Turley ch10

MMeeddiiccaall LLaanngguuaaggee
IImmmmeerrssee YYoouurrsseellff
THIRD EDITION
CHAPTER
Medical Language, Third Edition
Susan M. Turley
10
Neurology
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

LLeeaarrnniinngg OObbjjeeccttiivveess
1. Identify the structures of the nervous
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system.
2. Describe the process of nerve
transmission.
3. Describe common nervous system
diseases, laboratory and diagnostic
procedures, medical and surgical
procedures, and drug categories.

4. Give the medical meaning of word
parts and abbreviations related to the
nervous system.
5. Build nervous system words from word
parts and divide and define words.
6. Spell and pronounce nervous system
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words.
7. Analyze the medical content and
meaning of a neurology report.

8. Dive deeper into neurology by
reviewing the activities at the end of
this chapter and online at
www.myMedicalTerminologyLab.com.
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MMuullttiimmeeddiiaa DDiirreeccttoorryy
Slide 59 Autonomic Nervous System Animation
Slide 75 Aneurysms Video
Slide 81 Down Syndrome Video
Slide 86 Epilepsy Video
Slide 87 Febrile Seizures Animation
Slide 88 Seizures Animation
Slide 89 Seizures Video
Slide 95 Parkinson's Disease Video
Slide 100 C-Spine Immobilization Video
Slide 101 Spinal Cord Injury Animation
Slide 104 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Video
Slide 106 Multiple Sclerosis Animation
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MMuullttiimmeeddiiaa DDiirreeccttoorryy
Slide 111 PET Scans Animation
Slide 122 Pharmacy Technician Video
Slide 123 Electrodiagnostic Technician Video
Slide 124 Speech Pathology Video
Slide 125 Speech Pathology and Ethical Situations Video
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NNeeuurroollooggyy
10-1
• The medical specialty that studies the
anatomy and physiology of the nervous
system and uses diagnostic tests,
medical and surgical procedures, and
drugs to treat nervous system
diseases.

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Figure 10-1 Nervous system.
10-1

AAnnaattoommyy aanndd PPhhyyssiioollooggyy
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• Nervous System
 Found in every part of the body from
the head to the tips of the fingers and
toes
 Divided into central nervous system
(CNS) and peripheral nervous system
(PNS)
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AAnnaattoommyy aanndd PPhhyyssiioollooggyy
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• Nervous System
 CNS contains brain and spinal cord.
 PNS contains cranial nerves and spinal
nerves; can be divided into somatic and
autonomic nervous systems.
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Figure 10-2 Divisions of the nervous system.
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AAnnaattoommyy ooff tthhee
CCeennttrraall NNeerrvvoouuss SSyysstteemm
• Brain
 Located within the bony cranium
 Fills the cranial cavity
 Consists of the cerebrum (and its lobes),
thalamus, hypothalamus, ventricles,
brainstem, and cerebellum
 Surrounded by the meninges, three
layers of membranes
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• Cerebrum
 Largest and most obvious part of the
brain
 The cerebrum is divided into lobes.
 Each lobe has the same name as the
cranial bone that is above it.
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• Frontal Lobe of the Cerebrum
 Originates conscious thought and
intelligence.
 Predicts future events and the benefits
or consequences of actions.
 Coordinates and analyzes information
coming from other lobes of the
cerebrum.
 Exerts conscious, voluntary control over
the skeletal muscles.
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• Frontal Lobe of the Cerebrum
 Coordinates the muscles of the mouth,
lips, tongue, pharynx, and larynx to
produce speech.
 Analyzes sensory information about
taste from the taste receptors in the
tongue and throat.
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• Parietal Lobe of the Cerebrum
touch, temperature, vibration, and pain
from receptors in the skin, joints, and
muscles
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• Temporal Lobe of the Cerebrum
hearing from receptors in the cochlea of
the inner ear
smells from olfactory receptors in the
nose
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• Occipital Lobe of the Cerebrum
vision from receptors in the retina of the
eye.
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Figure 10-3 Lobes of the cerebrum.
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Figure 10-4 Midline cut section of the brain.
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Custom Medical Stock Photo
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• Cerebrum
 A very deep fissure divides the
cerebrum into right and left halves;
each half is a hemisphere.
 The only connection between the right
and left hemispheres is the corpus
callosum, an arch of nerves that allows
the two hemispheres to communicate
with each other and coordinate their
activities.
10-1

