discourse and pragmatics

1. LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CONTEXT Interpersonal Function IDEOLOGY CULTURE Textual Function SITUATION Tenor Experiential Function Mode Field (Discourse) Semantics Negotiation Ideation/ Conjunction Identification phonology Lexicogrammar Mood Theme/ Rheme Transitivity/ Ergativity Phonology/ Graphology/ Sign

2. EXCHANGE STRUCTURES(Conversation Structures) Conversation is structured in terms of Move. In addition, systematically the realization of moves are related to Speech Functions and Moods. In this way, conversations are multi-dimensionally analyzed. Move refers to the function or role played by a speaker (addresser) in a conversation in his/her relation to the function or role played by the hearer (addressee) and the commodity being exchanged. Exchange of Information 1. k2 Λ k1 k2 A: Did you go to the party? k1 B: Yes

3. EXCHANGE of INFORMATION 2. k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f k2 A: Where did you go last week? k1 B: Bali. k2f A: Thank you. 3. k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f Λ k1f k2 A: When did you go to Bali? k1 B: Last month. k2f A: Thank you. k1f B: My pleasure (You’re welcome…)

4. Exchange of Information 1 4. dk1 Λ k2 Λ k1 Λ k2fΛk1f dk1 A: What’s the capital of Australia? k2 B: Sydney. k1 A: No, it’s Canberra. k2f B: Oh, I see. k1f A: Good. 5. dk1 Λ k2 Λ k1 Λ k2fΛk1f dk1 A: What’s the capital of Australia? k2 B: Canberra k1 A: Good k2f B: Thank you. k1f A: My pleasure.

5. Exchange of Information 2 6. (dk1 Λ (k2)) Λ k1 Λ (k2f) Λ (k1f) k1 k1 Λ k2f k1 Λ k2f Λ k1f k2 Λ k1 k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f Λ k1f dk1 Λ k2 Λ k1 dk1 Λ k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f dk1 Λ k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f Λ k1f Λ : ‘followed by’ dk1: delayed primary knower k1 : primary knower k2 : secondary knower k1f : primary knower follow up k2f : secondary knower follow up

6. Exchange of Goods & Services 1. a2 Λ a1 a2 A: Give me the book! a1 B: Here you are (Nonverbal response) 2. a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f a2 A: Pass me the salt! a1 B: Here you are. a2f A: Thank you. 3. a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f Λ a1f a2 A: Pass me the salt! a1 B: Here you are. a2f A: Thank you. a1f B: My pleasure.

7. Exchange of Goods & Services 1 4. da1 Λ a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f Λ a1f da1 A: Can I get you a drink? a2 B: Yes, please. a1 A: Here you are. a2f B: Thank you. a1f A: My pleasure.

8. Exchange of Goods & Services 2 6. ((da1 Λ (a2)) Λ a1 Λ (a2f) Λ (a1f) a1 a1 Λ a2f a1 Λ a2f Λ a1f a2 Λ a1 a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f Λ a1f da1 Λ a2 Λ a1 da1 Λ a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f da1 Λ a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f Λ a1f Λ : ‘followed by’ da1: delayed primary actor a1 : primary actor a2 : secondary actor a1f : primary actor follow up a2f : secondary actor follow up

9. DYNAMICS of CONVERSATION cl : clarification rcl : response to clarification ch : challenge rch: response to challenge cf : confirmation rcf: response to confirmation da1 A : Can I get you a drink? cl B : A what? rcl A : A drink? a2 B : Yes, please. a1 A : Here you are. a2f B : Thank you. a1f A : My pleasure.

10. Clarification k2 A : Did you go to the dinner party? cl B : Where? rcl A : To the dinner party. k1 B : Yes k2f A : Thank you.

11. Challenge and Confirmation k2 A: When did you send the letter? ch B: It’s none of your business. rch A: What? It’s my responsibility. k1 B: Last week. k2f A: Behave yourself. a2 A: I would like to have a bread. cf B: You want the toasted bread, do you? rcf A: Definitely. a1 B: Here it is. a2f A: Thank you.

12. ab A: Where did you go last week? B: It’s not your business A: What? I’m in charge? B: You’re what? A: You rely on my work B: What? What did you say? A: So what I’m the boss B: You’re the host? A: Oh, dear …..

13. Speech Function giving Roles S Λ AS Q Λ RSQ O Λ AO C Λ ROC demanding SPEECH FUNCTION information Commodity goods & services initiating Orientation responding giving/information/initiating = statement (S) giving/information/responding = acknowledge statement (AS) demanding/information/initiating = question (Q) demanding/information/responding = response statement to question (RSQ) giving/goods & services/initiating = offer (O) giving/goods & services/responding = acknowledge offer (AO) demanding/goods & services/initiating = command (C) demanding/goods & services/responding = response offer to command (ROC)

14. MOOD declarative indicative wh- MOOD interrogative imperative polar I went to the party. = declarative Did you go to the party? = interrogative (polar) When did you go to the city? = interrogative (wh-) Go out! = imperative

15. SPEECH FUNCTIONS AND EXCHANGE STRUCTURES COMMODITY Proposal Proposition ((dk1) Λ k2)) Λk1 Λ (k2f) Λ(k1f) ((da1) Λ (a2)) Λ a1 Λ (a2f) Λ (a1f) ((dx1) Λ x2)) Λ x1 Λ (x2f) Λ (x1f)

16. Multi-layered Analysis

17. Analysis

18. Metaphorical Coding

19. References Martin, J. R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins