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1. • the study of heredity and variation. It aims to
understand how traits can be passed on to the
next generation
• Heredity - traits are passed on from parents to
offspring.
• Variation - demonstrates differences among
individuals.

2. • Austrian Monk who
discovered the basic
principles of heredity
through experiments in
his garden specifically
with pea plants.
• Father of Genetics

3. • Phenotype –observable or detectable
characteristics of an individual(ex. Tall,
short, color of the eyes)
• Genotype – genetic makeup of an
individual (ex.TT, Tt, tt)
• Homozygous – having same allele(AA,aa)
• Heterozygous – consisting of two different
allele(Aa)

4. • Alleles –alternate forms or varieties of a
gene
• Dominant Allele – allele that mask the
presence of recessive allele in the
phenotype
• Recessive Allele – allele that is masked in
the phenotype by the presence of
dominant allele. It is expressed when the

5. The Mendelian patterns of Inheritance were further explored by
modern geneticists for reason that there were other outcomes of
experimentations and inquiries that cannot answered by the Laws of

6. • One pattern discovered is that one allele is not
completely dominant over the other allele resulting
in the blending of characteristics or the
appearance of an intermediate phenotype
possessed by two parents.
• Example: Flower color of Hibiscus .
(gumamela) and Mirabilis jalapa (four o’clock
flower). The crossed between a red-colored flower
and another white-colored flower would result in the
production of offspring that are pink-colored.

8. P1 : Red flowers(RR) x White
flowers(WW)

9. X
RW RW
Genotypes:
Phenotypes:

11. • In some cases, the
heterozygous
characteristics are both
fully expressed in the F1
offspring.
• Example: coat color in
cattle, both red and white
coat colors in cattle are

12. R R
W
RW
(Roan)
RW
(Roan)
W
RW
(Roan)
RW
(Roan)
Genotypes:
4:0 or 100% RW
Phenotypes:
4:0 0r 100% Roan
coat

13. 1.In horses, chestnut and white color are both
dominant. Horses heterozygous for this trait
are golden tan in color. Suppose a golden tan
horse is bred to a white –colored horse.
CC-chestnut color; WW-white color; CW-golden tan in
color
CW x WW

14. 2. In watermelons, dark green skin color in fruits is
dominant over light green skin color. When two
watermelons were crossed, their offspring all have skin
colors that are light green with stripes of dark green.
• What are the genotypes of the two parents? Of the
offspring formed?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
Genotypes:
4:0 or 100% DL
Phenotype:
4:0 or 100% light green
with stripes of dark
green

15. 3. In cats, black and tan fur colors are both
dominant. When a cat with a black color is mated
to a cat with tan color, the offspring produced will
have a fur with tabby pattern. Suppose a
black(BB)cat mated with a tabby cat(BT).
B B
B ? ?
T ? ?

17. • Traits are controlled by multiple
alleles.
• Example:
Human blood groups – A, B, AB and O.
Coat color in Rabbits-Agouti, Chinchilla,
Himalayan and Albino.

18. Phenotype
(blood
group)
Genotype
s
antigens on
red blood
cells
plasma
antibodies
A IAIA, IAIO A anti-B
B IBIB, IBIO B anti-A
AB IAIB A and B none
O ii none anti-A and
anti-B

19. Blood type A Blood type B
IA
i 𝑥 IB
i
Genotypes:
Phenotypes:
IA i
IB
i

20. Genotypes:
Phenotypes:
IA IB
i
i