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• Right Hemisphere of the Cerebrum
 Recognizes faces, patterns, and three-dimensional
structures
 Analyzes the emotional content of words
but not the actual words
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• Left Hemisphere of the Cerebrum
 Performs mathematical and logical
reasoning and problem-solving and
coordinates the recall of memories
 Contains the speech center and is
important in language skills
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Figure 10-5 Posterior half of the brain.
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Figure 10-6 Left-brain thinking.
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• Cerebrum surface has elevated folds
(gyri) and narrow grooves (sulci).
• The cerebral cortex, or gray matter, is
the outermost layer of tissue.
• Beneath the gray matter, the white
matter of the cerebrum is composed of
the axons of neurons.
• Most of these axons are covered by a
fatty, white, insulating layer of myelin.

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• Thalamus
 Located near the center of the cerebrum
 Acts as a relay station, receiving
sensory information from the cranial
nerves and the spinal nerves and
sending it to the midbrain and cerebrum
 Part of the limbic system that deals with
emotions
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• Hypothalamus
 Located below the thalamus
 Has a stalk of blood vessels and nerves
that connects it to the pituitary gland;
functions as part of both the endocrine
and nervous systems
 Coordinates the activities of the pons
and medulla oblongata that control the
heart rate, blood pressure, and
respiratory rate
10-1

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• Hypothalamus
 Regulates body temperature and
sensations of hunger and thirst
 Plays a role in emotions and the sexual
drive
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• Ventricles
 Four interconnected cavities within the
brain
 Lined with ependymal cells that produce
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear fluid
that cushions and protects the brain and
contains glucose and other nutrients
10-1

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• Brainstem
 Column of tissue that begins in the
center of the brain and continues
inferiorly until meeting the spinal cord
 Composed of the midbrain, the pons,
and the medulla oblongata
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• Brainstem
 Midbrain coordinates immediate reflex
responses, maintains muscle tone and
position of extremities, contains the
substantia nigra that produces
dopamine.
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• Brainstem
 Pons is the middle part of the
brainstem; relays nerve impulses from
the spinal cord to the midbrain,
hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebrum.
 Medulla oblongata contains centers that
set the respiratory rate and control the
heart rate.
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• Cerebellum
 Receives sensory information about
muscle tone and body position and uses
this to help maintain balance
 Receives information from the cerebrum
about motor commands and makes
minor adjustments to coordinate these
movements
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• Meninges
 The brain is surrounded by the
meninges, three separate membrane
layers.
• Dura mater
• Outermost, tough, fibrous layer that
protects the brain.
• Arachnoid
• Middle layer. Subarachnoid space is filled
with CSF.
10-1

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• Meninges
 The brain is surrounded by the
meninges, three separate membrane
layers.
• Pia mater
• Innermost layer. This is a thin, delicate
membrane next to the brain that contains
many small blood vessels.
10-1

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Figure 10-7 Meninges.
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• Spinal Cord
 Part of the central nervous system
 A long, narrow column of neural tissue
within the spinal cavity (or spinal canal)
 Protected by the vertebrae
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Figure 10-8 Spinal cord.
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PPeerriipphheerraall NNeerrvvoouuss SSyysstteemm
• Cranial Nerves
 Part of the peripheral nervous system
 There are 12 pairs of them.
 Some receive sensory information from
the body.
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• Cranial Nerves
 Others send motor commands from the
brain to voluntary muscles (to move the
face, head, neck) or to involuntary
muscles (to slow heart rate)
 Some carry both sensory and motor
nerve impulses
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Table 10-1 Cranial Nerves
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Table 10-1 (continued) Cranial Nerves
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• Spinal Nerves
 Part of the peripheral nervous system
 There are 31 pairs that originate at
regular intervals along the spinal cord.
 Each spinal nerve has two different
groups of nerve roots that connect it to
the spinal cord: dorsal nerve roots and
ventral nerve roots.
10-1

