ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF SINGAPORESha.docx

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF
SINGAPORE
Shamar Grant
BUSI604_B04 – INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Dr. Spock
February 14, 2016

The Major Elements and Dimensions of Culture in Singapore
Bosrock, M. M., (2007). Asian business customs & manners: A
country-by-country guide. Milwaukee: American Society for
Quality. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest
.com/docview/213592273?accountid=12085
In this book, Bosrock presents his readers with Asian customs,
culture and communication. She provides an overview of Asia,
Australia and New Zealand. She exposes her readers to what
she considers a comprehensive guide to behavior that is
acceptable in a rather dynamic society. The book is based on
her own personal encounters and observations; she holds
meetings with individuals from the foresaid regions. Apart from
that she also provides an overview of behavior that is deemed
acceptable in Asia; she conducts a country by country study
with an aim to discern what behavior is accepted and which is
not. New Zealand and Australia are also partially covered. Of
key importance is to reflect Asian business culture, which
includes business practices and attitudes, language, gestures,
punctuality, meetings as well as social activities that are
important as far as business is concerned. The book projects the
Asian culture noting down similarities in different countries in
the same region.
Goh, R. B. H. (2009). Christian identities in singapore:
Religion, race and culture between state controls and
transnational flows. Journal of Cultural Geography, 26(1), 1-23.
doi:10.1080/08873630802617135
As for Christianity in Singapore, the author explains the
tensions between religion and cultue. Obviously, the author
draws a particular attention to all the complexity of religion in
the aforementioned region. The focus lies in arguing that on the
one hand, Christianity occurs as compelled to adjust to the
state’s policy. However, on the other hand, Christianity is
considered to have much in common with Western common-law
traditions. Significantly, this positioning forces Christianity to

permanently come up with the ideas, which would not contradict
the bipolar fronts; additionally, the author highlights the fact
that Christianity in Singapore can be characterized by locating
itself as a deeply-rooted dimension of the national community.
Accepting Christianity religion is still evident due many
reasons, incorporating mostly a flexible positioning.
Apparently, this journal article focuses on the principal
peculiarities of a flexible positioning, emphasizing
Christianity’s attempt to create some national values, including
Asian family as well the societal development, which is the
matter of great concern
Henderson, J. (2014). Food and culture: in search of a
Singapore cuisine, British Food
Journal, Vol. 116 Iss: 6, pp.904 – 917. doi. 10.1108/BFJ-12-
2012-0291
The author highlights the relationship between food and culture
placing emphasis on the influence of globalization within a
specific region. The author informs that readers that food is a
marker of Singaporean national and ethnic identity, and that
food is a way of conserving Singaporean heritage. She wants
readers to understand that many countries want appealing
cuisines that warrant national attention, in which allowing
tourist to experience culture through food. She states, “Visitors
may share such longings and, for them, food can be a means of
connecting to and learning about a destination. Satisfying such
desires is a challenge for foodservice providers worldwide
together with the documentation and safeguarding of food
heritage, especially that which originated and is still practiced
on the streets”.
Lim, B. S., Hashim, A., & Buttny, R. (2014). Accounts of
religio-cultural identity in
Singapore and Malaysia. International Journal of the Sociology
of Language, 2014(229), 9-28. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2014-0015

In this article, the author examines the prominent various
religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity) and various
languages spoken (Malay, English, Tamil, and Chinese) between
two ethnic groups, Singapore and Malaysia. In the analysis, the
author looks at the construction of religious and ethnic identity
from spoken data between the two countries to determine what a
multicultural society looks like. They conducted this by using
two diverse ethnic groups of Malaysians and Singaporeans. In
conclusion, from a Singaporean perspective, the data collected
showed that Singaporeans identified as Singaporeans first, and
then they associated with the ethnic group in which they
belonged. Additionally, the Singaporeans addressed religion
with unity. Despite different languages and religion, there were
no signs of conflict between the two ethnic groups. Amongst the
Malaysian ethnic groups, there was signs of religion and
cultural differences. The author wanted the readers to see how
the two ethnic groups articulate religio-cultural identity and
multiculturalism. ``
The Integration of Cultural Elements and Dimensions by Locals
Conducting Business Environment
Chapple, W., & Moon, J. (2005). Corporate social responsibility
(CSR) in asia: A seven-country study of CSR web site
reporting. Business & Society, 44(4), 415-441.
doi:10.1177/000765030528165.
Chapple and Moon focus on the concept of corporate of social
responsibility in Asia. The strategy used involved assessing top
50 companies in seven states. Emphasis is placed on CSR
reporting in terms of its extensity. Additionally, the researchers
also focused on the degree of homogeneity and state
distinctiveness in CSR sing prioritized CSR issues as well as
the modes of action employed to target them. The article
assesses the influence of a range of notable variables for the

varied levels of national CSR penetration and evaluates the
effect of globalization. Comparatively, CSR in the West is
considerably high compared to that in Asia. However, countries
in Asia have come up with their own form of CSR. The
researchers disregard that globalization undermines CSR and
assert that it should be a motivator for development of new CSR
strategies. The article demonstrates the regional differences in
CSR but still maintains that it is of major significance.
Lee, S., & Hong, S. J. (2012). Corruption and subsidiary
profitability: US MNC subsidiaries in the asia pacific region.
Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(4), 949-964.
doi:10.1007/s10490-010-9214-8
Moving through the given article, it becomes apparent that the
authors pay special attention to figuring out whether
multinational corporation subsidiaries are likely to gain higher
profit margins in the regions showing less signs of corruption.
Additionally, the journal article makes an inquiry whether
multinational corporation subsidiaries will have more profits in
case they concentrate on local sales. Obviously, the given paper
communicates the influence of corruption on the profit margin
of American multinational corporations in the Asia-Pacific
region. Based on the survey conducted, the authors advance an
argument that multinational corporation subsidiaries appear to
have a higher profit margin in the countries with a less severe
corrupt practice. Apart from the above-said, the journal article
is a good example of how the focus on local sales can positively
impact multinational corporation subsidiaries in the countries
with a low level of corrupt practice. The given paper enables
the readers to see the significance of specific factors in running
successful business
Lee, S. K. J., & Yu, K. (2004). Corporate culture and
organizational performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology,
19(4), 340-359. Retrieved from

The author states that purpose of this study is to analysis and
evaluate the relationships between corporate culture and
organizational performance in Singaporean companies. The
author proposed two questions to help satisfy his study. Will the
culture construct be operationalized during distinct, repeatable
dimensions, and how does culture effect organizational
performance? The author uses literature review to help study the
impact culture has on organizational performance. Through the
literature review, the author determined that treating culture, as
an internal variable will assist in determining what is culturally
acceptable by an organization. The author uses culture-
performance research to evaluate the construct of corporate
culture effects on organizational performance. The author used
an organizational culture profile (OPC) as the primary research
method. This research method allow for a true realistic
evaluation of what values where important to the organization.
For example, the observation made was that team orientation,
task orientation, and degree of humanism were dominate
attributes in organizational culture. Once completing the
research the author addressed various organizational issues, and
explains that various cultural practices do directly influence and
influence organizational performance.
Osman‐Gani, A. M., & Tan, J. (2002). Influence of culture on
negotiation styles of asian
managers: An empirical study of major cultural/ethnic groups in
Singapore. Thunderbird International Business Review, 44(6),
819-839. doi:10.1002/tie.10048
In this article, the authors conducted a cross-cultural study to
find the relationship between negotiation styles and cultures
among Asian managers. The study included personal interviews
and mass survey on a representation of 600 managers from
various Asian ethnic groups in Singapore such as, Chinese,
Malays, and Indians. With the ever-rising impact of

globalization and multicultural environments, ethnic diversity
and cross-cultural encounters are becoming more prominent in
international business negotiations. The authors utilized the
four approaches of Janosik cross-cultural negotiations, culture
as a learned behavior, culture as shared values, culture as
dialect, and culture in context. The examination of the four
approaches help lay the framework and approach for researching
the various negotiating styles in the cultural diverse business
environment of Singapore. The authors argue the importance of
being aware and understanding different cultural negation styles
that can affect cross-cultural negotiations. The studied
concluded that the various Asian ethnic groups in Singapore
share similar negotiation styles with subtle differences.
Phau, I., & Kea, G. (2007). Attitudes of university students
toward business ethics: A
cross-national investigation of Australia, Singapore and Hong
Kong. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(1), 61-75.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9156-8
Considering the effects of globalization in the business
environment, the authors studied the impact religion and culture
has on attitudes towards business ethics in Australia, Hon Kong,
and Singapore. Additionally, the authors conducted an ethics
analysis in the three countries to determine difference in gender
ethical values. The author states that most researcher
contribute the attribute of culture to be the catalyst in
determining business ethics in a geographical region. The
authors utilized specific questions during the research to assist
in evaluating the impact of religion and culture in business
ethics in the three different regions. The view of Australia as a
western society during the research concluded, that there is
difference in attitude toward business ethics because of cultural
values and religion from that of the eastern cultured Singapore
and Hon Kong. Singapore and Hon Kong share similar cultural
values and religion toward business ethics, because the

demographic makeup is similar. Additionally, the authors
evaluated the difference in male and d attitude toward business
ethics in the three different countries. The gender specific
research supported that males were more business ethical than
women are in Australia, Singapore, and Hon Kong.
Ramin, C. M., & Valerie, P. G. (1999). Female business owners
in Singapore and
elsewhere: A review of studies. Journal of Small Business
Management, 37(2), 96-105. Retrieved from
The authors explores the growth of small business owned by
women in Singapore by examining the motivation of female
business owners, problems of female business owners, and the
various success factors that have led to operating successful
businesses. The authors used a business profile to compare
female Singaporean business owners with other female owners
around the world to establish commonalities in conducting
business operations. Additionally, using the business profile
help determine that Singaporean female business ventures start
in service and retail industry, and over time grow into stable
producing businesses. The authors found that female Singapore
business owners and female business owners around the world
share similar values and desires in business, and each woman
regardless of country, work to make visions and dreams a
reality. Female owners from various countries and female
Singaporean business owners share the same keys for success,
self-discipline, perseverance, hard work, family support,
training programs, and a host of factors for success.
The Comparison and Difference between the United States and
Singapore Culture and Business Practices

