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영남 알레르기 심포지엄 
2014
증례: 숨쉬기 힘들어해요! 
• 26개월 여아, 쌕쌕 거리며 응급실로 왔다. 
– 이틀 동안 콧물과 기침이 있다가 
– 어제 오후부터 쌕쌕 거리며, 약간 숨쉬기 힘들어 함 
• 과거력 
– 6개월, 14개월 때 모세기관지염으로 입원 2회 
• 가족력 
– 어린이 집에 다니고, 엄마가 비염을 앓으며, 
– 함께 사는 할아버지가 담배를 피우신다. 
• 진찰 소견 
– 빈호흡(45/분) 
– 양측에서 천명이 청진되고, 늑간 함몰이 관찰됨
응급실서 시행한 흉부사진
Hospital Course 
• 응급실 
– 벤톨린 네뷸라이저, 산소 공급 
– 경구용 스테로이드 1회 투여 
– 4시간 후에도 호전 없이, 증상 악화 
• 중환자실 
– 입원 후 Solu-Medrol 투여하였으나, 빈호흡과 호흡곤란이 
악화되어 중환자실로 전실 
– 6시간 간격으로 Solu-Medrol, 속효성 기관지 확장제 투여 
– 3일 후 호전되어 병실로 전실 후 5일째 퇴원 
• 집 
– 풀미코트 1일 2회 투여 
– 담배 피는 할아버지에 대한 교육 시행
천식 악화 원인으로 생각되는 것은? 
1. RSV(respiratory syncytial virus) 
2. Streptococcus pneumonia 
3. Influenza 
4. hRV(human rhinovirus)
RT-PCR of Nasal Swab 
• RSV A and B : negative 
• Influenza A and B : negative 
• Human Rhinovirus(hRV) : positive
What infection during infancy is 
most associated with the 
subsequent development of 
childhood asthma?
Which of the following appears to be 
associated with asthma? 
A) Influenza 
B) HRV (human rhinovirus) 
C) hMPV (human metapneumovirus) 
D) Chlamydia pneumonia 
E) All of the above
천식과 호흡기 바이러스 감염 
Viral 
infection 
• Recurrent wheeze, 
• Incident asthma 
Young children 
• Exacerbation, 
• Decreased lung 
function 
Present asthma
호흡기의 발달- 태내발달 
0 4 6 16 26 32week 
• 배아기(Embryonic period, 임신 4-6주) 
• 가선기(Pseudoglandular period, 임신 6-16주) 
• 세관지(Canalicular period, 임신 16-26주) 
• 소낭기(Saccular period, 임신 26-32주) 
• 폐포기(Alveolar period, 임신 32주- 출생)
호흡기의 발달- 출생 후 성장 
• 폐, 기관지의 발달 
– 출생에서 18개월까지 
• 2세까지는 폐포의 수가 증가하며 
• 호흡 세기관지(bronchiole)와 폐포관(alveolar duct)그리고 폐포의 기능이 성 
숙한다.
– 18개월 이후 만 4세까지 
• 호흡기의 전반적인 크기가 증가하고, 단단해진다.
A. B. 
그림 2. 호흡기의 출생 후 성장 
C. 
A. B. 18개월까지는 폐포의 수가 증가하며 호흡 세 
기관지(bronchiole)와 폐포관(alveolar duct)과 폐포 
의 기능이 성숙한다. 
C. 18개월 이후에는 폐포 수의 증가는 현저히 감소하 
고, 호흡기의 전반적인 크기가 증가한다. 이 시기 기 
관지 연골도 4세까지 지속적으로 단단해 진다.
호흡기 방어기능의 발달 
• 방어 체계의 발달 
– 점막 
• 1차 방어선 
– 호흡기 상피를 따라 발달한 면역계 
• 2, 3차 방어선 
1. 면역계의 발달이 미숙한 영유아에서는 1차 방어선인 점막의 역할이 중요하므로 
2. 적절한 습도를 유지하고, 물리적 손상을 막아서 점막 기능을 극대화 시켜야 한다. 
감염 예방을 위해 가족들의 위생 관리가 철저해야 하고, 사람이 많은 곳에 가는 것을 
제한하며 
3. 분비형 IgA가 점막 방어기전에 중요인자 이므로 IgA가 풍부한 모유 수유가 중요하 
다.
