current study, we assessed the volume and shape of the thalamus in subjects with schizophrenia and
their nonpsychotic siblings. The

Two Factors By Innate Intelligence
Ryan Abdullah 11.2
(a) What is meant by the term innate intelligence? [2]
It is a form of intelligence that is said to be derived from decadence through heredity.
(b) Describe two factors that may influence a person's level of intelligence. [4]
Diet, the intake of a proper balanced diet containing a variety of different foods is necessary for the
physical development of an individual within a society. If an individual does not develop properly,
he/she will not be able to perform at the same level as he/she could. As he/she won't be able to
perform at the same level there intelligence will be altered (usually in a negative manner).
Educational opportunities, if a person comes from a fortunate background they might have the
opportunity to pursue their education in private schools and higher education as the cost as a
percentage of their total income will be lower than that of a person from an unfortunate background.
(c) How might examinations not reflect ability[6] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can easily brought about by many factors such as how the questions on the actual test are
formulated; this creates distorted results. The factor of Stress in an examination greatly changes the
reflection of ability when a student takes an exam as the stress can cause the student to not answer
questions in the way he/she usually would usually do. This skews the data and makes it less
representative of the students overall ability.Examinations rely on memorization not skills and
knowledge of a subject. This is easily seen in exams revolving around manual skills such as written
practical examinations where a student might know what to do in real life but does not know how to
express himself/herself on

Principles of Natural Selection Under Darwin and Wallace...
Natural selection follows three main and related principles under Darwin and Wallace which are
variation, heritability, and differential reproductive success. Natural selection is an indispensable
mechanism of evolution. First off, to have natural selection, you need diversity among a population
such as genetic variation, some species are multi–colored. An example for genetic variation would
be the genus delphinidae. Dolphins, pilot whales, and killer whales are all a part of the same family,
however they range in colors, shapes, and names making people think they are of a different species
when they are all related and have evolved into a large variety. Competition for resources such as
food or water must be a factor as well. In any population of organisms, there are distinct differences
which leads to survival differences such as giraffes and neck length which will be passed on to their
offspring (I.e. differential reproductive success). The giraffe's with longer necks have advantages in
survival. Charles Darwin started explaining natural selection with artificial selection. Humans have
created crops and breeds of animals over time (e.g. humans have created dog breeds by selecting
traits and disposing traits).
Differential reproductive success is when individuals with more adaptive traits in particular contexts
survive and reproduce more. The process of natural selection operates by the differential
reproductive success of individuals. Natural selection is also the

Intelligence Is Defined As General Cognitive Problem...
Intelligence is defined as general cognitive problem–solving skills. A mental ability involved in
reasoning, perceiving relationships and analogies, calculating, learning quickly... etc. A number of
psychologists have argued that intelligence can be quantified, primarily through testing. In 1905,
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon devised a system for testing intelligence, with scoring based on
average mental levels for various age groups. .I.Q(intelligence quotient) in general, is an assessment
of your ability to think and reason. IQ score is a standardized way of comparing this ability with the
majority of people the same age as you are. A score of 100 means that compared to these people in
your general age group that you have basically an average intelligence. Psychologists say those
scoring in a range of 95 to 105 are of a normal intelligence or have an average IQ. There have been
many critiques about the use of IQ tests mainly on the uncertainty of the IQ score due to the external
factors that are not accounted for in measuring IQ scores. This essay will be addressing To what
extent do scholars suggest the IQ tests to be an accurate way to measure a person's intelligence
level? An example is the chapter critique of the bell curve from the book "The Mismeasure of Man"
by Stephen Jay Gould.
The bell curve book argued that IQ tests are an accurate measure of intelligence; that IQ is a strong
predictor of school and career achievement; that IQ is highly heritable; that IQ is

Examining Diabetes and Metabolic Traits of Mexican...
This study examines for the first time the genetic contributions to diabetes and metabolic traits in the
AIR registry sample, which is composed of Mexican American participants who reside in the
Phoenix–Arizona area. The AIR registry participants were extensively phenotyped for type 2
diabetes and metabolic syndrome measures. The prevalence of diabetes in our population was
12.3%, which was above the 8.3% of the general population [32,33]. Moreover, we observed that
34.0% of the participants were classified with pre–diabetes, which was similar to national averages
that showed Mexican American adults in the United States with pre–diabetes at 36% [33]. Although
a majority of the heritability estimates of the phenotypes examined in the AIR registry appears to be
consistent with previously published studies [31], it is possible that heritability estimates may have
been inflated since shared environmental influences were not accounted for in our analyses. It also is
possible that heritability can be age–dependent, which can be underestimated when existing age
dependence is present. The heritability estimates of DBP, FPG, 2hOGTT and prediabetes did not
reach statistical significance in our study. Perhaps, DBP may not have reached significance due to
the variability that is often observed in diastolic blood pressures within an individual [34]. For this
study, every attempt had been made to measure DBP appropriately since we measured DBP twice
and calculated the average.

