The document discusses factors that contribute to achievement gaps between different ethnic groups. It finds that black and Hispanic students change schools more often than white students, which can negatively impact literacy rates. Students from low socioeconomic backgrounds and urban environments face greater psychological and physical barriers. Implementing learner-centered programs in schools has been shown to increase achievement scores and develop skills like self-efficacy. To close achievement gaps, teachers must raise students' self-concepts and support is needed from the government and society beyond just within schools.

1. Achievement Gaps in Education: Findings of Different Ethnic Groups By Kevin Green Argosy University Online