• 물리적 방어 기전: 1차, 2차 방어선 
– 가온, 가습 
• 비강은 표면적이 넓고, 혈관과 섬모 상피세포가 많아 흡입한 공기에 
효과적으로 온도와 습도를 높여준다. 
• 신생아와 영아의 호흡은 비강호흡에 많이 의존한다. 
– 미립자의 제거 
• 비강 내에서는 코털에서 
• 기관지로 들어온 것은 기관지 점액막층(mucus blanket)에 부착되어 
섬모운동에 의해서 제거된다.
공기 
온도 29-32도, 상대습도 95% 
온도 32-34도 
상대습도 100% 
온도 37도 
상대습도 100%
입으로 숨을 쉬면 이것이 바뀔까? 
공기 
온도 37도 
상대습도 100%
• 면역학적 방어 기전: 3차 방어선 
– 기도에서 분비되는 라이소자임, 락토페린, 인터페론과 면역글로 
불린 등 
– 주로 바이러스, 세균 등 미생물과 알레르겐에 대한 방어기능을 
하며, 물리적 방어 기전과 함께 기도를 지키는 강력한 방어선 이 
다.
• 방어 기전을 저해하는 요인들 
– 대기오염 물질 
• 아황산가스, 산화질소, 오존 
• 담배연기: 가장 중요한 저해 요인 
• PM2.5(초미세먼지), PM10(미세먼지) 
– 질병 
• 고열을 동반한 질환 
• 기관지염, 세기관지염 
• 비염, 부비동염 
– 의약품 
• 항히스타민제 
• 코데인
표1. 우리나라 2세 미만 소아 호흡기 질환에서 바이러스 검출 빈도 
김기환 등 소아감염 2010;17:49-55
Why Autumn and Winter Seasons? 
• 추워서? 
• 건조해서? 
• 밖으로 나다니지도 않는데…
해가 짧은 것이 원인이 아닐까?
Vitamin D deficiency and incidence of 
viral infection 
• “Rachitic Lung”: children with rickets have 
more respiratory infections 
– Lung abnormalities included: lobar atelectasis, 
interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary edema with 
cardiomegaly 
– Respiratory infections increased in children with 
“sub-clinical rickets” 
Khajavi and Amirhakimi Clin Ped 1977;16:1 
Rehman J Trop Pediatr 1994;40:58
Rate of URTI varied by Vit. D level 
Ginde et al. Arch Inern Med 
2009;169:384
Season and Influenza A: 
Do vitamin D levels play a role? 
Review by Cannell et al. Epidemiol Infect 
2006;134:1129
What is the level of proof that vitamin D 
sufficiency would be protective? 
• Increased rate of respiratory infectins in non-rachitic children 
with vit D deficiency returned to control levels after 6 weeks 
of high dose vit D 
• RCT in 334 school children in Japan 
– Intervention group: 1200 IU/d, control 200 IU/d 
– Outcome of Inf. A infection 
• Intervention 18/167, 10.8% 
• Placebo 31/167, 18.6% 
• RR of 0.36 (p=0.006) 
Rehman J Tropical Pediatrics 1994 
Urashima et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1255
What is the level of proof that vitamin D 
sufficiency would be protective? 
• Secondary outcome of a trial for bone loss 
– Women in intervention group (2,000 IU/d) had fewer respiratory 
infections than in control group: 7.7% vs. 25.0% 
Aloia and Li-Ng Correspondence to Epidemiol Infect 2007;135:1095
Mechanisms by which vitamin D 
decreases viral infection 
• Limits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, 
suppressing inflammation 
• Increases factors that inactivate viral pathogens: e.g., 
cathelicidin, beta-defensin 
• Primary airway epithelium generate active D that 
decreases inflammatory response to viral infection 
• Enhances T regulatory cell suppression 
Hansdorrir et al. J Immunol 2008;181:7090 
Hansdorrir et al. J Immunol 2010;184:965
Vitamin D levels and incidence of 
viral infection in young children 
• Cord-blood levels associated with resp infection 
– Lower levels associated with higher risk of resp infection 
by 3 months of age after adjusting for season of birth 
2.5 
2 
1.5 
respiratory infection 
any infection OR 
1 
0.5 
0 
>75 25-74 <25 
25(OH)D concentration, nmol/L 
Camargo et al. 