Analysis Of Gossip Girl
Gossip Girl is a tv show about a group of four rich, snobby Upper East side teenagers and how a
nobody from Brooklyn gets involved with them. Chuck Bass, whose father, Bart, is the owner of the
New York Palace hotel and a self–made millionaire, is the manipulative, "bad boy" of the group.
Nate Archibald, also the son of a successful businessman, is considered the "golden boy" and best
friends with Chuck. Blaire Waldorf is the "Queen Bee" of the Upper East side and is best friends
with Serena van der Woodsen, who is the "it girl" that everyone wants to be. These four characters
are socialites and can't hide anything from the relentless blogger whose identity is unknown until the
series finale. Dan and Jenny Humphry, from a middle–class family in Brooklyn, are forced to fight
for what they want and obtain their goals through hard work and dedication, unlike the rest of the
privileged characters. Whenever something scandalous happens, a mass text message is sent out to
all Upper–East siders that always ends as "You know you love me, XOXO Gossip Girl." It is found
out in the last episode of the series that Gossip Girl has been Dan the whole time, and he used this
blog to work his way into the Upper East side to eventually win Serena's love. The amount
someone's income is related to how much their parent's make is income heritability. This means that
if someone's parents have a low income, it is likely that they will also have a low income. Income
heritability also goes the other way, if someone's parents have a high income, they are more likely to
have a high income as well. This doesn't always happen, but income heritability refers to the
likeliness that this will happen. One example of this concept in Gossip Girl is Chuck Bass. Without
going to college, Chuck inherits his father's company and is set for life in terms of a job and money.
Chuck did not have to do any extra work or even work his way up through the company. Because
his father was a successful, self–made millionaire, Chuck's success in his career is almost
guaranteed or at least a lot easier to obtain than people who don't have rich parents. The way this
show depicts this character, and his life, is exactly as the target audience, who I would argue

Genetic Influences on Personality
'Genetic influences appear to contribute significantly to the differences between people in
personality'. Discuss.
The research carried out in the field of behavioural genetics has indicated, over the course of many
studies, that genetic influence has a direct affect on individual differences in personality. Still,
behavioural genetics has a lot to provide to the study of personality than inheritability predicts. This
paper will discuss a few of the findings from research carried out on behavioural genetics in
personality that go beyond the basic question; nature vs. nurture. The findings from the research
include genetic continuity and environmental change during development, the impact of shared and
non–shared environmental influences ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solution will involve studying more than a single individual per family and discovering the
association of experiential differences within a family with differences in personality.
Harris (1995) has stated that non–shared aspects outside the family maybe more important in
developing people's personality. He explained the importance of non–shared environmental aspects
by presenting the groups socialisation theory to determine personality. Social Learning Theory and
Social Categorisation are the main elements of group socialisation. In social categorisation, similar
individuals are placed into their in groups and individuals who are viewed as being different are
placed within their out group. Harris utilised this concept to present how social groups can have an
influence on people's personality and how these non–shared environments that occur in children of
the same family can have huge effects on personality. It has been possible to obtain encouraging
results when associating non–shared environmental aspects to personality. For example, in the
Sibling Inventory of Differential Experience (SIDE; Daniels & Plomin, 1985), sibilings that had
different experiences were linked with the personality differences in adolescence and adulthood
(Baker & Daniels, 1990; Daniels, 1986).
However, it is not entirely correct

High School 's Peer Mentorship Program
Weston High School's peer mentorship program provides a constructive relationship for students
with intellectual challenges that helps them navigate through the obstacles of high school. The main
focus of a mentor is to help make the mentee comfortable in an environment that is exceptionally
stressful for them. In the school setting, people with Autism, specifically Asperger 's Syndrome,
experience a multitude of issues because they might have a sensory overload and struggle to socially
interact with their peers. As a mentor, you need to stay with your mentee throughout the school day
and help guide them through any problems that arise, while also attempting to prevent any tantrums.
The main goal of your relationship with your mentee is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There are many ways to successfully aid them in making it through the class period, including
providing the mentee with consistency by supplying them with a schedule that outlines the structure
of the class. People with Autism or Asperger Syndrome crave consistency, structure, and
predictability and if these elements are not present, they will mentally breakdown. Likewise, there is
an underlying routine for every class period, even though a new subject is constantly taught by the
teachers. As a mentor, it would be beneficial to create a schedule for the mentee, so, therefore, the
structure and order that they crave is evident in the classroom environment. For this reason, the
student might begin to feel comfortable, which would allow them to have a greater capability to
focus on the specific tasks. In addition, another way to help the mentee in the classroom setting is to
break down the information that was taught or attempt to present it to them in a different manner, if
they do not understand it. Students with Autism or Asperger Syndrome sometimes struggle to
understand the lesson as they cannot process the way the teacher has expressed it to the class. It then
might be harder for them to complete an assigned task about that topic and by breaking it down,
they will be able to complete more work. Also, there are many advantages to presenting the
information to them in a different manner, including

Environmental Factors Affecting Intelligence Quotient
Environmental Factors and Genetic Trait that influences a Child's Intelligence Quotient
"Intelligence of a person involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly,
comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning,
a narrow academic skill, or test–taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for
comprehending our surroundings – "catching on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what
to do." (Makharia et al, 2016, p.1–3)
There are a couple of factors that determines a child's intelligence quotient (IQ). The first factor is
genetic trait. Naturally, parents pass on some traits to their offspring. This could be eye color, shape,
size, height and blood type. A person's intelligence is also something that is inherited, but the
environment determines if a person reaches their inherited intelligence potential. It is believed that
genetic traits start developing from prenatal period; thus, the unborn child learns and become
familiar with sound, taste, music and many more. After birth, environmental factors such as place of
residence, family income, education, interpersonal relationships with people and among other
factors develops the passed on traits from parents. In most cases, it is believed that children born
into a wealthy family would have high IQ than children born into a low–income family. This is
because children born into a wealthy family would have access to good learning

