3. Monastic influence
Irish Monasticism
Palladius and Patrick in 5th century converts many Irish.
A network of monasteries was developed in lieu of an episcopal
church. Irish monasteries were local political units that served a
local kingdom.
Immensely personal spirituality, created penitential (private
confession), date of Easter was different.
590 Columbanus and the Irish missionaries go to Gaul
Roman Monasticism
Benedict designs the structure of European monasticism with “The
Rule.” Well functioning and organized communities of prayers and
work.
Monasteries developed in marginal lands and made them
productive economic systems.
This Monasticism grew and missionaries like Augustine would take
the rule throughout Britain and Europe.
Synod of Whitby – 664 AD King Oswiu of Northumbria
supported the holder of the keys.
4. POPE GREGORY THE GREAT (540-604)
In the tradition of Leo he
governed Rome, tradition of “St.
Peter’s patrimony.” Organized
health and sanitation, defense,
social justice/distribution, and
trade.
Promoted Germanic conversion
Converted the Arian Goths in Spain
Sent Augustine on missions to
Briton
Theological development of
Augustinian concept of salvation,
purgatory and penance (pushing
aside ideas of predestination and
irresistible grace)
5. Gregory
the Great
“When we attend to the
needs of those in want,
we give them what is
theirs, not ours. More
than performing works
of mercy, we are paying
a debt of justice.”
6. St. Boniface (680-754)
716 – Mission to Frisia and
Germania, used germanic
superstition to convert the
masses (legend of cutting
down Donar Oak)
732 – made archbishop of
Germania where he had to
create an ecclesial structure.
Throughout this time he
consolidated the relationship
between the Papacy and the
Carolingian (the Franks)
754 – martyred trying to
convert the Frisians
The General missionary policy of Gregory, and later Boniface, may be
summarized as “that which cannot be supplanted by preaching or
coercion, may be accommodated.” – David Keep
7. To advance the process of
Christianization among the Germanic
peoples it adopted the religiopolitical
and magicoreligious elements of
Germanic religiosity.
Christianity was adapted to germanic
political and military ideals (blood feuds)
in order to facilitate the alliance of the
Frankish political and military unit
A comprehensive program of post
baptismal religious education never
materialized, thus Christianity remained
a superficial and superstitious religion.
8. • Byzantines and Lombards
threaten Rome and Muslims
are threatening Europe.
• Looking for a military
protector the Papacy looks
to their Frankish allies and
the Carolingian house.
• 800 AD, Charlemagne is
crowned by Pope Leo III
• He revived education and
schools with the contribution
of Alcuin of York and
scholars flocked to his
domain.
9. Second wave of invasions
Northern wave - The
Vikings/Norseman
(793, 911)
Eastern wave – The
Magyars (896, 955)
Southern wave – The
Muslim (711, 754)
10. In the East, Iconoclasm
• In response to Islamic cultural issues
with the use of images Byzantines
started a campaign to also eliminate the
use of icons.
• It was a class issue with lower class,
eastern Byzantines supporting
iconoclasm and wealthy aristocratic
Byzantines condemning it.
• 730, Emperor Leo III began the
iconoclasm campaign of smashing
images. Pope Gregory III condemned
iconoclasm
• 787, Council of Nicaea II (the last
ecumenical council between east and
west) condemned iconoclasm.
In the West, Investiture
• Who had higher power and influence in
western Europe, Specifically, who had
the right of investing authority on
bishops: Pope or Holy Roman
Emperor?
• From the time after Charlemagne until
1122 this issue depended on who had a
stronger personality.
• In 1075 Pope Gregory claimed this
authority against Emperor Henry IV
and excommunicated him. 1077 Henry
IV found himself with no power and
went to Canossa for forgiveness.
• Emperor and Pope continued to fight
until the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
RELIGIOUS CONTROVERSY
1054: Official split between Eastern and Western Church
11. Clunaic Reform
909 – Monastery of Cluny
founded to reform
monasticism with a
reapplication of The Rule
along poverty, celibacy and
obedience. Subject to the
Papacy alone.
Eleventh century ecclesiastical
reformation to strengthen the
church with monastic
discipline.
1049 Monks Bruno, Humbert
and Hildebrand go to Rome to
reform the Papacy.
Hildebrand is Pope Gregory VII
from 1073-1085.
12. Feudal society is in a
state of constant
warfare between
local lords.
Peace of God
› Synod of 989 – Christian
Knights who attacked or
robbed clergy or serfs were
to be excommunicated
› Synod of 1033 – Children
and women were specifically
protected.
Truce of God
› Council of 1027 – banning
warfare on certain holy
days.
13. Reconquista, Crusades and
Military Monks
• 1085 – Toledo falls to the Christian armies of
Alfonso VI.
• 1095 – Pope Urban II gets a plea for
Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus for
help against the Muslims, Pope preaches for
the Crusade at Claremont
• 1099 – Crusaders take over Jerusalem and
establish the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. El
Cid dies defending Valencia.
• 1119 – Pius Knights create a monastic order to
protect and serve pilgrims. Knights Templars
and later the Hospitallers are born
• 1147 - Second Crusade go out with Emperor
Conrad III of the Holy Roman Empire and
Louis VII of France. Liberation of Lisbon
14. Aftermath of the Crusades
1187-1291 The Crusading campaign failed
1212-1492The Reconquista campaign
succeeded
RESULTS:
Byzantine empire was weakened especially when the
fourth crusade conquered Constantinople (1204-1261)
Economic trade would bring about prosperity.
Military orders eventually ended but they left a major
financial banking network
Philosophical and scholastic contribution from the
Muslim and Jewish community
The Black Death
15. The High Middle Ages (1000-1300)
Trade and economic
growth, gave rise to the
bourgeoisie, merchant
class
This emerging class would
call for a centralized
government to regulate
the Barons/Lords
Cities and urban areas
would grow.
Education was further
promoted.
16. CONVIVENCIA
• In Spain, the generally
peaceful intermingling of the
three religions saw the trade
of ideas between Muslim,
Jewish and Christian scholars.
This brought Aristotelian
philosophy back into Europe
especially with the work of the
Muslim scholar Averroes
which was translated into
Latin.
• Aristotelian philosophy would
promote natural law thinking
and observable reasoning.
17. Universities
Twelve and thirteenth Century
saw the development of
Universities from the Monastic
and Cathedral Schools of the
earlier period. (Paris, Bologna
and Oxford)
Cities had a love hate
relationship with the students
(Love the money, hate the
students)
Scholars guild were formed
using appeal to higher authority
and strikes to get what the
wanted from the city.
18. Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109)
Used reason to help develop articles of faith.
Cur deus homo: Book on explaining God and salvation
through Christ using reason
Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
Developed Scholastic theology with the book, Sic et
Non. Early user of Aristotelian logic.
Peter Lombard (1096-1164)
Wrote the Sentences which was a systematic treatment
of theology.
Scholasticism
19. Merchant and Ecclesial wealth challenged
Christians on the issue of poverty and
simplicity
Heretical movements sprang up
challenging the Church. The Cathars and
the Waldensians
The Menidcant orders reformed the church
along these lines.
Franciscans: Francis of Assisi, promoting a
spirituality of poverty and ministry to the
poor.
Domincans: Dominic de Guzman,
promoting a spirituality on poverty and
the pursuit of truth in order to combat
heresy.
Popes Innocent III and Gregory IX combats
heresy and affirms the mendicant
movement:
1215: The Fourth Lateran Council
1230’s: The Papal Inquisition
20. Thomas Aquinas
• Dominican Friar, 1225-1274
• Influenced by
Aristotelian/empirical
philosophy, All our rational
knowledge in this world is
acquired through sensory
experience on which our
minds then reflect
• “The Soul is known by its acts”
• Synthesizes theology in his
two scolastic works:
o Summa Contra Gentiles
o Summa Theologica
21. 1348 – 1349: The Black Death 1337-1453: The Hundred Year War
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES:
PLAGUE AND WAR
1453: The Fall of Constantinople
22. Papal controversies
• Boniface VIII
• Tried to assert Papal supremacy in
1302 with “Unum Sanctum,” He is
instead humiliated by the forces of
King Philip IV
• Clement V
• 1312 – Suppression of the Templars
• 1309-1377 - Avignon Papacy,
“Second Babylonian Captivity”
• 1378-1423 – The great Western
Schism.
• The Conciliar Movement.
• 1414-1418, Council of Constance
• 1431-1449, Council of Basel
• 1438-1445, Council of Ferrera
Florence
23. Renaissance
Development of Nominalism and Humanism:
Duns Scotus, (1266-1308) Not trusting in theological
reasoning he suggest that reason cannot prove what is
outside of our experience.
William of Ockham (1285-1347). Following on Scotus work
Ockham develops empirical method of observation and
experience. Begins developing the concept of subjective
(human) rights.
Fall of Constantinople and the invention of the printing
press (1440) brought classical Greek Literature to
peoples homes. This in turn brought a revival of
antiquity, literary awakening, and interest in the arts.
Popes would embrace this as an expression of their
redefined post-conciliar power. They would embellish
the city of Rome
24. John Wycliffe (1328-1384) –
questioned the temporal authority of
the Popes and believed in limiting
civil and ecclesial power, embraced
predestination and focus on
scripture. Rejected
transubstantiation.
John Huss (1371-1415) –
Questioned the legitimacy of a
corrupt Pope and attacked the sale
of indulgences since only God can
forgive. Burned at the stake on July
6 1415.
Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498)
Dominican Friar who promoted the
social cause for the poor and
republic governance.
Mysticism and Popular religious
movements Grow
PRE-REFORMATION