Adler, N. J. (1987). Pacific basin managers: A gaijin, not a
woman. Human Resource Management, 26(2), 169. Retrieved
from
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/ehost/detai
l/detail?sid=24e6b9c0-0c0d-461c-bc38-
00689247d098%40sessionmgr4004&vid=0&hid=4112&bdata=Jn
NpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=7246639&d
b=bth
Adler focuses on the plight of women as underrepresented lot as
much as executive and managerial positions in Asia are
concerned. He suggests that overseas companies in Asia may be
forced to limit top positions to men only. Following a survey
conducted on 52 North American women, results showed that
they had achieved success while working as managers in the
Asian market. Based on results from interviews, it was
concluded that men and women working as managers in Asia are
regarded as foreigners or gaijin. Adler also notes that the
cultural, legal as well as economic dynamics of women in top
management positions are detailed for a number of countries:
Singapore, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan as well as
India. The article simply reflects on the representation of
women as managers in the Asian continent despite the survey
having discovered their effectiveness. However, both male and
female managers from North America are referred to as gaijin,
signifying that they are foreigners.
Fan, P., & Zigang, Z. (2004). Cross-cultural challenges when
doing business in China.
Singapore Management Review, 26(1), 81+. Retrieved from
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&sid=summon&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&a
sid=b9952fa45f04c070dbfd6be1c490baff
The author utilizes the Hofstede four cultural dimension and
Bond five cultural dimensions to explain the cultural difference
between the United States and China. The author explains the

impact globalization is having on countries, and stresses the
importance of understanding cultural differences when
conducting business internationally. Due to the increase of
international business in China, the author decided to conduct a
cross-cultural analysis between China and the United States.
The author refers to the cultural differences as cultural
challenges. Additionally, the author examines the impact
cultural differences has on five management practices, conflict
management, cooperative strategies, and decision making,
differences in work group characteristics, and motivation
systems. By utilizing these five aspects of conducting business,
the author compares the cultural differences to make
assumptions on how both Asians and Americans respond to each
business aspect. According to the author, both America and
China differ in all aspects of management practice due to
cultural differences.
Low, P. S. (1984). Singapore-based subsidiaries of US
multinationals and singaporean firms: A comparative
management study. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2(1),
29-39. doi:10.1007/BF01732508
Low takes on a comparative and contrast approach towards
identifying various aspects of management between the United
States and Singapore. The article focuses on a study conducted
on 99 top managers, 780 operating employees, and 20
manufacturing companies. The study tested hypotheses on
management philosophies, management practices, and
management effectiveness. The terms management philosophy
and management effectives are conjoined in the study. The
former refers to an organization’s expressed and implied
attitudes as far as internal and external factors are concerned.
On the other hand, management effectiveness centers on various
aspects, which undermine an organization’s overall well-being.
The results gathered demonstrated rather notable statistical
variations for both Singaporean and American companies taking
into the account the various forms of management mentioned.

The article provides insight regarding Singapore’s management
strategy, which has played a huge role in promoting the
country’s economic growth regardless it being a country with
fewer resources.
Wee, C. J. W. -. (1999). "Asian values", Singapore, and the
third way: Re-working individualism and collectivism. Sojourn:
Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 14(2), 332-358.
doi:10.1355/SJ14-2D
In this article, Wee warns against overlooking the noted
differences between the East and the West. He argues that there
is much to those differences as opposed to what some may
think. His focus is how the Singapore’s government acts as an
agent promoting Asian values. Attention should be directed
towards aspects such as freedom, collectivism and
individualism. Following the status of the global market, which
runs on freedom of entry and exit, it is hard to establish how
one can support collectivism. While such is the case, the United
Kingdom has demonstrated its efforts towards developing a
‘Third Way’ to avoid the barrier. Wee proposes that Singapore’s
Asian values are also an attempt to follow the United Kingdom.
The main goal of the article is to present readers with a
breakdown of the possibilities of individualism and
collectivism. Singapore is the catalyst for this research.
Implications for US Businesses Considering Operations Located
in Singapore
SWOT Analysis
Anonymous. Singapore central bank ensures stability of
financial system. (2008, October 13). Xinhua News Agency.
Retrieved from
m.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA186843155

&sid=summon&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=GRGM&sw=w&a
sid=cc9f9b8c6f80cca45584c874dbd01de1
The article is communicating the Singapore financial system. To
be precise, The Monetary Authority of Singapore claims that the
financial system remains stable. Apart from MAS’s
announcement about a stable financial system, the central bank
approved the idea to come up with the strategy of market
integration, which would enable Singapore to meet the
requirements in the harsh climate of global marketplace. In
accordance with the article, it becomes apparent that finance
companies, banks and insurance companies are obliged to use
sound risk management systems. It becomes evident that the
Singapore economy is not likely to undergo a downward spiral
because the government takes all the necessary measures on
time, preventing the economy from reflecting not very flattering
statistics; the focus on factors affecting the Singapore economy
makes it robust.
Chia, S. Y. (2015). GLOBALIZATION AND
REGIONALIZATION: SINGAPORE'S TRADE AND FDI. The
Singapore Economic Review, 60(3), 1. Retrieved from
The author focuses on communicating certain aspects of the
Singapore economy; to be precise, one cannot but encounter that
it has passed through the trials of a rapid growth as well as
fundamental rearrangement. The journal article makes it clear
that the Singapore economy has undergone an unprecedented
transition from the decay to having features of early-
stagedeveloping economy. In the article, the mechanism of
effective transformation; the key to success lies in giving
preference to free trade and investment approaches. Despite
serious improvements, the Singapore economy is still in a dire
need of structural reorganization within the area of technology
and innovations. The author discusses how an absolute
dependence on Western corporations negatively influences the

