this presentation describes - introduction, B.s,c.c and uses of withania,senna,echinacea,boswelia,guggul.detail in worldwide trade import - export of medicinal plant.Medicinal plant prohibited to export from india as well as prohibited to import in india.Refrences

1. Presented by-jyoti D.padalkar
Guided by-Falgun Dhabaliya

2. INDEX
medicinal plants
World wide trades
- Exportation & importation on Global basis
-Medicinal plants exported from india
-Medicinal plants imported in india
-Medicinal plants prohibited to export from india
Trade of:-
withania, senna,echinacea,boswellia,guggul
GTU que.
References

3. introduction
In ayurveda about 2000 plant species
considered for med.purpose.Chinese
pharmacopoeia list 5,700 plant species trade.
India recognizes more than 2500 plant species
med.value.
Himalayan yew(taxus)-become traded species.
Senna being grown in arid region of india.
The EXIM bank of india reported the value of
med.plant relted trade in india of the order of
5.5 billion US$ ,still it is growing.

4. According to, WHO the international market of
herbal products is estimated to be US $ 62
billion which grow to US $ 5 trilion by the year
2050.
India’s share in global export market of
med.plants related trade is <0.5%.
Med.plants area can become a huge export
opportunity after fulfilling domestic needs.

5. • Asia are responsible for 42 % of the annual
global importation and Europe for one third.
Regarding single countries, the import share
of the USA is 13 % and of Germany 11%.
Global market:china,france,japan,UK & US,italy
1)Japan-Highest consumption of botanical
medicines in the world,in1996 was estimated
at 2.4 billion US$.
2)China-total output is 1.6 million
tones(cultivated & wild harvest sources both).
13 Top company producing traditional chinese
medicines(TCMs)

6. In 1983- 28% doctor used TCM but in 1989 this figure
had risen to 69%.
The herbal supplement have achieved major successes
in chinese product.
3)United state-trade has been growing at an average of
10% /annum.
- US make a special regulation for herbal medicine that
don’t use mixture of herbs.
4)india-it has been the major supplier of medicinal plants
in the world market till 1967 but south korea replaced
india & take 1st position.
Export value only Rs 15 crores during 1978-79
Export value Rs 29 crores during 1967-77
Exported crude drugs about 62 crores(1988-89)

7. A.N. Kalia, Text book of Industrial pharmacognosy, First
edition :2005, P.No:10
The average annual export of medicinal and aromatic plants
from Sudan was US$10 million during 1995-1999.
The six leading importers were Hong Kong, Japan, Germany,
South Korea, France, USA.
As per ITC the market of cosmetic is raised by US$72.1 from
US$52.9. in 1971.
Trade in medicinal plant is growing in vol. and ultimately in
export
Trade is simple import and export/ exchange of goods for the
benificial of human being.

8. • With increased demands for the resources
available, a number of important plant species
have become scarce in areas where they were
previously abundant.
• If their collection and use is not regulated, some
species may become threatened with extinction.
In recent years, the use of medicinal and aromatic
plants (MAPs) has increased greatly in western
countries, but also in places such as India and
China. In Europe, at least 2,000 MAP species are
traded commercially, 1,200 to 1,300 of these
being native to Europe.
• The increase in demand for MAPs is putting
pressure on natural resources. The European
Plant Conservation Strategy (EPCS) states that
90% of MAP species native to Europe are still
collected from the wild .

9. • Aromatic Plant: medicinal plants are those whose active
ingredients are composed wholly or partly by essences. They
represent a 0.66% of the medicinal plants.
• The following main industrial uses in order of importance,
that used medicinal plants, are: big supplier to herborist,
extraction of essential oil and industry.
• Species that have currently the most economic yield for its
high consumption are Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) and
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) (Moré, 1998) which
in country such as German with a turnover of around $
71,000 and $ 10,000 for each specie According to European
vegetal product turnover in 1996 (Gruenwald, 1998),
German consume 50% of this kind of product, this is
supposed a 42,9 $ annual per capita, following by France
($31,2) and Italy ($12,2). In Spain, the consumption is only
$7,6 but it trends to grow in a future until reaching
European consumption rate of the country such as German.

