Day care centers expose children to a wider variety of germs than th.pdf

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Day care centers expose children to a wider variety of germs than the children would be exposed to if they stayed at home more often. This has the obvious downside of more frequent colds and other illnesses, but it also serves to challenge the immune system of children at a critical stage in their development. A study by Gilham et al. (2005) tested whether social activity outside the house in young children affected their probabilty of later developing the white blood cell disease acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common cancer of children. They compared 1272 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia to 6238 children without acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Of the acute lymphoblastic leukemia kids, 1020 had significant social activity outside the home (including day care) when younger. Of the kids without acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 5343 had significant social activity outside the home. The rest of the children in both groups lacked regular contact with children who were not in their immediate surroundings. a.) Is this an experimental or observational study? b.) What are the proportions of children with significant social activity in children with and without acute lymphoblastic leukemia? c.) What is the odds ratio for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, comparing the groups with and without significant social activity? d.) What is the 95% confidence interval for this odds ratio? e.) Does this confidence interval indicate that the amount of social activity is associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia? If so, did the children with more social activity have a higher or lower occurence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia? f.) The researchers interpreted their study results in terms of the differing immune system exposure of the children, but gave several alternative explanations for the pattern. Can you think of any possible cofounding variables? Solution.

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Ethics and Childhood Vaccination Policy in the United States Childhood immunization in- volves a balance between parents’ autonomy in deciding whether to immunize their children and the benefits to public healthfrommandatingvaccines. Ethical concerns about pediatric vaccination span several public health domains, including those of policymakers, clinicians, and other professionals. In light of ongoing developments and debates, we discuss several key ethical issues concerning childhood immunization in the United States and describe how they affect policy development and clinical practice. We focus on ethical con- siderations pertaining to herd immunity as a community good, vaccine communication, dis- missal of vaccine-refusing fam- ilies from practice, and vaccine mandates. Clinicians and policymakers need to consider the nature and timing of vaccine-related discussions and invoke delib- erative approaches to policy- making. (Am J Public Health. 2016;106:273–278. doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2015.302952) Kristin S. Hendrix, PhD, Lynne A. Sturm, PhD, Gregory D. Zimet, PhD, and Eric M. Meslin, PhD, FCAHS Following the December2014 measles outbreak at a popular amusement park in California,1,2 which spread to other states, Canada, and Mex- ico, there has been increased attention to US childhood immunization practices. A recent study attributed the outbreak to underimmunization,3 and several policymakers have called for an end to religious and phil- osophical (i.e., personal-belief) exemptions altogether, with the state of California passing legis- lation removing the option of personal-belief exemptions.4,5 Political candidates have expressed various viewpoints on vaccination.6 In light of these developments, we discuss several key ethical issues concerning childhood immunization in the United States and describe how they affect policy development and clinical practice. There are a myriad of ethical issues regarding such topics as vaccination development, administration, communication, and safety monitoring. We focus on a few key ethical issues concerning childhood immunization in the United States—what we refer to as a “vaccine ethics” approach— and describe how such an approach affects policy development and clinical immunization practice. VACCINE ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS In a time of growing hesita- tion, uncertainty, and opposition concerning childhood vaccines, the developed world is witness- ing a resurgence of vaccine- preventable illnesses.7–9 Although the spread of antivaccine and vaccine-fear sentiments has be- come common through social networks, both online and in person,10,11 a growing body of research argues that such sentiments are multidimensional and nuanced.12,13 Although sensible public policy is often consistent with public sentiment, there are in- stances in which empirical data can give conflicting input about the ethical acceptability of policy. In vaccine policy, this is espe ...

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13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University PSY-550: Research Methods Dr. Shari Schwartz May 19, 2021 Introduction Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%. The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...

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Part A - Lymph Node Structure and Function Using no more than 14 propositions, create a Concept Map to determine the structure and function of lymph nodes. Part B - Spleen Structure and Function Using no more than 14 propositions, create a Concept Map to determine the structure and function of the spleen. Concept Map: Lymphatic Circulation lymphatic capillaries contain (s) structures that prevent backflow, called valves conduct(s) lymph toward the skeletal muscle allow(s) for the movement of blood heart plasma and interstitial fluid into the blood capillaries include(s) the lacteals that transport a white, lymphatic vessels and fatty fluid called trunks transport (s) lymph due to the pumping action of the chyle Solution Blood capillaries allow(s) for the movement of blood plasma and interstitial fluid into the lymphatic vessels and trunks. Lymphatic capillaries contain structures that prevent backflow, called valves. Lymphatic capillaries conduct lymph towards the heart. They transport lymph due to the pumping action of the skeletal muscle. The lymphatic vessels and trunks include(s) the lacteals that transport a white, fatty fluid called chyle. Lymph nodes filter debris and foreign matter from the lymphatic fluid. A lymph node is surrounded by the fibrous capsule. Beneath the capsule, the node contains specific tissues called cortex and medulla. It contains fluid filled spaces called the sinuses. It also contains macrophages suspended on a network of reticular fibers. The lymph nodes are served by fluid- conducting vessels at the hilum called the afferent lymph vessels..

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When you digest a sample of your protein with Chymotrypsin you get a.pdf

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What type of rock can be dated with radiometric methods? Solution the metamorphic rock and Igneous rock & melt, all are vey slowly cooling and we can measure radioactivity decay unless or until it cool down below it’s the closure temperature.and more frequently used radiometric dating technique are depending on breakdown of the Potassium [40K] to -argon [40Ar]. sharp measurement of 40K to-- 40Ar amount in the igneous rock can tell you the real amount of time has been passed since this rock crystallized.for the sedimentary rocks we used Carbon-14 method for young rock( >50,00 years old rock) . This method is depend upon uptake of the naturally occured radioactive isotope like carbon-14,when living organism dead than stop accumulating carbon-14 atomes in body,over a time dead living things incorprated into the sedimentary rock, and geo-scientist calculate radiometric dating by using this carbon-14 atoms.this method used to measure the age of meteorites, Earth , ages of fossils, Moon, also early man, ages of mineral deposits, timing of glaciations, recurrence the rates of volcanic, earthquakes & eruptions Geologists scientist use this radiometric dating method to estimate or determine that how long ago back rocks were formed, & give information of ages of the fossils that contained within rocks. Naturally occurring various radioactive elements in the universe, and we know that Radioactive atoms are generally inherently unstable ,in radioactive \"large atoms\" decay into the stable small daughter atoms.in general When the molten rock cool & forming rock are know as igneous rocks a lot of radioactive atom were trapped inside the rock. than they starte decaying at the perticular expected rate. By determine the number of unstable atoms are left in rock & compare to the number of stable molecule of daughter atoms in a rock, geologist can be estimated the amount of the time is over since the perticularly rock formed.but the Fossils are frequently found in sedimentary rock,& not in the igneous rock. Sedimentary rocks can be use to dated a radioactively,carbon, but the problem is carbon decays vey quickly, this method can only work for the younger rocks age about 50 thousand years. So that in order to measure or date rock & older fossils, geologist scientists used layer of the volcanic ash & igneous rock below and above the fossil.geo- Scientists date the igneous rock by using elements which slow to decay, like uranium & potassium..

What type of rock can be dated with radiometric methodsSolution.pdf

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