tempo of economic development. Moreover, high dependence on
foreign specialists has resulted in exceptionally detrimental
outcomes from the perspective of the underdevelopment of
Singaporeans. The article offers possible ways that would
enable Singapore become the world’s largest economy.
De Prato G., & Simon Jean-Paul. (2013). Singapore, an
industrial cluster and a global IT hub. Communications &
Strategies, (89), 125. Retrieved from
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p=ITOF&u=vic_liberty&id=GALE|A326350791&v=2.1&it=r&si
d=summon&userGroup=vic_liberty
De Prato and Simon acknowledges Singapore’s success in the
industrial sector as well as when it comes to matters concerning
global information technology. Markedly, Singapore is ranked
as one of the world’s fourth leading financial center. Apart from
this, its port is among the five busiest ports around the globe.
De Prato and Simon note that Singapore largely depends on
exports and refining imported products mostly in
manufacturing; in 2005, this constituted of the country’s 26%
GDP. Adding onto Singapore’s success is its rather high per
capita income. Due to the rather delicate nature of safeguarding
intellectual property, Singapore’s ICT sector is credited for
being the best in protecting IP. The article demonstrates the
various sectors that Singapore is invested in. A host of over
7000 Multi-National Companies, Singapore has a rather strong
competitive advantage over other countries around the globe.
The article simply represents a country, which is keen in
identifying key opportunities in the global market.
Ramcharan, R. (2006). Singapore's emerging knowledge
economy: Role of intellectual property and its possible
implications for Singaporean society. The Journal of World
Intellectual Property, 9(3), 316-343. doi:10.1111/j.1422-
2213.2006.00280.x
Ramcharan focuses on the potential positive impact of
intellectual property (IP) on development in Singapore. He

acknowledges that, in today’s market, a knowledge-based
economy is invaluable. In that regard, intellectual property
demands firm protection as information is regarded as being of
rather high value. Traditionally, Singapore is known for
investing largely on heavy industry manufacturing. However,
due to dynamism in the global market, Singapore has shifted its
strategy to investing in the manufacture of knowledge-intensive
products as well as services. Summatively, Ramcharan seeks to
rationalize Singapore’s move towards investing in IP through
explaining how IP promotes economic development. However,
he also notes down that Singapore needs to consider various
things such as potential negative consequences and the level of
their severity. The article generally seeks to provide insight
regarding the social as well as economic influence of IP in the
global market, which is, markedly, an area that has been
understudied.
Sanger, D. E. (1991, Oct 13). In singapore, a search for a
second act. New York Times Retrieved from
The author emphasis on the substantial challenges and trials that
Singapore endures through due decline in the economy;
particular attention should be drawn to the hyperactive growth
of the Singapore economy and, therefore, the question naturally
arises as to whether the current-day generation will manage to
deal with a transformed global economy. Moving through the
article, the author makes mention that Singapore currently lacks
specialists in many areas, including both engineering and
programming, which is likely to lead to business cycle
contraction. Obviously, the article incorporates precise reasons
why the government is concerned about the economy; the focus
lies in arguing that the Singapore economy compromises on its
commercial attractiveness due to competing neighbors.
Significantly, a dramatic turn for worse within the economy
signalizes the importance of being engaged with taking some

measures; and peculiar thing is that these measures should boost
the economic growth.
Pang, E. F., & Lim, L. Y. C. (2015). LABOR, PRODUCTIVITY
AND SINGAPORE'S DEVELOPMENT MODEL. The Singapore
Economic Review, 60(3), 1. Retrieved from
The authors focus on communicating the ways of how labor
market policies were modeled; to be precise, moving through
the article, it becomes apparent that Singapore can be
characterized by reflecting the state-driven and export-oriented
economy. In addition, the authors draw a particular attention to
the fact that an extremely high GDP growth can be explained by
giving preference to factor accumulation. Significantly, the
journal article incorporates the analysis of Singapore’s
continuous dependence on foreign talents and the lack of local
specialists, respectively; to put it another way, the authors give
attempt to show all the detrimental effect of foreign labor from
the perspective of a significant decline in economicactivity it
can actually lead to. Obviously, this paper implies
distinguishing specific steps necessary to be taken in order to
prevent Singapore from undergoing economic crisis. It is
important to pay special attention to domestic private
organizations as the key to propel the economy and stabilize
financial markets.
FDI Analysis
(You may have up to four entries under this heading that are
not directly related to culture)
Lucintel estimates high FDI growth in singapore during 2013-
2018. (2014,). PR.Com (Press Releases) Retrieved from
m/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA372305765&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it
=r&p=ITOF&sw=w&asid=052ea4825bd6f1abe07b7cca25ee9b09

The article sheds light on Singapore’s growth in the period
between 2013 and 2018. Part of the reason why the country has
achieved such great success in terms of economic growth is due
to continued inflow of foreign direct investments. However,
while that is the case, an analysis conducted by Lucintel, a
management consulting and market research firm warns that
Singapore’s high dependency ratio is something to worry about.
As the population of individuals aged above 60 years is
expected to increase, this will lead to a simultaneous increase in
dependence ratio. Regardless of the foresaid setbacks,
Singapore has the advantage of being the least corrupt country,
which attracts investors. The service sector has been noted as
the main contributor of GDP thereby enabling investors to
identify various gaps in both production of goods and services.
A SWOT analysis is most likely going to expose the country’s
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities as well as threats.
Pangarkar, N., & Lim, H. (2003). Performance of foreign direct
investment from Singapore. International Business Review,
12(5), 601-624. doi:10.1016/S0969-5931(03)00078-7
The authors are evaluating the performance levels of
Singaporean firm’s foreign direct investment. The purpose is to
key issues from the performance levels researched. The authors
are making the following arguments, FDI is very import to the
economy, new industrialized economies help grow FDI, new
industrialized economy FDI differ from developed
industrialized economy. The research was conducted by
collecting and analyzing data from 128 Singaporean firms. The
starts general by looking at the nature and magnitude if
Singaporean FDI, in which that author reveals that the FDI
interest in financial business and real estate is the strength of
Singapore. Then, the author evaluates the FDI performance and
detriments by evaluating expected performance by realized
performance. In addition, evaluating mode of entry is done
either by wholly owned subsidiaries, which offers whole profits

and greater operational control, or exploring joint ventures,
which effect compounding resources positively. In the research
the author concludes, that Singaporean firms’ foreign
subsidiaries achieve moderate performance levels. The data
analysis showed positive FDI performance for host government
attitudes.
Prime, P. B. (2012). Utilizing FDI to stay ahead: The case of
singapore. Studies in Comparative International Development,
47(2), 139-160. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12116-012-9113-
8
In this article, Prime centers on Singapore’s FDI as a major
resource to oversee the country’s growth in the future. She
mentions Singapore’s strengths of which one of them is high
standards of living, which rank rather high around the globe.
The central focus of Prime’s article is, however, to demonstrate
how a resource-scarce nation like Singapore has managed to
surpass all odds and become such a successful country. The
country has invested in global markets and has placed major
importance on meeting the needs of foreign companies. Prime
presents to her readers how Singapore’s strategy Foreign Direct
Investment has had major economic impact on the country. For
instance, FDI has helped narrow down the income gap. Prime
notes, Singapore invests in meeting the needs of FDIs, she
needs to establish her own firms in order to rise up to stiff
competition from other countries China being one of them.
Accommodations and Adaptations
After the FDI, resume with remaining entries related to culture,
and alphabetize them.

Gesteland, R., (2012).Cross-cultural business behavior; a guide
for global management, 5th ed. Portland: Ringgold Inc.
In this book, Gesteland pays particular attention to the aspect of
change. He acknowledges that cultures are vulnerable to change.
Owing to this, business has then been forced to develop or
implement strategies that cut across various cultures. This move
is directed towards increasing business coverage of the market,
with the hope of realizing a parallel increase in market share.
Business behavior is indeed evolving following influence from a
number of factors such as generational changes, improvements
in the education sector, as well as a need for increased exposure
in the market. According to Gesteland, managers should
anticipate such shifts and thus should be prepared to adopt new
changes when need be. For instance, there is need to invest in
communication channels in order to ensure that communication
barriers do not hinder a potential consumer base from engaging
with a company. Adopting cross-cultural business behavior
strategies will place companies at an advantage over others.
NATIONAL CRANBERRY COOPERATIVE
INTRODUCTION
NCC was one of the larger cooperatives and had operations in
all the principal growing areas of North America:
Massachusetts
New Jersey
Wisconsin
Washington
Oregon
British Columbia

Nova Scotia
IMPORTANT TRENDS OF GROWING CRANBERRIES:
Under Agriculture Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 created
Cranberry Marketing Order of 1968 which stipulated each
grower would have a maximum allotment at the end of six years
equal to the average of the grower's best two years from 1968
through 1973.
In 1970 the growers resorted to the Agriculture Marketing
Agreement Act once again. Under the Cranberry Marketing
Order of 1970, the growers and the government agreed that 10%
of the 1970 crop should be set aside.
Another important trend was the increasing mechanization of
cranberry harvesting. Water harvesting, in particular, was
developing rapidly in the vicinity of receiving plant No. 1.
Water harvesting could result in yields up to 20% greater than
those obtained via dry harvesting.
RECEIVING PLANT NO. 1
Process Fruit Receiving
Temporary Holding
Destoning, Dechaffing & Drying
Milling – Quality Grading
CONTINUE . . .
Bulking & Bagging
Scheduling the Work Force

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Page 1 of 8http://www.wsj.com/articles/amazons-newest-
ambitioncompeting-directly-with-ups-and-fedex-1474994758
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logical way to add delivery capacity—particularly during the
peak
Christmas season. But interviews with nearly two dozen current

and
former Amazon managers and business partners indicate the
retailer
has grander ambitions than it has publicly acknowledged.
Amazon’s goal, these people say, is to one day haul and deliver
packages for itself as well as other retailers and consumers—
potentially upending the traditional relationship between seller
and
sender.
Some executives refer to the initiative as “Consume the City,” a
nod to
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http://www.wsj.com/articles/amazons-newest-
TECH
Amazon’s Newest Ambition:
Competing Directly With UPS and
FedEx
To constrain rising shipping costs, the online retailer is building
its own delivery operation
Updated Sept. 27, 2016 1:45 p.m. ET
By GREG BENSINGER and LAURA STEVENS
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the
company’s
plans to
build a
massive
delivery
network
that could
eventually
compete
with such
partners as
UPS,
according to

people
familiar the
matter.
Executives at the freight giants are skeptical, and so are
analysts and
logistics experts. They say it would be difficult and costly to
build a
domestic delivery network to rival the big U.S. players,
especially after
the failed multibillion-dollar attempt by Deutsche Post AG’s
DHL
Express in the 2000s.
Memphis-based FedEx says it is spending more than $5 billion
annually on expansion and upgrades; UPS says it shells out in
excess of
$2.5 billion. The two companies have managed to blanket the
world
with a total of roughly 4,000 hubs and other facilities to sort
tens of
millions of packages a day. Combined, they operate more than
1,000
planes and 200,000 vehicles to deliver packages to doors.
“The level of global investment in facilities, sorting, aircraft,
vehicles,
people to replicate the service we provide, or our primary
competitor
provides, is just daunting, and frankly, in our view, unrealistic,”
says
FedEx CFO Alan Graf. “We’ve been at this for 40 years.”
Atlanta-based UPS has played down any competitive threat. On
a
conference call with analysts, Chief Commercial Officer Alan

Gershenhorn said UPS’s network would be “very difficult to
match.”
In an emailed statement, an Amazon spokesman said “we are
very
happy to have the delivery capacity our carrier partners can
provide.
They provide a high quality service, and our own delivery
efforts are
needed to supplement that capacity rather than replace it.”
Inside the company, executives describe, in the words of one
senior
official, how Amazon “is building a full-service logistics and
transportation network effectively from the ground up.”
http://quotes.wsj.com/DPSGY
Amazon’s
push into
the shipping
sector
reflects a
willingness
among
today’s
powerful
tech
companies

to defy the
traditional
constraints
of business
and leap
into new
ones.
The
company,
which
started out
as an online
bookseller,
has gained
credibility
as a
producer of
TV
programs
and big-screen movies. Amazon Web Services, which provides
data
servers to big companies, is now its fastest-growing division
with at
least $10 billion in sales expected this year.
Now the stage is set for Amazon to move against the partners
that
have helped power much of its success so far. Shipping costs as
a
percentage of sales have risen every year since 2009. Last year,
Amazon spent $11.5 billion on shipping, or 10.8% of sales,
compared
with 7.5% in 2010. Total revenue for the year was $107 billion.

The company could save $1.1 billion annually if it stopped
using UPS
and FedEx, according to Citigroup Inc. analysts. Keeping
packages
under its own control just over longer distances could save
Amazon
around $3 or more on a typical delivery, the analysts say. The
average
cost to ship a package via UPS or FedEx is $7.81, they estimate.
Amazon currently delivers its own packages from roughly 70
facilities
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in 21 states, having built most of them in the past two years,
according
to data from supply-chain consultancy MWPVL International
Inc.
Today, 44% of the U.S. populace is within 20 miles of an
Amazon
facility, compared with 5% in 2010, according to investment
bank
Piper Jaffray.
All of this helps to explain why Amazon wants more control
over its

delivery chain—from factories in China through U.S. ports to
sprawling suburban warehouses and neighborhood package-
sorting
centers. It hopes to offer more delivery times, including hours
not
available from traditional carriers, say people familiar with the
plan.
The cost of such a system isn’t known.
To help oversee its delivery projects, Amazon this summer
brought
back Uber Technologies Inc. executive Tim Collins as a vice
president
of global logistics. Mr. Collins spent 16 years at Amazon,
helping to
lead the retailer’s European operations, before leaving the
company in
late 2014 to join Uber.
Amazon has also recruited dozens of UPS and FedEx executives
and
hundreds of other UPS workers in recent years, say people
familiar
with the matter.
The company is buying long-haul truck trailers to ship by
ground,
building delivery drones to conquer the sky and looking to
manage
shipping by sea. In August, it showed off the first in a fleet of
40 Boeing
After leaving one of Amazon's fulfillment centers, packages
travel a circuitous
route--often via FedEx and UPS--to their final destinations.
PHOTOS: ASSOCIATED

PRESS; GETTY IMAGES; BLOOMBERG NEWS
http://quotes.wsj.com/BA
767-300s it
is leasing for
its branded
Prime Air
logistics
service.
Stitching
together a
full-fledged
logistics
network
could give
Amazon a
piece of a
world-wide
delivery
market that,
according to
financial
services
firm Robert
W. Baird,
generates
roughly