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Figure 10-9 Spinal nerves.
10-1

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• Spinal Nerves
 Dorsal nerve roots receive sensory
information from the skin, muscles, and
joints; afferent nerve root.
 Ventral nerve roots carry motor
commands from the spinal cord to
skeletal muscles and involuntary smooth
muscles; efferent nerve root.
10-1

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• A reflex is a rapid, involuntary muscle
reaction that is controlled by the spinal
cord.
• The spinal cord reacts immediately to
certain types of sensory information,
such as sudden pain.

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• Autonomic Nervous System
 Controls the involuntary contractions of
cardiac muscle in the heart, as well as
smooth muscles around organs, glands,
and other structures
 Can be broken down into two divisions:
• Parasympathetic division
• Sympathetic division
10-1

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• Parasympathetic Division
 Active during “rest and digest” activities
 Decreases heart rate, blood pressure,
and metabolic rate
 Changes the diameter of the pupils in
response to the level of light
 Increases peristalsis in the GI tract
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• Parasympathetic Division
 Causes secretion of saliva, digestive
enzymes, and insulin
 Prepares the body for sexual activity
 Contracts the bladder for urination
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• Sympathetic Division
 Active when body is active or exercising
 Increases mental alertness
 Dilates pupils to optimize vision
 Increases heart rate and metabolic rate
 Raises blood pressure
 Increases air flow to the lungs
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• Sympathetic Division
 Increases respiratory rate
 Causes release of stored glucose to
meet increased energy needs
 Prepares the body for “fight or flight”
10-1

AAuuttoonnoommiicc NNeerrvvoouuss SSyysstteemm
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AAnniimmaattiioonn
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system.
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• Somatic Nervous System
 Controls the voluntary movements of
skeletal muscles
 Motor commands are the result of
conscious thoughts in the brain.
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• Neurons and Neuroglia
 Neural tissue is made up of two
categories of cells: neurons and
neuroglia.
 A neuron, an individual nerve cell, is the
functional unit of the nervous system.
 Nerves are bundles of individual nerve
cells (neurons).
 Neuroglia perform specialized tasks to
help neurons do their work.
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Table 10-2 Neuroglia
10-1

Physiology ooff aa NNeeuurroonn aanndd
NNeeuurroottrraannssmmiitttteerrss
• A neuron is the functional unit of the
nervous system and consists of three
parts:
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 Dendrites
 Cell body
 Axon
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• Dendrites
 Multiple branching structures at the
beginning of the neuron
• Cell body
 Contains the nucleus, which directs
cellular activities
 Contains cytoplasm; structures in the
cytoplasm produce neurotransmitters as
well as energy for the neuron
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• Axon
 An elongated extension of cytoplasm at
the end of the neuron
 Larger axons are covered by a fatty,
white insulating layer of myelin that
dramatically increases the speed at
which an electrical impulse can travel
along the axon
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• Axon
 A neurotransmitter released by the axon
of one neuron travels across the
synapse and binds with a receptor on
the cell membrane of a dendrite of the
next neuron, producing an electrical
impulse.
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Figure 10-10 Neuron.
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Table 10-3 Neurotransmitters
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DDiisseeaasseess
• Brain
 Amnesia
 Anencephaly
 Aphasia
 Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
 Brain tumor
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Table 10-4 Types of Brain Tumors
10-3

Table 10-4 (continued) Types of Brain Tumors
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10-3

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Figure 10-11 Glioma.
Simon Fraser/Photo Researchers, Inc.
10-3

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DDiisseeaasseess
• Brain
 Cephalalgia
 Cerebral palsy (CP)
 Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
 Coma
 Concussion
 Dementia
 Down syndrome
10-3

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Figure 10-12 Cerebrovascular accident.
10-3

AAnneeuurryyssmmss VViiddeeoo
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10-3

Figure 10-13 Patient with a cerebrovascular accident.
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Figure 10-14 Concussion.
HENNY RAY ABRAMS/AFP/Getty Images
10-3

Figure 10-15 PET scan of a normal brain.
Science Photo Lib./Custom Medical Stock Photo
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10-3

Figure 10-16 PET scan of the brain of a patient with Alzheimer's disease.
Science Photo Library/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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10-3

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Figure 10-17 Down syndrome.
PhotoLink/Getty Images
10-3

DDoowwnn SSyynnddrroommee VViiddeeoo
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10-3

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dys- = painful
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DDiisseeaasseess
• Brain
 Dyslexia
 Encephalitis
 Epilepsy
10-3
lex/o-
-ia
difficult;
abnormal
= word
= condition; state;
thing

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Figure 10-18 Dyslexia.
Will & Deni McIntyre/Photo Researchers, Inc.
10-3

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Figure 10-19 Epilepsy.
K. Glaser & Associates/Custom Medical Stock Photos
10-3

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Table 10-5 Seizures
10-3

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EEppiilleeppssyy VViiddeeoo
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10-3

FFeebbrriillee SSeeiizzuurreess AAnniimmaattiioonn
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10-3

SSeeiizzuurreess AAnniimmaattiioonn
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SSeeiizzuurreess VViiddeeoo
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SSppiinnaall CCoorrdd IInnjjuurryy AAnniimmaattiioonn
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of spinal cord injury.
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Spinal Cord
Injury
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DDiisseeaasseess
• Nerves
 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
 Anesthesia
 Bell's palsy
 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
 Guillain-Barré syndrome
 Hyperesthesia
10-3

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DDiisseeaasseess
• Nerves (con't)
 Multiple sclerosis (MS)
 Neuralgia
 Neuritis
 Neurofibromatosis
 Neuroma
 Neuropathy
 Paresthesia
10-3
neur/o-
-pathy
= nerve
= disease

LLaabboorraattoorryy aanndd DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc
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PPrroocceedduurreess
• Laboratory Tests
 Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination
• Radiologic and Nuclear Medicine
Procedures
 Cerebral angiography
 Computed axial tomography (CAT, CT)
 Doppler ultrasonography
10-3

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poly-= many; much
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• Other Diagnostic Tests
 Electroencephalography (EEG)
 Evoked potential testing
 Nerve conduction study
 Polysomnography
10-3
somn/o-
-graphy
= sleep
= process of
recording

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• Medical Procedures
 Mini mental status examination (MMSE)
 Neurologic examination
 Spinal traction
 Transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation (TENS) unit
10-3

DDrruugg CCaatteeggoorriieess
• These categories of drugs are used to
treat neurologic diseases:
 Analgesic drugs
 Antiepileptic drugs
 Corticosteroid drugs
 Drugs for Alzheimer's disease
 Drugs for neuralgia and neuropathy
 Drugs for Parkinson's disease
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AAbbbbrreevviiaattiioonnss
AFP alpha fetoprotein
ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AVM arteriovenous malformation
BAEP brainstem auditory evoked potential
BAER brainstem auditory evoked response
CNS central nervous system
CP cerebral palsy
CRPS chronic regional pain syndrome
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
CT, CAT computed (axial) tomography
CTS carpal tunnel syndrome
CVA cerebrovascular accident
EEG electroencephalogram,
electroencephalography
END electroneurodiagnostic (technician)
GCS Glasgow Coma Scale (or Score)
HNP herniated nucleus pulposus
ICP intracranial pressure
LOC loss of consciousness
LP lumbar puncture
MMSE mini mental status examination
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
MS* multiple sclerosis
NICU neurologic intensive care unit (pronounced
”NIK-yoo”)
PET positron emission tomography
REM rapid eye movement
RIND reversible ischemic neurologic deficit
SCI spinal cord injury
SSEP somatosensory evoked potential
SSER somatosensory evoked response
TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
(unit)
TIA transient ischemic attack
VEP visual evoked potential
VER visual evoked response
10-4

EElleeccttrrooddiiaaggnnoossttiicc
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pathology.
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10-8

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