Genotypes In A Healthy Environment
A person has a unique genotype that gives to different characteristics. Genotype is the sum of all the
genes that an organism gets from its parents. It has 23 pair of chromosomes, a total of 23 from each
parent with endless combinations. Recombination of different chromosomes lead to different
genotypes that give rise to different phenotypes. Phenotypic plasticity is the impact of a given
environment on phenotypes cause by one genotype in an organism. For example, a person raised in
unhealthy environment may more likely to retain that habit throughout lifetime and live an
unhealthy lifestyle. On the other hand, a person raised in a healthy environment may less likely to
adapt to an unhealthy life style. This indicates that environmental actors ... Show more content on
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Heritability is due to changes that take place at the genetic level for different traits in a population.
Overall, narrow sense heritability is phenotypic changes cause by slowly discrete accumulation of
genes that provide evidence for offspring resemblance to parent and broad sense leads to changes
because of the total genetic effect. Narrow sense drives genetic similarities between offspring and
parent. Heritability is measured by plotting values for parent against offspring and then compare
each value. The slope of the graph is determined as the narrow sense heritability to find a value for
the close resemblance of progeny to parent. Heritability can be used to calculate the amount of
differences in phenotype cause by differences in genotype. It isn't easy to correlate phenotype to
genotype since a genotype can produce many phenotypes. Phenotype is another way of observing
genotype in organisms, therefore it allows scientist to predict observable traits in future generations.
The environment will have possibility to manifest traits seen in genotype to different

Gardner's Theory Of Intelligence And Genetics
Intelligence and genetics.
Introduction:
For many decades psychologist have attempted to link intelligence to genetic traits and test the
probability of intelligence of an individual. How does one define intelligence and what measurement
scale is effective in measuring intelligence are problems scientist are facing when determining
intelligence. Other factors to consider when testing and tracking intelligence is the environment,
nutrition and nurture of an individual. If psychologist were able to predict the intelligence potential
of an individual, the individual could be linked to the maximum occupational and income potential.
Scientific background:
In order to gain a perspective to the genetic influence and heritability of ... Show more content on
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Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence states intelligence is not unitary and there is no "general
intelligence". Multiple Intelligence involves linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily
kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal abilities. Gardner's theory is based on
neuropsychological evidence and psychometric evidence.
Sternberg's triarchic theory pertains to 3 sets of acquired skills; creative, analytical and practical and
emphasizes the importance of wisdom based knowledge in order to formulate and achieve goals.
This places the idea of an individual having the ability to sense the common good of the goals both
in the long and short run.
Biological bases of intelligence is seen in the prefrontal cortex regions and the neocortex. A higher
IQ correlates to higher levels of function in the superior, partial, temporal, and occipital cortex along
with subcortical regions.
Neural efficiency
Speed of conduction of neural impulses brain metabolizes glucose during mental activities and the
location of the glucose being metabolized. The brain also appears to have the ability to be trained on
where the glucose is to be metabolized.
In conclusion with the multiple theories in the study the intelligence of an individual is linked to the
way an individual's brain metabolizes glucose and the neural efficiency with the

Genetic Inheritance Essay
Genetic Inheritance Genes are segments of DNA passed down from parents to offspring. Genes are
responsible for the development of behavioural characteristics. When genetics and the environment
contribute to individual variations in human behaviour, the premise is that the inheritance of DNA
influences behaviour of genetics. Genes are not only responsible for the behaviour, but it is also the
building block so genetics alone does not affect behaviour. With other factors environmental factors
also influence the development of an organism. Nature versus nurture is one of the biggest ongoing
debates within the world of psychology, however the series of correlational studies show the
relationship between the the effect of genetics and/or environment. While many psychologists
theorize that genetics somewhat influence human behaviour due to the genes and environmental
factor. Type of studies used in genetic research are twin studies and adoption studies Twin studies
are used to show the common genetics shared by twins due to the correlation between behaviour and
genetic inheritance. Monozygotic twins (MZT) are identical and they share 100% genetic material.
Whereas Dizygotic twins (DZT) are fraternal and they share 50% genetic material. Other than twin
studies, the adoption studies let the researchers show the comparison between environmental
influence on behaviour and genetics. Adopted children shares 50% of genes with their biological
parents but no genes with their adoptive

Genetic Disorder Research Paper
Genetics Essay Genetics have affected me by researching mutations, heritability, and genetic
disorders. It affected me because I always wanted to learn about my heritability. Genetic disorders
and mutations, I did them because I, myself have a genetic disorder and mutation. I wanted to learn
more about mutations and genetic disorders as much as my heritability. I decided to also research
florigene and goldfish because I love flowers and how they change colors, yet I find glofish amusing
and wanted learn more about them. Mutations happen to many organisms. I for one am a mutation.
A mutation is when a gene that is added or detached from the DNA sequence. For example my
mutation happened in my eyes one of the genes detached or stopped ... Show more content on
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Organisms such as dogs, cats, fish, humans, monkeys, etc. Heritability is related to me because I am
an organism and a human. This applies to me because heritability can help me determine how much
humans there is out there. If I wanted I could also determine how much of other species and
organisms. Genetic disorders is an inherited medical condition caused by DNA abnormality.
Basically when a mutation happens but this one is worse and the number of chromosomes could be
higher or lower. Which may or may not cause a mutation or a genetic disorder. Genetic disorders or
related to me because my disorder is with my eyes. I am legally blind and my eyes cross when I
don't wear contact lenses or glasses. Because of this disorder I can't drive or work at specific places.
Florigene is a company that produces flowers that are dyed certain colors.The color of these flowers
is absolutely novel for carnation, and offers the floral industry new ideas and uses. The flowers are
not much really related to me but I do love flowers and love to learn anything about them. I guess
when the florigene people due the flower they kill the gene that produces the color it was and mutate
it to be the new color. This is also known as mutations which happens often in humans. Which is
what happened to

Viral Genetic Variation Lab Analysis
Title: Viral Genetic Variation Accounts for a Third of Variability in 1 Set–Point Viral Load
Introduction: The extent to the pathogenesis of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV–1), or
"HIV", has been studied for years. It is of large consensus to the medical community that any strong
predictor of the time showing phenotypic characteristics of HIV from the original transmission of
the disease can be predicted through assessing and evaluating the set–point viral load (SPVL).
Depending on the subsequent viremia in the blood, biologists and medical professionals can strongly
predict the severity of the infection and future clinical outcomes.
The severity of SPVL is strongly associated with the genotype of the virus and its heritability ...
Researchers used a large data set of HIV genome sequences of over 2028 selected participants in the
study. Cohorts were broken down by age, sex, and mode of transmission. Using the data results, the
heritability of SPLV was calculated using common methods, which included the Brownian motion
model, parametric bootstrapping, and the "OU" model.
Results: Based on the SPLV of the sample size used for the study, it was determined that there is a
strong correlation between viremia and the genetic makeup of the virus with viral loads ranging
from 20% to 30% with the cohorts in the study. Thus, up to 30% of the variation in viral load is
explained by the viral genetic variation. When looking at the cohorts CD4 (cells that the HIV virus
kills), the heritability cell count is 11%. This result shows that this percentage is determined by the
virus's genotype.
In addition, the hypothesis that inconsistencies of the varying heterogeneity of SPLV in different
studies were a result of differences in viral genetics, differences in the host's genetics, and
calculation error as a result of incorrect methods were examined. After an assessment of the results
of the study, and the different methods uses, it can be determined that the difference in SPLV
heritability is not a direct result of genetic differences between large populations. On the contrast, it
was confirmed that there is a significant variability in viral load of an

To What Extent Is Alzheimer 's Disease Hereditary?
Abstract: This investigation studies the question: To what extent is Alzheimer's disease hereditary?
To come to a conclusion, seven pieces of research were analyzed regarding their implications on the
genetic and environmental factors impacting the etiology of Alzheimer's. Specifically, four genetic
factors were evaluated: the influence of Beta Amyloid Plaques, alcohol dehydrogenase in relation to
mitochondrial function, specific Loci, and a twin study to determine relative heritability. The results
of these studies indicate a high degree of heritability and genetic factors in Alzheimer's disease with
recognition, to a certain extent, of the relative influence of environmental factors. Thus, the impact
of environmental factors was also explored. The influence of epigenetic factors, physical activity,
and environmental enrichment were evaluated through analysis of correlational studies and a lab
experiment. The results of this research generally indicated that environmental factors can play a
role as a preventative measure of developing the disease. There is suggestion that the genetic risk of
developing Alzheimer's can be lessened through environmental enrichment or physical activity.
However, the research lacks definitive evidence that environmental factors can completely diminish
the heritability of the disease across populations. On the other hand, the investigation of the
apolipoprotein genome, the identification of specific loci, the role of alcohol dehydrogenase

Medical Journal Article: Addictions as Real Physical Disease
Charlie Van Houten HIS 240 Spring 2012 The definition of what constitutes a real "disease" is not
as clear cut as one might think. One major area of concern has been the debate between those that
believe that the conceptualization of a disease should be free from social influences/values versus
those that state that the criteria use to define a disease, especially psychiatric disease like addiction,
are a result of social definitions/values (e.g., Szasz, 2008). In general, most health professionals
agree that the determination of what is or is not labeled as a disease should be free of value
judgments and social influences and should rest on notions of intact biological functions in
organisms and statistical departures of these functions from normalcy. Unfortunately, even these
statistical foundations of normalcy are often based on social values (as is certainly the case in
addictions) and departures from normalcy can either be dysfunctional (e.g., someone who is born
with mental retardation) or relatively benign (e.g., someone who has extremely high intelligence).
Many ask where should the line to demarcate disease from normalcy be drawn, at one or both ends
of the spectrum of what is normal? Many contemporary definitions of the term "disease" still
describe a disease as consisting of some form of cellular abnormality or derangement. Szasz (2008)
suggested that in order to qualify as a disease any such deviation in cellular arrangement should
consist of three

Effects On Heritability And Environment : Twin And Family...
Whitney Davis Nova South Eastern University The Effects on Heritability and Environment: Twin
and Family Studies Abstract Many internal and external components collide in order to create
individual personalities, behaviors unique to every individual person. The argument of genetic
makeup versus environmental influences, however, has researchers working to determine what
really defines us. Some say genotypes control the way people think,how they feel, and the ways in
which they behave. Others choose to believe that the environment alone in itself is ultimately the
determinant for making each individual human into who they are. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The focus of this paper will be to define the contributing factors that determine personality utilizing
the research on twins and family studies. Hereditability is defined as a statistical definition, and it
defines heritability as the proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to genetic variance. The
second definition is more common "sensical". It defines heritability as the extent to which genetic
individual differences contribute to individual differences in observed behavior (or phenotypic
individual differences) ("Heritability: Introduction," n.d.) . The genetic sequences that an individual
receives from their parents..and their parent's parents can have a dominant impact on that
individual's personality. The general conclusion emerging from heritability studies is the
inconsistencies in almost every human characteristic–including inclination and social behaviors–is
shaped significantly by genetic influences (Plomin et al., 2012; Turkheimer, 2000). For example,
studies have shown substantial heritability usually around 50 percent or more of everything from the
fact of how much time a person spends watching tv (Plomin et al., 1990), breastfeeding (Colodro–
Conde,Sanchez–Romera, and Ordonana, 2013), and breakfast eating patterns (Keski–Rahkonenet
al., 2004) to political ideology and party affiliation (Alford, Funk, and Hibbing, 2005) The genetic
coding for the inheritable traits is found within the DNA of very person. The initial

The Direct Genetic Loci Accounting For Schizophrenia 's...
Conclusion
The direct genetic loci accounting for schizophrenia's heritability is still unidentified. The mental
illness affects approximately 3.5million Americans and 1 percent of the worldwide population today.
The variable related to the disease is so widely ranged that literally anyone can have some form of
potential risk. Compared to other mental disorders, schizophrenia is unique to having a combination
of many different environmental, genetic, and biological factors. The exact cause of the disease is
still unknown, but studies such as biometric and molecular screenings have proved genetic and
biological factors, combined with environmental factors, is strongly connected to the etiology of the
disease. Although schizophrenia is more commonly manifested during young adulthood, scientists
believes, a variety of pre–birth factors are linked to the development of the disease. There are
several prenatal factors that have a higher relative risk to the progression of schizophrenia as
recorded by scientists. Although not proven, studies suggests time of birth, place of birth, infections
during pregnancy, stress, malnourishment, and rh incompatibility are increased risk factors that shed
light on possible causations of schizophrenia. Many studies are indefinite due to the latency,
methodology, and of the disease, more research need to be established.
Time of Birth The time leading to conception until birth is a very demanding and sensitive duration
on the mental and

Charles Darwin 's Theory Of Behavior Genetics
BEHAVIOR GENETICS 2
It is possible to tell where one receives his physical traits from. One can look at a person, then at his
parents, and see that he gets his brown hair from his father and blue eyes from his mother. There are
other traits that people can receive from their parents that are not as easy to see. The idea that people
can receive behavioral traits from one's parents is the study of behavior genetics.
Early Genetics
One of the first people to study heritability was Sir Francis Galton. He was inspired by his cousin,
Charles Darwin. His research was based around how certain genes were either passed down, or ...
Galton is also credited for creating a mathematical ratio that showed where one got his attributes
from,
BEHAVIOR GENETICS 3
called the mathematical law of genetics. He believed that "an average of 1/4 contribution by each
parent, and 1/16 by each grandparent, and so on through one's ancestry, such that the sum of the
contribution by all of one's ancestors approached 1." (The Embryo Project Encyclopedia).
Another key figure in behavior genetics is Gregor Mendel. He studied genetics and heritability, and
is known as the "father of modern genetics". Mendel used the garden at his monastery to study how
"certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns" (Gregor Mendel Biography). These studies
became the foundation of modern genetics and heritability. By using his pea plants, he was able to
determine the existence of dominant and recessive genes. Galton and Mendel were the same age,
both born in 1822. During the time of their studies, people believed that traits were "the diluted
blending of whatever traits were present in the "parents." " (Gregor Mendel Biography). Mendel was
able to disprove this. He showed that genes can stay dormant in one generation, but reappear in the
next. The term "genetics" was not even used until 1906. Mendel did not promote his research, and it
was not widely popular. His findings were duplicated independently years later in 1900.

Dizygotic Twins
According to the textbook, "behavioral geneticists study individuals of known genetic similarity"
(Chapter 2, section 5, page 47). In this case, they study monozygotic twins and also study dizygotic.
When it comes to monozygotic the textbook talks about how these type of types developed from the
same zygote. Thus, making them similar genetically. However, when it comes to dizygotic twins
they develop from two zygotes instead of one and often similar than any pair of siblings (Chapter 2,
section 5, page 47). The textbook also talks about the discovery of epigenetics within mono twins
that could explain why one twin gets a disease while the other twin doesnt. When it comes to
heritability estimates, the textbook talks about how heritability estimates

Asperger’s Disorder Essay examples
Amazingly, one percent of new births will have some type of autism (Autism Society of America,
2010). Asperger's disorder is one type of Autism, and is at the high end of these disorders. This
"disorder, which is also called Asperger's syndrome (AS) or autistic psychopathy, belongs to a group
of childhood disorders known as pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) or autistic spectrum
disorders"(Exkorn, 2006). A characteristic of this disorder is harsh and strict disruption of a certain
type of brain development. The most affected areas of Asperger's disorder is difficulty in social
understanding and in behavior or activities that are limited or recurring (Frey, 2003). Students with
Asperser's have different levels of seriousness, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He gave an example of how John improved with help. When a teacher would notify John that it is
time to change classes, he would get aggravated and would want to finish the model he had begun.
The teacher talked to him, explaining that in five minutes they will have to leave, and they can come
back at lunch if all the other work is completed. John agrees. This technique settled him down. The
rest of the day he did his best so he could get back to building his model (Glover, 2010).
Asperger's disorder (AD) is a disruption in the formation of the child's physical and or psychological
development and recognizing these, the disorder was separated from Autism in 1944, to provide a
basis for each child to get the proper care. All children with Asperger Disorder will show some traits
in these three categories; impaired social skills, trouble communicating with others and a pattern of
behavior, interest, and activities' will be limited and recurring; they become obsessed with a single
theme. Usually the child will have the normal communication skills in the beginning years. They
will be using single words by age one. They just will not be using them in the normal way. When
doctors are testing for this disorder, they are looking for specific behaviors or skills that are either
present or absent. If the right services are available, Asperser's children will show significant
improvement in language