$400 billion
in annual
revenue.
It could also
damage its relationships with UPS and FedEx. Amazon
contributes
around $1 billion to UPS’s revenue, according to people
familiar with
the matter. Perhaps more important, the retail giant’s heft helps
both
In Seattle, Amazon.com boxes were stacked near a Boeing 767
Amazon ‘Prime Air’ cargo plane.
PHOTO: TED S. WARREN/ASSOCIATED PRESS
UPS and FedEx to be more cost effective by allowing drivers to
drop
off more packages in the same areas. If Amazon pulls too much
business from the delivery giants, the carriers could respond by
eliminating certain volume discounts.
Amazon already has pushed out some smaller parcel carriers. In
the
past two years, it has parted ways with or started reducing
package
volumes at several local and regional delivery partners,

according to
people familiar with the matter.
Currently, Amazon is focused on solving the riddle of the so-
called last
mile—the final and most expensive leg of a package’s journey
to the
doorstep.
To make
last-mile
deliveries
profitable,
logistics
experts say,
companies
need
shorter
drives and
more packages per stop. Amazon, they say, doesn’t yet have
enough
consumer deliveries to hit this threshold.
The company is conducting its trials in large cities such as Los
Angeles, Chicago and Miami. Those places have a high density
of
members who belong to Amazon’s $99-per-year Prime unlimited
shipping program. Gnarled traffic in those cities—especially in
Los
Angeles—also tests drivers’ mettle and speediness.
As part of its efforts, Amazon is making some deliveries using
only
Amazon is building more warehouses, like the one shown here

In Inglewood, Calif. PHOTO: EMILY
BERL FOR THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
trucks and infrastructure it oversees, people familiar with the
matter
say.
The retailer also has begun distributing boxes and packaging
materials to a small number of Los Angeles customers so they,
too, can
use Amazon as a delivery service, the people say. The test helps
ensure
Amazon’s trucks aren’t empty when they return to warehouses
and
give customers more incentive to keep ordering from Amazon.
Amazon embarked in earnest on building its own last-mile
network
after UPS failed to bring orders to customers in time for
Christmas in
2013, costing Amazon millions of dollars in refunds, according
to
people familiar with the matter. That holiday season, Amazon
overwhelmed UPS and other carriers after it failed to accurately
forecast its delivery needs, prompting chaos at sorting centers.
Since then, Amazon has more than doubled the number of
warehouses

in the U.S. to more than 180, according to MWPVL. That
includes more
than 70 local delivery stations and Prime Now hubs within reach
of
nearly every major metropolitan area. In many of those areas,
Amazon
can deliver merchandise in as little as one hour after receiving
an
order.
Just a few years ago, if an Amazon Prime customer in Atlanta
ordered
a $13 set of beer glasses only available from California,
Amazon would
load that order, with others, onto a tractor trailer and haul it to
the
closest UPS air hub. Next, a plane might ferry it to Louisville,
Ky., and
load it onto another flight bound for Atlanta. Then the package
would
be trucked to the nearest delivery center, sorted a final time and
delivered by a UPS van. Such a journey could wipe out any
profit for
Amazon.
The company now aims to do more of the steering. If those
glasses
aren’t in stock at a fulfillment center near Atlanta, it could fly
them
Amazon-branded vans are increasingly turning up in big cities
like Los Angeles. PHOTO: EMILY
BERL FOR THE WALL STREET JOURNAL

there in its own planes and then pay the Postal Service to ship
them a
shorter distance. Or, contract drivers could make final delivery.
Amazon has flirted with delivery by Uber drivers and
newspaper
carriers. It has experimented with a program known as “I Have
Space,” stashing inventory in warehouses owned by other
companies.
A more established program called Flex hires so-called citizen-
couriers, who work as freelance delivery people to pick up
packages
from warehouses using an Amazon app. It has expanded to
nearly 30
metropolitan areas in the last year. Drivers can earn up to $25
an hour
in two-hour shifts making deliveries, according to Amazon’s
website.
Some Amazon executives believe that the on-demand contract
driver
model, which passes along fuel and insurance costs, could
eventually
become an important part of the company’s network.
Meanwhile, Amazon’s last-mile effort has become particularly
visible
in San Francisco’s relatively compact confines. Just two years
ago,

workers loaded rented delivery vans with packages from a
modified
trailer in a parking lot beside Candlestick Park, the former
football
stadium. Today, hundreds of Amazon-branded white trucks,
dispatched from a giant warehouse near the airport, troll the
city’s
winding streets—even on Sundays.
Write to Greg Bensinger at [email protected] and Laura
Stevens at [email protected]
Copyright 2014 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights
Reserved
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Distribution and use of this material are governed by our
Subscriber Agreement and by copyright law. For
non-personal use or to order multiple copies, please contact
Dow Jones Reprints at 1-800-843-0008 or visit
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mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
CHECKLIST FOR MODULE/WEEK 4
The Annotated Bibliography
· The DB instructions for Forum #4 have been read.
· The reading assignment was completed.
· Before composing this forum, review the “Announcement for
Week Three” on the Announcements page of Blackboard.
· Annotations do not include quotations from the articles. They
are in your own words. Therefore, there are no in-text citations
in the annotations.
· Twenty-four (24) scholarly and professional journal articles
with annotations, the minimum requirement (averaging 150+

words each) have been completed. (A few more will provide
some quality assurance). Each must have a digital object
identifier (doi) or permalink. Single-space links of two lines or
more. (Avoid lengthy URLs).
· The Annotated Bibliography section under VITAL
INFORMATION was reviewed and the links in that section were
checked for an understanding of how this assignment should
look.
· The threads submitted for Discussion Board Forums 1-3 have
been reviewed to determine if any scholarly or professional
journal articles may have content that can be used in the GBCA.
(If so, annotations for them can be written to include in the
Bibliography).
· Any personal files created for saving research articles were
reviewed and evaluated for use.
· Other sources:
· Student replies to threads have been reviewed to determine if
they may have included scholarly journal articles pertinent to
my own GBCA. There may be one that can be used to write an
annotation
· Some of the article references written in my own replies to
other threads may be included in the Bibliography if they
contain material that can also apply to my country.
· The journals selected to include in the Annotated Bibliography
have been cross-checked against the extensive “Listing of
Useful Scholarly Journals” provided in VITAL
INFORMATION. If a title is not found in the list, the journal
was carefully scrutinized against the criteria for scholarly
journals also located in VITAL INFORMATION. If it did not
meet the criteria, it should clearly be a professional journal or
similar article of substance produced by an official agency,
bank or think tank.
· Avoid including the class textbook, or any textbook,
encyclopedia, dictionary, etc. among the references.
· Twenty-four (24) scholarly and professional journal references

have been included, and the breakdown is as follows:
· At least fourteen (14) pertinent to culture
· Up to, but not more than six (6) pertinent to the SWOT
analysis
· Up to, but not more than four (4) pertinent to the FDI analysis
· The Annotated Bibliography was formatted using the four (4)
assigned research questions as bold headings (see the
Assignment Example for the Annotated Bibliography):
· It will be acceptable for you to single-space your annotations
(but not the reference itself). This saves space and actually
looks much better than the Course Content example. Use link
#3 under Annotated Bibliography in VITAL INFORMATION.
· The authors of the most relevant journal articles selected were
arranged alphabetically under each of the research questions.
· Under the fourth research question, there are three
subheadings:
· SWOT Analysis
· Limit of six annotated articles
· FDI Analysis
· Limit of four annotated articles
· Accommodations and Adaptations
· Here, the Bibliography will list any remaining entries related
to things an American company should do
· To make a smooth transition for its own ex-patriot employees
as well as for the locals that will be hired.
· Each reference was carefully inspected to ensure correct APA
formatting – the link, HOW TO FORMAT A REFERENCE, was
reviewed and double-checked against each entry (see below).
Avoid splitting any references between two pages – insert “page
breaks” in your toolbar to prevent this. (The descriptive
annotations, however, may be split).
· Note that links of two or more lines should be single-spaced.
· Following each double-spaced reference is a single-spaced
annotation. (See VITAL INFORMATION for complete
information examples on formatting the Annotated
Bibliography).

· After each annotation, double-spacing was inserted before the
next reference or heading.
· Do not list the references again at the end of the Bibliography.
· The completed thread was posted by Saturday or Sunday night.
Go to Course Content > Module 4 > Assignments to post.
This assignment and other BUSI 604 work has been saved to a
flash
drive or some other storage facility, such as “SugarSync,”
“Google
Drive,” “Dropbox,” etc., in the Cloud.
URGENT: When you have finished your Annotated
Bibliography, compare it with each point in this Checklist. You
will lose points for deviations.
HOW TO FORMAT A JOURNAL REFERENCE
From the beginning of the course, a great emphasis has been
placed on the importance of correct formatting. It is a
fundamental requirement of graduate work and is expected to be
mastered at the outset.
For the purposes of your references, everything you need to
know has been provided in the supplementary information. It is
not complicated, and it does not keep changing. All you have to
do is look at a correct example and ensure that your references
follow the same format.
Do not rely on citation software or journal database citation
examples. Even if they claim APA style, there are still
variations that can cause problems for you.
Just take some time to review the reference format provided in
this course, and ensure that yours conform. Here’s an example:
Arunthanes, W., Tansuhaj, P., & Lemark, D. (1994). Cross-
cultural business gift giving: A new conceptualization and
theoretical framework. International Marketing Review, 11(4),
44-55. doi:10.1108/02651339410069245

1. The reference begins at the left margin. Use a hanging
indentation
(the second and following lines are indented, including the link)
and double-space the reference. If the link is two or more lines,
single-space it.
2. The author(s).
3. The date in parentheses, followed by a period.
4. The article title (only the first word of a sentence and proper
nouns (i.e., “Japan”) and proper adjective (i.e., “Japanese”) are
capitalized). If there is a colon, the first word following it is
capitalized because it is a new sentence.
5. A period follows the title. (If an article title ends with a
question mark, do not follow it with a period. The question
mark ends the sentence).
6. The journal title – in italics followed by a comma, (all words
are capitalized except prepositions, such as “of” or “in,” etc.).
7. The volume number, also in italics.
8. The issue number (in parentheses, but not in italics) followed
by a comma.
9. The page numbers, followed by a period.
10. The d.o.i. (digital object identifier) is the best type of link.
If another type of link is used, and the link is two lines or more,
single-space it. The link must take the reader directly to the
article, not just a data base.
11. If no d.o.i. is available, write “Retrieved from… (and then

add the URL).” Begin with the above phrase and the link on the
same line as the page number(s) if there is any room to do so.
It is OK to split the link and continue on the next line. If the
link then consists of two or more lines, single-space it.
Remember, the link should take the reader directly to the
article.
12. Double-space again, and enter your next reference.
13. Avoid splitting a reference between two pages. Insert “page
breaks” after each page of your Bibliography to prevent the
software from splitting references. It is OK, however, to split
the annotation.
14. Just remember these steps and it will become a habit.
See the APA Style Guide for instructions on formatting
references for different types of resources other than journals.
4/27/16
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