11. Plant exported from
india
Plant imported in india Plant Prohibited to
export
Opium
alkaloids(papaver
somniferum)
Piper longum Dioscoria deltoida
Quinine
alko.(chinchona)
Asafoetida(frrula
asafoetida)
Gentian kurroo
Senna(cassia
angustifolia)
Clove(Eugenia
caryophyllus)
Euphorbia species
Isabgul(plantago
ovata)
Gum-arabic(acacia
arabica)
Podophyllum
hexandrum
Neem(azadirachta
indica)
Chirata(swertia
chirata)
Rauwolfia serpentina
Ginseng(panax
ginseng)
Swertia chirata
Withania somnifera Picrohiza kurrooa
Cinchona officinalis

12. Plant exported from india
Aconitum napellus
Aloe barbadensis Mille
Atropa belladonna
acorus calamus
cassia tora
digitalis purpurea
Ephedra sinica

13. withania
• B.S-it consist of the dried
roots of withania somnifera
• F-solanaceae
• C.C-heterogenous alkaloids-
Hygrine,
isopelletierine
cuscohygrine,
anahygrine,
withasomine,withaferine A
• Use-tonic,aphrodisiac,sedative in insomnia,asthma,T.B,
leacorrhoea,adaptogen

14. • Withania somnifera is cultivated in many of the drier regions of
India, such as Mandsaur District of Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,
Sindh, Gujarat,Kerala and Rajasthan. It is also found in Nepal,
China and Yemen.
export analysis::
1)total Value & Volume of Exports in India
• Total Value $6,582,385
• Total Quantity -1,963,739 tones
• Average price per unit- $3.35
• Average value per shipment -$6,039
2)Top Suppliers
• United States $4,138,414
• Australia $472,323
• China $375,367
3)Top Ports of Discharge
• Delhi Air Cargo $1,488,139
• Bangalore $1,032,590
• Nhava Sheva Sea $1,020,05

15. Marketed formulation

16. Senna
• B.s-it consist dried leaflets
of cassia senna(c.acutifolia),
Tinnevelly senna(c.angustifolia)
F-leguminosae
• C.c-2.5% sennosides A&B,glycosides
of heterodianthrones of rhein-anthrone,emodin
• Use-purgative,cathartic,it given alone cause griping
thus they are usually combined with carminatives
haemhoridial-after anorectal operation,anal fissure

17. Senna(sonamukhi)

18. Farmer Grade
Senna for sorting
Placing Senna on
conveyer belt for
sorting

19. Segregation of
senna pods from
stems
segregation of
senna stems and
flowers

20. Segregation of senna
Packing unit for
Senna

21. Compressing unit for
Senna
Compressed Bales of
Senna Leaves Net
Wt.100 Kgs

22. Compressed Bales of
Senna Leaves Net
Wt.160 Kgs Senna leaves

23. Senna pods Senna pods &
leaves sorted

24. Sorted senna Checking quality of
sorted senna

25. • The number of species is estimated to be from about
260 to 350.The type species for the genus is Senna
alexandrina, About 50 species of Senna are known in
cultivation.
• The chief centers of trade in india are
Tuticorin,madurai,mumbai & calcutta.
• India is the major supplier of the leaves & pods as well
the glycosides to the world market.
• Approx 75% of senna product in india is exported.the
most important markets are
germany,japan,zechoslovakia,USA,Hong
kong,spain,italy & united arab Emirates.
• In 1987-88,india had exported about 6000 tonnes
valued about 35 lakh rupees.
• Now,india export >10,000 tonnes of drug @
Rs.50,000/kg.

26. Marketed formulation

27. Echinacea
B.S-herbaceous flowering plants
Echinacea angustifolia ,
E.purpurea
F- Asteraceae
c.c- acco.to species Echinacoside
cichoric acid
alkylamides
polyacetylenes
Use-viral infection
immune stimulant
Respiratory tract infection
UTI
Detoxifying

28. Habitate-native to central parts of US
E.purpurea-which is easier to growth ,now
cultivated in Europe & US.

29. Marketed formulation

30. Boswelia
B.s-it consist branching tree of boswelia
serrata,B.sacra,B.nana,
B.socotrana,B.dioscoridis
F-Burseraceae
c.c-Four pentacyclic triterpene acids,
ꭤ-thujene &p-cymene,
beta-boswellic acid
Use-chronic inflam.illness,for vitiated conditions of pitta
Osteoarthritis,dysentery,Ashma,Rheumatoid
arthritis(RA)
Gum resins-fever,convulsion,syphilitic disease
in many cases it better than drugs like
phenylbutazone & any anti-inflam.drugs.

31. World wide trade
Frankincense(resin from boswelia tree)
-its tree produced resin in somalia,from which
the roman catholic church purchases most of
its stock ,it treated on north africa.
-it is also a dominant component of desert-
woodland on the escarpment moutains in
dhotar in oman,extending into yemen.
-the drug include in IUCN red list.

32. • The plant is native to much of india & punjab
region that extends into pakistan.
• Salai gum or indian oli banum is the gum-resin
obtained from species of boswelia serrata
Roxb.occurs in india.
• production in india-50 tons/annum
• major producing-india,pak.
Industrial application:-
1)Salai gum resin is traditionally used b’coz it’s
very unique fragrance.

33. Marketed formulation

34. guggulu
B.s-Indian bdellium-tree,flowering
plant of Commiphora wightii
F-Burseraceae
-dry gum resin obtained from
the bark of the tree. The gum
contains minerals, resin, volatile
oils, sterols, ferulates, flavones, sterones,
and other chemical constituents.

35. c.c-guggulsterone ,gugulipid(extract of gum
guggul)
-One chemical ingredient in the extract is the
steroid guggulsterone
use-Hyperlipidemia
Anti-infla.&cardiovascular effects
use in cancer
obesity, and diabetes.
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis

36. world wide trade
• Major producing countries:India, Pakistan and UAE
• Comiphora wightii has been a key component in
ancient Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine. However,
because of its overuse, it has become so scarce in its
two habitats in India — Gujarat and Rajasthan - that
the World Conservation Union (IUCN) has enlisted it in
its Red Data List of endangered species.
• India's National Medicinal Plants Board launched a
project in Kutch District to cultivate 500 to 800 hectares
(1,200 to 2,000 acres)
• that is native to India, Arabia and Pakistan. It is found
in the arid, rocky tracts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh and Karnataka in India.

37. • Yield : A healthy tree yields 250-500 grams of
gum-resin in one season, and guggal plants
typically begin yielding resin after five years.
Starting from the sixth year, yield of gum resin
increases from 200 to 400gm per plant.

38. • In most cases – and unlike some other natural
gums and resins, notably gum arabic and
benzoin – frankincense, myrrh and opoponax
are not specifically recorded in trade statistics,
and this makes the task of quantifying
international trade almost impossible. The
reason for not separating imports or exports
of these items in the published statistics is
simply,
• because the size of the trade does not
warrant it. Imports of the resins, where they
occur, are subsumed within the natural gums
and resins category of commodities.

39. • Fortunately, China – an important market for
frankincense and myrrh – does record the resins
separately in its import statistics, and so, too, does
Saudi Arabia – an important regional market.
• In all other cases the best that can be done is to
identify within the import data relating to, say, the
European Union and the United States, those
countries of origin under the‘Other natural gums and
resins’ heading (from which e.g. gum arabic has been
excluded) which are producers of the three resins (or
countries in the producing region that may serve as
intermediaries in international trade).

40. -if all reasonable steps are taken to exclude gums
& resins other than frankincense, myrrh and-
-opoponax (particularly gum arabic) for these
countries, then the resulting data may give some
clue as to the magnitude of the trade.
- It is worth noting that if the Chinese import
statistics are examined at the hierarchical level
below that for ‘Olibanum, myrrh and dragon’s
blood’ (13019020) i.e. ‘Other natural gums,

41. • resins, gum-resins and balsams’ [excluding
lacs and gum arabic] (130190), then although
the total volumes for each year are much
greater for the latter category, the volumes for
e.g.Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti are
precisely the same for both categories.

42. • In other words, use of the ‘Other natural gums
and resins’ heading for China would have
correctly identified the imports from these
countries as being those of interest in this study.
• In the discussion below, data for Somalia,
Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Yemen, United Arab
Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Djibouti have been
extracted from the published statistics.
in addition, Sudan has been included as a country
of origin in the import data for China since the
Chinese statistics specify frankincense and myrrh;
in the European Union and United States-

43. -statistics it would be unwise to do so because
any such data could inadvertently include
karaya and other gums and resins Sudan is
known to produce.
• A discussion of estimates of total world
production and trade of,-
Chinese statistics specify frankincense and
myrrh; in the European Union and United
States statistics it would be unwise to do so
because any such data could inadvertently
include karaya and other gums and resins
Sudan is known to produce.

44. Marketed formulation

45. Gtu que.
1)What are the staff requirements for the herbal
drug industry?
2)Describe in brief the import and export of
herbal drugs.
3)Give the contribution of aloe,ginseng & senna
in world wide trade.
4)Explain in brief the trade of guggulu,boswellia &
withania.
4)Write a note on cultivation of medicinal plant.

46. References
 Guggul-vikaspedia
 m.tradeindia.com-boswelia
 Wikipedia-withania,senna,boselia,echinacea,guggul
 Presentation by-Anurag Singh,Vinit Garg,Surabhi
Bhatnagar,Preetam Gupta,Manish Haritwal
 A.N.Kalia –textbook of industrial pharmacognosy
 Shah & Qadry’s Pharmacognosy
 Handbook of med.plant –complete source book:
prajapati/purohit/sharma