160426 middletonj Preventing violence

Preventing violence- a
neglected role for public
health ?
Professor John Middleton
Honorary Professor Public Health
Wolverhampton University,
President Elect, UK Faculty of Public
Health

The public health community should be more
interested in violence as a public health problem
The public health community should be promoting the
evidence base for crime and violence prevention
Public health directors should show leadership of
the local crime and violence prevention agenda and
partnerships
The police are interested in evidence based public
policy, evidence based crime prevention and
evidence based policing
The police are interested in preventing crime
Preventing violence- a neglected role for public health ?

North west Public
Health
Observatory,
Liverpool John
Moores University.
Mark Bellis et al

www.euro.who.int/violenceinjury
www.who.int/violence_injury
www.who.int/gender

What is public health ?

Public health:
‘promoting health, preventing disease, prolonging life through the
organised efforts of society’
Sustainable development:
‘protecting resources from one generation to the next’
Environmental justice:
‘the pursuit of equal justice and equal protection under the law for all
environmental statutes and regulations without discrimination based on
race, ethnicity, and /or socioeconomic status.’
Security:
freedom from danger, social, military, environmental

What is violence?
Definition by World Health Organization:
Violence is the intentional use of physical force or
power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another
person, or against a group or community, that either
results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury,
death, psychological harm, mal-development or
deprivation.
(WHO, 2002:5)

Who has done a local survey on community
needs?

What were your community’s top issues ?

Dog shit
Crime
Asylum seekers
Cancer?
Heart disease?
Elderly care?

Is violence a neglected public health problem ?

Source:
Office of
National
Statiistcs

Violence – a public health problem
“Violence is often predictable and
preventable. Like other health
problems, it is not distributed evenly
across population groups or settings.
Many of the factors that increase the
risk of violence are shared across the
different types of violence and are
modifiable.”
Gro Harlem Brundtland
(WHO 2002)

Preventing violence- a neglected role for public health
?
Violence as
a global
public
health
problem
Estimated global deaths by direct violence in year 2000
Homicide 520 000
Suicide 815 000
War-related 310 000
Total 1 659 000
(WHO 2002:10)

Deaths are only the tip of the iceberg
” For every death
due to
interpersonal
violence there
are perhaps
hundreds more
victims that
survive.”
(WHO 2004:2)

Levels of non-fatal interpersonal violence
Tens of millions of children
abused and neglected each year worldwide
Up to 10% of males and 20% of females
report having been sexually abused as children
For every case of homicide among young people
20-40 non-fatal cases that require hospital care
Rape and domestic violence
account for 5-16% of healthy years of life lost among women of
reproductive age
10-50% of women
experience physical violence at the hands of an intimate partner
during their lifetime

Estimates of non-fatal interpersonal
violence
 Physically assaulted by an intimate partner:
 Paraguay 10%
 Philippines 10%
 USA 22%
 Canada 29%
 Egypt 34%
 Ever been sexually assaulted (including attempts):
 Toronto 15%
 London 23%
 Involvement in physical fighting in the past year (adolescent males in
secondary schools):
 Sweden 22%
 USA 44%
 Jerusalem/Israel 76%
(WHO 2002)

Magnitude and impact
Source: WHO-Europe
Indirect Costs
• Premature deaths
• Lost productivity
• Absenteeism
• Economic development
• Quality of life
• Other intangible losses
• Premature deaths
• Lost productivity
• Absenteeism
• Economic development
• Quality of life
• Other intangible losses
Direct Costs
• Medical
• Mental health
• Emergency response
services
• Law enforcement services
• Judicial services
• Medical
• Mental health
• Emergency response
services
• Law enforcement services
• Judicial services

interested in violence as a public health
problem

interested in violence as a public health
problem
How?

How many of you personally are involved in work with your:
Community Safety Partnership/Crime and disorder reduction
partnership?
Hate crime monitoring?
Racial harassment steering groups/ monitoring groups?
Your Children’s Safeguarding Board?
Your Older and vulnerable people’s safeguarding boards?
Your domestic violence prevention partnership ?
Drug and alcohol action teams?
Alcohol licensing decisions ?

How many of your local public health teams are involved in work
with your
Community Safety Partnership/ Crime and disorder reduction
partnership?
Hate crime monitoring?
Racial harassment steering groups/ monitoring groups?
Your Children’s Safeguarding Board?
Your Older and vulnerable people’s safeguarding boards?
Your domestic violence prevention partnership ?
Drug and alcohol action teams?
Alcohol licensing decisions ?

Role of health professionals
Health
Professionals
Victim
services
Advocacy
Policy
Engaging
other
sectorsResearch
Prevention
& control
Injury
surveillance,
evaluation
Injury
surveillance,
evaluation
Source: WHO-Europe

A public health
approach to violence
prevention and
conflict resolution

North west
Public Health
Observatory,
Liverpool John
Moores
University.
Mark Bellis et
al

A public health approach to violence
From problem identification to
effective response
Define the problem:
Data collection,
surveillance
Identify causes:
Risk factor
identification
Develop and test
interventions:
Evaluation research
Implement
interventions,
measure
effectiveness:
Community
intervention,
training, public
awareness
(Adapted from: Mercy et al. 1993)
Preventing violence- a
neglected role for public
health ?

Identification of risk
factors
Violence as the result of a complex interplay of risk and
protective factors on many levels
An ecological model(WHO 2002)

Shared risk factors for interpersonal violence
 Individual:
Victim of child maltreatment, personality disorder, alcohol/substance
abuse, history of violent behaviour
 Relationship:
Poor parenting, marital discord, low socioeconomic household, violent
friends
 Community:
Poverty, high crime levels, high residential mobility, high
unemployment, local illicit drug trade, weak institutional policies,
inadequate victim care
 Societal:
Rapid social change, economic inequality, gender inequality, policies
that increase inequalities, poverty, weak economic safety nets, poor
rule of law, high firearm availability, war/ post-war situation, cultural
violence

Timing of violence prevention
 Primary prevention
 Risk factors ↓
 Protective factors ↑
 Secondary prevention
 Early warning
 De-escalation
 Conflict handling
 Tertiary prevention
 Reconstruction
 Resolution
 Reconciliation
Preventing violence- a neglected role for public health
?

The public health community should be
promoting the evidence base for crime and
violence prevention

Experience of 18 years working with
the ‘Safer Sandwell’ crime and
disorder partnership
What works ? And why does it matter
The Campbell collaboration
West Midlands Crimegrip ®
Knowledge transfer in the Collaboration for
applied health research (CLARHC) and
beyond….

Research evidence
1 Meta-analysis/ systematic reviews
2a Single randomised, controlled trial
2b Controlled studies
3 Observational studies
4 Informed opinions

Why evidence based policy?
Things we do can do harm as well as
good

Campbell collaboration
International review of
best available research
evidence on most
effective social and
educational interventions
to prevent crime and
improve educational,
social and health
outcomes
www.campbellcollaborationwww.campbellcollaboration..
orgorg

West Midlands Crimegrip
 Early years interventions
 Mild to moderate behaviour disturbance in children
 Peer education and interactive education programmes of drugs education
 Harm reduction approaches to drug treatment and rehabilitation
 Cognitive behavioural approaches to offender rehabilitation
 Streetlighting
 CCTV
 Restorative justice
 Alcohol brief interventions
 Scared straight
®

00 1010 2020 3030 4040 5050 6060 7070
Did homework at age 15Did homework at age 15
In program for mental impairmentIn program for mental impairment
IQ at 5 90 or moreIQ at 5 90 or more
9th %ile or better in school at 149th %ile or better in school at 14
Average or better literacy at 19Average or better literacy at 19
Data from the High/Scope Perry preschool project. Bars represent percentage in each of theData from the High/Scope Perry preschool project. Bars represent percentage in each of the
two groups. The difference in major educational performance findings between program andtwo groups. The difference in major educational performance findings between program and
non-program children is significant.non-program children is significant.
ProgramProgram No programNo program

00 2020 4040 6060 8080
5 or more arrests by age 275 or more arrests by age 27
Soc.Services ever in previous 10 yearsSoc.Services ever in previous 10 years
High school graduateHigh school graduate
Home owner at age 27Home owner at age 27
$2000 or more monthly pay$2000 or more monthly pay
Further data from the High/Scope Perry preschool project. Benefits from the programFurther data from the High/Scope Perry preschool project. Benefits from the program
continue to be seen in adulthood. Bars represent percentages of each of the groups Thecontinue to be seen in adulthood. Bars represent percentages of each of the groups The
difference between program and non-program children is significant.difference between program and non-program children is significant.
ProgramProgram No programNo program

In education, Highscope:
‘If it was a drug, it would be
unethical not to use it’

Parenting interventions for mild to moderate behaviour disturbance

Crimegrip® reports:
Less clear evidence
Youth services interventions

Crimegrip® report: Youth programmesCrimegrip® report: Youth programmes
Big brother, big sister; Quantum opportunities programme
The level of commitment and caring nature of staff on programmes.
Together with the degree of personal contact and skill at relating to
adolescents.
• Programmes incorporating more elements of the youth development
framework show more positive outcomes
Young people should be involved in programme design from idea
generation to implementation
• The programme activities should have a creative output. For
example, a performance, team record or newspaper.
• Crucial dimensions of programmes are the quality of adult-
adolescent relationships, family involvement and skill development.
• Youth development programmes should be supported by staff
training, certification programmes, and regional professional
development centres.

Crimegrip® report: youth programmes
The longer young people participate in programmes, and
the greater the duration of the programmes themselves,
the better the outcome.
• Let the young people drive the pace and activities. Do not
attempt to change the “mentee”.
• Young people are seen as resources to be developed, not
as problems to be managed
• Programmes should create family-like environments in
which adolescents feel safe and contain facilities which
are perceived as “places of hope”.
• Programmes should have opportunities for active
participation and set adolescents real challenges
Peer education role

Drugs education programmes (Tobler and
Stratton review )
Young people are seen as
resources to be
developed, not as
problems to be managed
Programmes should have
opportunities for active
participation and set
adolescents real
challenges
Peer education role

West Midlands Crimegrip®
No: ‘Scared straight’
No: didactic drugs education lectures in schools by
uniformed staff eg. ‘DARE’
No: driver education for under 17s
No: CCTV- except for car parks!

Randomized trials of ‘Scared Straight’ programmes
(Petrosino et al 2002)
Trial Change in criminal
behaviour
Michigan 1967 26 % increase
Greater Egypt 1979 5 % increase
Yarborough 1979 1 % increase
Orchowsky 1981 2 % increase
Vreeland 1981 11 % increase
Finckenauer 1982 30 % increase
Lewis 1983 14 % increase

Alcohol –what works?
Good information systems
Shared intelligence applied to licensing decisions
Alcohol brief interventions
Random static roadside breath testing
Combined interventions of the Holder Community Trial
Increasing real price of alcohol
Minimum unit price of alcohol
National restrictions on watershed advertising and
alcohol sponsorship
National or international alcohol information labelling

Public health directors should show leadership
of the local crime and violence prevention
agenda and partnerships

North West Regional
Public
Health Observatory
Report July 2011

All crimes alcohol
Woundings alcohol
related
Violence
9pm-2 am

Sandwell last drink survey 2013

Holder et al: Community trials
Responsible beverage training
Restricted outlets and sales to minors
Community and schools education
programmes
Drink driving controls
Labelling and point of sale information

UK Responsibility deal has
failed to deliver - control of
advertising and marketing to
young people
Been used to delay regulatory
and fiscal actions - increasing
real price of alcohol
Bringing in minimum unit price
as has been done now in British
Columbia, Saskatchewan and
soon in South Africa

Crimegrip® review: Alcohol and brief interventions- ConclusionCrimegrip® review: Alcohol and brief interventions- Conclusion
•Brief interventions are an effective initiative to reduce alcohol misuse
•BIs should be more widely available at GP surgeries, hospitals (esp
A&E).
•The evidence for very brief interventions is weak.
•The potential for delivery of BI's in other settings (eg the workplace)
should be explored,
•as should the precise characteristics and elements of the most
successful BI's.
•There is no direct evidence relating brief interventions to crime
reduction.
•It remains intuitive that the earlier treatment of individuals with
alcohol problems will reduce crime and needs to be further tested,
•for example in properly constructed studies of alcohol arrest referral
schemes,
•and in setting up long term follow up for brief intervention schemes in

http://www.local.gov.uk/web/guest/health/-/journal_content
/56/10171/3511175/ARTICLE-TEMPLATE

Neighbourhood policing :
Real time information
Neighbourhood tasking
Prompt response to
Anti- social behaviour
and
Environmental crime

Prof Cynthia Lum ,
George Mason
University,
Virginia
Crime
Evidence
based
policing
matrix

Birmingham /Warwick Collaboration for
Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care
Knowledge management strand-getting research
into practice

‘Evidence-based crime reduction’
further actions
Home visiting expansion and support for
young parents (the Family Nurse Partnership )
Environmental designing out crime and the
Sandwell Healthy urban Development Unit
20 mph zones
Domestic violence strategy and investment
Shared protocols for domestic violence,
drug and alcohol and children’s safeguarding
Multiagency safeguarding hub
‘Hotspots policing’- ‘tasking’?

‘Evidence-based crime reduction’ : next
steps
Create a crime, social welfare and
education, ‘healthy public policy’ trials unit?
Sandwell test for multiagency
safeguarding hub
Sandwell commitment to high quality trial
on universal parenting offer
Sandwell commitment to domestic violence
strategy with arrest, victim and perpetrator
services
A chance for FUSE?

The police are interested in preventing crime

The police are interested in evidence based
public policy, evidence based crime
prevention and evidence based policing

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=R11zFPYP7fg&feature=player_embedded
Supt Howard Veigas,
Head of Community
Safety Derbyshire
police

FPH Statement on violence prevention and the
role of public health….
Violence child abuse
Domestic violence
Community violence / hate crime
National and international violence / hate
crimes

FPH Statement on violence prevention
and the role of public health
A life course approach
A public mental health approach
An asset based community development approach
An evidence based policy and intervention
approach….

FPH Statement on violence prevention
and the role of public health
A real politik approach?
Power may be the only reality-
Political
Economic
Religious

FPH Statement on violence prevention and
the role of public health
‘Security’- ‘freedom from danger’
Bio security
Food security
Environmental security
Freedom from fear of violence
Freedom from violence
Military security
‘Reprise’ of the 1994 Human
Development Report

Thank you
John Middleton
Johnmiddleton@phonecoop.coop

Acknowledgements , declaration of interests
 John Middleton was supported in this work by grants from the
West Midlands Branch of the Home Office 2001-2005; the
National Institute of Health Research through the
Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and
Care (CLARHC) 2008-2014, and through the funding and
support of Sandwell primary care trust, Sandwell
Metropolitan Borough Council and West Midlands Police in
the Safer Sandwell Partnership. The views expressed are his
own.
 Thanks to Prof Richard Lilford, Sir Iain Chalmers, Gavin
Butler formerly WM Home Office and all those involved in
Crimegrip, CLARHC and the Safer Sandwell Partnership.
 Later work has been undertaken through the Faculty of Public
Health working group on violence prevention and public
health, especially Aphra Purkis-Garner and Mark Weiss, Mark

Appendix
Global health, war, terrorism, climate change

Fairer and
more sustainable
global health…

Poverty, inequality & violence
Local forces – poverty
Global forces – colonialism & globalisation
Ethnicity
Poverty, inequality & economic development
Political factors – social contracts & democracy
The international dimension
The underlying causes of civil war
The underlying causes of structural violence

The Gini coefficient
- measuring inequality within societies

The world map reflecting production related to climate change. “Climate
Change presents the biggest threat to health in the 21st
Century” The Lancet (373;9697 pp 1659-1734, May 16-22 2009).
Who produces the greenhouse gases?

Who bears the burden?
The world map reflecting mortality related to climate change. “Climate
Change presents the biggest threat to health in the 21st
Century” The Lancet (373;9697 pp 1659-1734, May 16-22 2009).

Climate change and war, conflict over
scarce resources
Conflict over unfair resources
Conflict over destroyed environments

From Alcamo and Heinrichs, 2002. In: Dialogue on Water and Climate, 2003.
Water critical regions
Medium water stress today & future increase in stress plus
HDI>0.8
A2 scenario, ECHAM4, 2020s

In the decade between 2001 and 2011, global military
spending increased by an estimated 92 percent, according
to
Stockholm International Peace Research, although it fell by 1.9
International Peace Bureau (1), almost 10 gigatons of carbon d
Global Carbon Project, 2014 emissions are set to reach a reco

What is “Terrorism”?
In Terrorism and Public Health, 109
definitions of “terrorism” were analyzed;
the most common definitional elements
were violence, force, political and
fear.
“Politically motivated violence or the
threat of violence, especially against
civilians, with the intent to instill fear.”

Primary prevention of public
health damage due to
terrorism

Terrorism and public health; John Middleton
Article 1
APHA
Address poverty, social injustice, and health disparities that may contribute to the development
of terrorism.
Article 2.
Provide humanitarian assistance to, and protect the human rights of, the civilian populations
that are directly or indirectly affected by terrorism
Article 3.
Advocate the speedy end of armed conflicts and promote non-violent means of conflict
resolution. [ to prevent circumstances in which terrorism may arise and be seen as the only
way out viz Iraq,Chechnya]
Article 10.
Prevent hate crimes and ethnic, racial, and religious discrimination; promote cultural
competence and diversity training, and dialogue among people and protect human rights and
civil liberties;
Article 11. Advocate the immediate control and ultimate elimination of biological, chemical and nuclear
weapons;
Authors’
addition 1
Promote sustainable development to ensure the appropriate and fair use of resources and the
protection of the environment minimising conditions of injustice to which terrorism may be a
response
Authors’
addition 2
Strengthen international laws and respect for international law amongst politicians. Strengthen
the resources available to the United Nations for peacekeeping purposes and strengthen the
mandate of the United Nations, to create binding and enforced international laws.
American Public Health Association Guiding principles of the public health response to terrorism October
Primary prevention 2001

Secondary prevention of public
terrorism

American Public Health Association Guiding principles of the public health response to terrorism October 2001
Secondary prevention
Article 2. Provide humanitarian assistance to, and protect the human rights of, the civilian populations
that are directly or indirectly affected by terrorism
Article 4. Strengthen the public health infrastructure (which includes workforce, laboratory and
information systems) and other components of the public health system (including
education, research, and the faith community) to increase the ability to identify, respond to,
and prevent problems of public health importance, including the health aspects of terrorist
attacks.
Article 6. Educate and inform health professionals and the public to better identify, respond to, and
prevent the health consequences of terrorism, and promote the visibility and availability of
health professionals in the communities that they serve.
Article 7. Address mental health needs of populations that are directly or indirectly affected by
terrorism
Article 9 Assure clarification of the roles, relationships and responsibilities among public health
agencies, law enforcement and first responders;

Preparedness planning/
‘resilience’
Resilience has come to mean the overall ability of public
services and communities to respond to and deal with
‘all risks’ of civil, environmental, communicable disease
disasters and breaches of security.

Tertiary prevention of public
terrorism

American Public Health Association Guiding principles of the public health response to terrorism
October 2001
Tertiary prevention
Article 5. Ensure availability of, and accessibility to, health care, including medications and vaccines, for
individuals exposed, infected, made ill, or injured in terrorist attacks;
Article 7. Address mental health needs of populations that are directly or indirectly affected by terrorism
Article 8. Assure the protection of the environment, the food and water supply, and the health and safety of
rescue and recovery professionals;
Article 12 Build and sustain the public health capacity to develop systems to collect data about the health
and mental health consequences of terrorism and other disasters on victims, responders, and
communities, and develop uniform definitions and standardised data-classification systems of
death and injury resulting from terrorism and other disasters.
Authors’
addition 3
Promote sustainable development in order to enhance resilience in the light of a terrorist action

The Role of Health Workers
in the Prevention of War
-- Addressing the Underlying Causes
of War and Terrorism
-- Controlling the Weapons
-- Promoting a Culture of Peace
-- Promoting Peace Through Health

Nonviolent Communication
(NVC)
- a philosophical and educational tool for human
connection
Putting empathy at the centre of thinking and
communicating
Four elements for
honestly expressing
and empathically
listening:
(Model adapted from the Centre
for Nonviolent Communication)

Public health effects of war
Public Health: concerned with the health of the community as a whole
immediate effects of violent conflict are increase in death and injury
epidemics and communicable diseases
displacement, disruption and debilitation
lack of food security and malnutrition
mental health problems
lack of drugs for treatment of disease

Association of Schools of Public
Health delegation to Gaza June
2015
Middleton J. Cement: Gaza’s
forgotten public health need.
BMJ Blog, July 8th
2015.
http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2015/07
Middleton J. Vimeo slideshow
ASPHER delegation to Gaza.
https://vimeo.com/133947395
Wafa rehabilation
hospital , destroyed
2014

Opportunity cost
‘The cost of liberty is
less than the price of
repression’
‘The cause of war is
the preparation for
war’
WE Burqhart Du Bois

References
 Arya N, Cukier W (2004). The international small arms situation: a public health approach.
In Mahoney P et al. (eds). Ballistic trauma: a practical guide. New York, Springer-Verlag.
 Barnaby W (1997). Biological weapons: an increasing threat. Medicine, Conflict and
Survival 14:301-313.
 Davey B (2004). Public health response to biological and chemical weapons. World Health
Organization.
 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (2010). Zero is the only option.
 Jenssen C et al. (2002). Medicine Against War. In Taipale I et al. (eds.) War or Health? A
reader. Zed Books, London: 8–29.
 Joachim I (2004a). Sexualized violence in war and its consequences. In Violence against
woman in war: handbook for professionals working with traumatised women. Cologne,
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reader. London, Zed Books.
© medicalpeacework.org 2012
Author Xanthe Hall, editors Mike Rowson and Klaus Melf, graphic design Philipp Bornschlegl

References
 Hegre H et al. (2001). Toward a democratic civil peace? Democracy, political
change and civil war, 1816-1992. American Political Science Review 95(1): 33-
54.
 Narayan D et al. (1999). Voices of the poor: can anyone hear us? Washington
DC, World Bank.
 WHO (2000). The world health report 2000 - Health systems: improving
performance. Available at www.who.int/whr/2000/en/, accessed 10 October 2011.
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Author Marion Birch, editors Mike Rowson and Klaus Melf, graphic design Philipp
Bornschlegl

Action now…
1. SDC Good Corporate Citizenship
toolkit
 www.corporatecitizen.nhs.uk/
1. NHS Carbon Trust Management
Programme
 http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/carbon/publicsector/nhs/
1. Sustaining a Healthy Future
 www.fph.org.uk
1. NHS Confederation briefings
 http://www.nhsconfed.org/Publications/briefings/Pages/Briefings.asp
1. NHS Carbon Reduction Strategy
and 2030 health care scenarios
 www.sdu.nhs.uk
See notes of this slides for some of the most important specific actions

References
Climate and Health Council (www.climateandhealth.org)
Global health, global warming, personal and professional
responsibility, Cambridge Medicine, Pencheon D, Vol 2, No 22, 2008
Stott R, Healthy response to climate change, BMJ 2006;332;1385-1387
Gill M, Why should doctors be interested in climate change?
BMJ Jun 2008; 336: 1506
Griffiths J, Alison Hill, Jackie Spiby and Mike Gill, Robin Stott Ten practical
actions for doctors to combat climate change, BMJ 2008;336;1507
Sustaining a healthy future: www.fph.org.uk
Griffiths J et al, The Health Practitioner's Guide to Climate Change,
Earthscan 2009
Pencheon D, Health services and climate change: what can be done? J
Health Serv Res Policy. Editorial Jan 2009
UCL Health Commission/Lancet: Managing the Health effects of Climate
Change. May 2009
The health benefits of tackling climate change, Wellcome/LSHTM, Nov

References
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Pensières, Annecy, WHO.
Mercy J et al. (1993). Public health policy for preventing violence. Health Affairs. Winter:7-29.
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary www.m-w.com
Rosenberg M (2003). Nonviolent communication: a language of life. Encinitas, CA, Puddle Dancer
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Santa Barbara J, MacQueen G (2004). Peace through health: key concepts. The Lancet 364:384-5.
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Author Klaus Melf, editor Mike Rowson, graphic design Philipp Bornschlegl

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