The Influence Of Nature And Nurture On An Individual 's...
INTRODUCTION
The following research shows the influence of nature and nurture on an individual 's intelligence.
Intelligence can be defined as "The aggregate or global capacity to act purposefully think rationally
and deal effectively with the environment." Thus intelligence helps define ones action in a given
situation. Intelligence can be influenced by many factors, mainly being the nature and
environmental. The natural factor consists of the inborn tendencies and genetics that show that a part
of intelligence is inherited. The nurture consists of environment and socio economic factors that
contribute towards ones intelligence. The issue of nature versus nurture has been constantly debated
over in terms of intelligence. Over the years, the pendulum of intelligence has been swinging from
nature to nurture determining them to be an independent factor for one 's intelligence. However this
pendulum is seen to be coming to a standstill forming a theory which supports both the nature and
nurture and their contributions towards one's cognitive abilities and intelligence.
NATURE AND INTELLIGENCE
Over years of study it is has been observed how a part of intelligence is heritable in nature.
Heritability being an estimate of the size of the genetic effect (Dunn and Plomin, 1990; Collier,
2008) In the field of Behavioral genetics, Studies on monozygotic and dizogotic twins have shown
that monozygotic twins have a variance of 0.64 to 0.74, assuming that there is no environmental

What Is Dependent Personality Disorder?
It is quiet easy for us to attach onto those we love. Naturally, we are prone to want to share our lives
with those around us and are likely to depend on others for a portion of our happiness. All of this is
natural and makes us human. Who wouldn't want to have someone they can lean on? But what
happens when we become overly dependent on someone. When all of our decisions need to be fully
backed, supported, and reassured by others? What happens when we literally can't be alone and are
helpless and fearful without someone by our sides? Well, these symptoms could show evidence of
Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD). DPD is a commonly diagnosed cluster C personality
disorder in which ones dependence on others becomes impairing to their everyday life. According to
the DSM–5 DPD is defined as "a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care o that leads to
submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present
in a variety of contexts" (Durand, 2013). Unfortunately, DPD, like many personality disorders still
requires much further research regarding its causes and treatment options, however thanks to past
research we do have enough information to formally diagnose patients with it and help them target
skills to increase independence. To begin, it is important to examine the criteria and the symptoms
of PDP. According to the DSM–5, to be diagnosed with the disorder, a patient must have five or
more of the following criterion: 1.

Historical Context Of Galton 's Life Essay
Historical Context of Galton's Life Picture England in the Victorian era, living as a wealthy member
of the upper class of society. This is how and when Francis Galton lived when he formulated his
theories and coined the term nature vs. nurture. The Victorian era was a time of peace and prosperity
for England and one of the highest points of England's power not only domestically but across the
entire British Empire. This was a time of industrialization for the country and its widespread
influence resulted in great economic growth. This was also one of the largest booms in the
population with the country more than doubling its population in 70 years and growing the middle
class within the social hierarchy (Hoppen, 1998). The overall mood of the era was one of straight–
laced, proper behavior. Literature and the fine arts suffered but scientific research and industrial
achievements were praised and encouraged (Hoppen, 1998). This context of the time period is
important to consider while looking into Galton's research. Although some of his theories and work
may be inaccurate by what we know today, for his time, his efforts are groundbreaking. England was
at the peak of its power during this time and being an affluent member of society, Galton was close
to the top of the social hierarchy. He was a well–educated man and after receiving a large
inheritance began to dabble in a few realms of science. He began by traveling to Africa as was
popular with the British elite at the

Crime Heritability
Heritability of Criminal Behavior
For years psychologists and researchers have argued what makes people commit crimes and what
puts them at a higher risk. Does genetics have an influence on a person's ability to commit a crime?
Or is it the environment a person is raised into that shape's their ability to commit a crime. The basis
for this argument is the historical philosophical reference of nature versus nurture.
Nature refers to genes and hereditary factors that we are born with that shape our personality and
physical appearance. Nurture refers to the environmental factors that impact who we are such as
personal experiences, ethics and social relationships. However influences from both nature and
nurture seem to both play a major role on

Intelligence Between Intelligence And Psychometric Tests
Intelligence is one of the most heritable traits thus, people differ in intelligence ranges. Heritability
estimates range from 25% to 40% in early childhood to 80% in adulthood. These ranges may be in
specific domains but those who do well in one domain often do well in others, leading towards
general intelligence. In order to measure and evaluate differences in intelligence, psychometric tests
are used to cover cognitive domains. These cognitive domains are reasoning, processing speeds,
executive function, memory, and spatial ability. A definition of intelligence that is prominently used
by researchers is: "Intelligence is a very general capability that, among other things, involves the
ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly
and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test‑taking
smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings
'catching on', 'making sense' of things, or 'figuring out' what to do. Intelligence, so defined, can be
measured, and intelligence tests measure it well." Investigation of the presence of genetic influences
on general intelligence dates back to the nineteenth century, when Francis Galton published two
papers concluding that mental abilities were transmitted by heredity from one generation to
another15. Despite an intermittently hostile political reception, many studies since then – based
principally on

Evolution in Seed-Eating Finches
Evolution in Seed–Eating Finches
The purpose of this laboratory simulation is to determine the effects of different factors on the
evolution in isolated populations of seed–eating finches. The simulation takes place on hypothetical
islands each with a population of finches. The primary finch physical characteristic affected by
factors is the bill size which can change from smaller to larger. Larger bills are an advantage with
hard seeds while smaller bills are an advantage for eating soft seeds. The islands can vary by
physical size and precipitation levels. Larger islands can support a larger population. Higher
precipitation levels support plants with soft seeds while corresponding lower supports plants with
harder seeds. The number of eggs laid or "clutch size" can also be held static within the simulation.
In addition to physical parameters, this simulation will allow statistical variability changes including
the effect of the dominance of heritability and the statistical variations for the range of changes in
the trait of bill size.
The simulations will study the effect of changes of specific parameters for the different variables
while maintaining all non–variable parameters as constants. The result of this is to isolate the effect
of a specific change in a variable and determine how this change effects the evolution of the finches.
Evaluation 1: Change in Beak Size
Hypothesis: I
Plants that thrive under wet conditions make soft seeds, plants that persist in

Twins and Genetics Essay examples
Twins and Genetics
Behavioral genetics is a field of research that investigates the relative effects of heredity and
environment on behavior and ability (Plomin, 1997). Two of the primary methods used by
behavioral geneticists are the twin study method, first used by Galton (1975) in his studies of
heredity, and the adoption method.
In the twin study method, researchers studies identical twins (monozygotic twins) and fraternal
twins (dizygotic twins) to determine how much they resemble each other on a variety of
characteristics. Identical twins have exactly the same genes because a single sperm cell of the father
fertilizers a single egg of the mother, forming a cell that then splits and forms two human
beings–"carbon copies." But ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Probably the best way to assess the relative contributions of heredity and environment is to study
identical twins that have been separated at birth and raised apart. Although it seems amazing,
researchers have found that identical twins that are brought up in the same family are no more alike
as adults that are identical twins who are reared apart. When separated twins are found to have
strikingly similar traits, it is assumed that heredity has been a major contributor to those traits
heredity, and the adoption method. One of the most extensive investigation of twins raised in
separate homes is the Minnesota Study of Twins reared apart, which over the past 20 years has
studied hundreds of twin pairs who were separated early in life (Bouchard, 1994; Finkel et al.,
1995). This study, like others of its kind, has consistently found such striking psychological and
behavioral similarities between monozygotic twins that the important role of genes in personality
development can no longer be denied.
Typical is the case of Oskar Stohr and Jack Yufe, identical twins born of a Jewish father and
Christian mother in Trinidad in the 1930s. Soon after their birth, Oskar was taken to Nazi Germany
by his mother to be raised as a Catholic in a household consisting mostly of women. Jack was raised
as a Jew by his father, spending his childhood in the Caribbean and some of his adolescence in
Israel.
On the face of it, it would be difficult to imagine

Genetics & Human Behavior Essay
Genetics & Human Behavior
The world of Genetics is one that is both fascinating and interesting. When tackling how genetics
plays a role in behavior, one must look within the scope of what genetics is before dealing with how
it plays a significant role in one's behavior. Simply put, genetics is the study of genes. It is a
biological component within the entire study of biology itself. Scientists who study genetics and
perform research do so with the intent to learn more about how genetics affects the overall attitudes,
behaviors and dispositions of individuals. It could be said that genetics is somewhat of a
psychological–biological science as researchers look at the underlying patterns within the genes that
cause ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4) Parents, both of whom have a lethal recessive gene, can produce a child by cloning rather than
risk the one–in–four chance that their child will face an early death.
5) Clones could be produced to provide organs for transplants admittedly, transplant that could
jeopardize or even end a clone's life.
6) Other clones could be produced with unusually high or low mental capacities that would suit
them well to do socially needed tasks, for example, challenging problem solving or menial labor."
(Kilner, 2002)
By examining each aspect of this utility justification, human cloning has more
pros than cons. The autonomy justification speaks more to the aforementioned ethics
and morality issues regarding cloning itself. In terms of autonomy, there is a
tremendous amount of appeal amongst scientists and even laypeople for human
cloning. The problem lies with religious based groups and organizations and those
who deem this to be an issue with God. While that premise has some merit, the
overall arching aspect of autonomy gives credence to the thought that genetics does
indeed play a role in the behavioral parts of individuals. It therefore creates a mindset

that one is arguably selfish in their intent with regard to behavior.
There are some points of autonomy that directly affect the discussion regarding human cloning such
as: "personal freedom and reproductive
Decisions "

Genetic Heritability Of Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease(AD), accounts for approximately 70% of cases of dementia. As this disease
progresses, symptoms include problems with language, disorientation, mood swings,hallucinations,
depression, difficulty with self–care, and behavioral issues. Alzheimer's, causes brain cells to
degenerate and die, with this results in the destruction of memory and the ability to perform simple
tasks. However as the progression can vary, the average life expectancy is eight to 10 years after
diagnosis. The cause of Alzheimer's disease is unfortunately not fully understood. A probable
diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood
tests to rule out other possible causes. There is a recurring ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The changes that occur aren't significant enough to affect work or relationships. Those with MCI
have the chance of developing memory lapses involving conversations, recent events, or
appointments. Having the trouble judging the amount of time that is required for a task is a known
factor of this. Having the capability to make decisions on their own will become harder for people
with MCI. It is to be noted that not everyone with MCI has Alzheimer's disease. Mild dementia:
Mild dementia is the time when others and doctors begin to notice a significant difference leading to
the diagnosis of Alzheimer's. During this time people with mild dementia begin to experience:
memory loss, difficulty with performing simple tasks and problem solving, changes in personality,
and confusion. It is known that those that are experiencing mild dementia to grow restless or
agitated resulting in outbursts or aggressive behavior. Severe dementia: Otherwise known as the late
stage of Alzheimer's, is where mental function declines and movement and psychical activities
become an incapability to those diagnosed. In this stage, people generally have the loss of capability
to communicate coherently, in need of a personal caregiver 24/7, and experiences decline in
psychical

Two Definitions Of Heritability
Heritability
"The proportion of phenotypic variations (Vp) that is due to variations in genetic variations (Vg) is
called heritability" The concept of heritability plays a central role in the psychology of individual
differences. Heritability has two definitions. The first is a statistical definition, and it defines
heritability as the proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to genetic variance. The second
definition is more common "sensical". It defines heritability as the extent to which genetic
individual differences contribute to individual differences in observed behavior (or phenotypic
individual differences).
 Explanation: Because heritability is a proportion, its numerical value will range from 0.0 (genes
do not contribute ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Environmentability has an analogous interpretation to heritability. It is the proportion of phenotypic
variance attributable to environmental variance or the extent to which individual differences in the
environment contribute to individual differences in behavior. If the heritability of most human
behaviors is in the range of .30 to .60, then the environmentability of most human behaviors will be
in the range of .40 to .70. Heritability basically summarizes how much of variations in a trait is due
to variations in genetic factor, often this term is used with the reference to the resemblance between
parents and their offspring;
 High heritability means a strong resemblance between parent and offspring with regard to a
specific trait.
 Low heritability implies a low level of resemblance between parents and offspring.
 The phenotypes may vary between individual in a population because of both environment and
gene that affect the environment.
 Units of Expression of heritability: Heritability is usually expressed in the form of %. The value
of heritability ranges from 0 to 1. It is a good index of transmission of characters from parents to
offspring.
 Phenotypic similarities between

Dear John
Your Dad Loves You, I Can Tell, Even If You Can't Jael Zimmerman Westmoreland County
Community College Abstract Dear John by Nicholas Sparks uses two main characters, John's father
and Tim's brother Alan, to express the symptoms and complications of the psychological disorder
Asperger Syndrome. This disorder is considered a form of autism. People with this disorder will be
passionate about one or more topics, but will struggle with daily tasks. The novel provides an
extended metaphor through John's father through his obsessive interest in his coin collection, and is
difficulty in forming a relationship and communicating with his son as he attempts to raise him on
his own. Evidence from his routine schedule and his trouble in controlling ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
She has started a program for children with autism, and owns a farm where she encourages them to
ride horses, and help them have fun and to aid with their illness. John sells his dad's entire coin
collection to help find a cure for Tim's illness (Sparks, 2006). The story ends with the saying that
when you really love someone, you think about their happiness, more than your own. The novel
presents characters that represent the symptoms and complications of Autism and Asperger
Syndrome. Behavior is dysfunctional, when it interferes with a person's ability to function on a daily
basis (Davis&Palladino, 2007). Some of the more common characteristics of Asperger
Syndrome include difficulty in communication, problems expressing feelings, devotion to routine,
and obsessive interests in one or more topics (Jaffe, 2010). John's father, Mr. Tyree conveys
indication of the psychological disorder in his behavior throughout the entire novel. Even though
Mr. Tyree has raised John on his own, during the novel, there is not much communication between
the two. As a teenager and even as a adolescence, when John was home his father would greet him
the same way every morning simply saying good morning. They would eat breakfast and dinner in
silence. When he tried to discuss Savannah in a conversation, he didn't know what to say. The fact
that John could never talk to his

Fsp Case Study
The investigation of GSP as a possible proxy for measuring FSG levels first depended on defining
the relationship, if any, between FSG and GSP. Using the Mexican–American cohort, GSP values
were screened for their relationship with FSG, as well as HbA1c. This investigation revealed that
GSP is in fact a significant predictor of FSG levels (p<.00001). As a control measure, the
relationship between FSG and HbA1c was investigated, which expectedly proved that HbA1c is a
predicative measure of FSG levels (p<.00001). Conversely, the relationship proved that FSG is a
significant predictor of GSP levels (p<.00001). Similarly, it was revealed that HbA1c is a significant
predictor of GSP. The findings revealed by our analysis of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the additive genetic effects are represented by the heritability factor (H2R= 0.5899504).
Thus, 58.99% of the variation in GSP levels in the Mexican American cohort can be attributed to
genetic variation among individuals in that cohort. Furthermore, the phenotypic screen reported that
53.07% of variation seen in GSP levels among individuals of the Mexican–American cohort is due
specifically to the phenotypic covariates or traits that were significant and included in the final
model (Age, Sex, BMI, SBP, HDLC, HbA1c, Age*DIAB). Thus, this means that the 46.93% of the
variance in GSP levels is due to environmental correlation (e). The Jirel cohort was used for the
primary analysis of the heritability, due to the cohort consisting of a large number of interrelated
members, thus making genotypic and phenotypic correlations with GSP and anthropometric values
feasible to analyze. The heritability measure reported by the model including variance from
significant covariates (Sex, BMI, Sex–BMI, SBP) was reported to be 0.1509177, or 15.09%.
15.09% of the variance seen GSP levels among the Jirel cohort is due to additive genetic effects or
genetic variation among individuals of the population as based on our pleiotropic analysis.
Furthermore, 5.59% of the variance seen in GSP levels can be attributed to covariates that were
found to be significant: sex, BMI, sex–BMI interaction, and SBP. Using this data the environmental
correlation (e)

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