Pediatrics 
2011;127:e180
Vitamin D levels and incidence of 
viral infection in young children 
• Cord-blood levels associated with resp infection 
• Low levels associated with increased probability of a 
viral co-infection (more than 1 concurrent viral 
infection 
Most notable for RSV 
and RV 
Deficient 
Camargo et al. 
JACI 2010;126:1074
Are vitamin D levels associated with severity 
of viral infections in young children? 
• Pro 
– Case control study of 15 newborns with LRTI admitted to 
NICU 
• 15 healthy controls matched for GA, birth weight, age, gender 
• Levels in LRTI group 9 + 9 vs. controls 16 + 13, p=0.012 
• Plus/minus 
– Deficiency noted in bronchiolitis only in those admitted to 
ICU, not to general pediatric ward vs. well controls 
• Con 
– Maternal D evel not assciated with infant bronchiolitis 
score 
Karatekin et al. Eur J Clin Nutrution 2009;63:473 
McNally et al. Ped Pulm 2009;44:981 
Carroll et al. AJOG 2011;215:e1
Vitamin D deficiency and 
viral infection-induced exacerbations 
• Higher levels associated with decrease 
markers of allergy and asthma severity 
0.25 
0.2 
0.15 
0.1 
0.05 
0 
ICS or LM ICS or LM PD20 Hosp 
OR 
Brehm et al. AJRCCM 2009;179:765 
P=0.20 
P=0.004 P=0.05 
P=0.03
Vitamin D deficiency and viral 
infection-induced exacerbations 
• Lower levels associated with increase markers 
of allergy and asthma severity 
• Insufficient levels associated with risk of 
severe exacerbation, particularly when not on 
ICS
Brehm et al. JACI 2010;126:52
Risk of exacerbation over 4 years 
increased by a combination of ICS use 
and vit D status 
Exacerbation No Yes Percentage OR (95% CI) 
ICS, D suff 162 52 24 1.0 (reference) 
ICS, D insuff 58 31 35 1.7 (1.0-2.9) 
No ICS, D suff 289 158 35 1.7 (1.2-2.5) 
No ICS, D insuff 166 105 39 2.0 (1.3-2.0) 
Brehm et al. JACI 2010;126:52
Conclusions 
• Viral infections play a prominent role in: 
– Affecting asthma incidence in young children 
• Prominent role of rhinovirus 
– Precipitating asthma exacerbations 
– Leading to loss of lung function 
• Vitamin D deficiency associated with: 
– Increased rate of infections overall, particularly viral respiratory and in 
young children 
– Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased factors for viral 
inactivation on airway epithelium 
– Increased markers of allergy and asthma severity, and exacerbations 
• Need for RCTs to document improvement in outcomes with 
vit D supplementation
Questions 
• Evidence for viral infections: 
–Affecting asthma incidence in young 
children 
• Prominent role of rhinovirus 
–Precipitating asthma exacerbations 
–Leading to loss of lung function
Viral infection and asthma 
incidence 
• RSV bronchiolitis liked to development of wheeze 
and asthma at age 5 years 
– Related to episode severity 
– Interaction with family history of asthma 
• Rhinovirus (RV) plays a role more important than RSV 
– OR for development of asthma 
• 2.6 for RSV 
• 9.8 for RV 
– Improvement in detection via molecular techniques 
allowed determination of role for RV
RSV bronchiolitis and asthma 
outcome: Role of family history 
Sigurs et al. Thorax 2010; 65:1045
Role of viral infection early in life on asthma 
development 
Risk of asthma at age 6 years 
in children who wheezed 
during the first 3 years of life 
with rhinovirus (RV), 
respiratory syncytial 
virus (RSV), or both 
(*P , 0.05 vs. Neither; 
+P , 0.05 vs. RSV only). 
OR = odds ratio. 
Jackson et al. AJRCCM 2008;178:667
Viruses that exacerbate asthma by year of age, 
by asthma outcome 
RV – rhinovirus 
RSV – resp syn virus 
PIV – para influenza virus 
Flu – influenza A and B 
CV – coronovirus 
MPV – metapneumo virus 
AdV – adenovirus 
EnV – enterovirus 
Jackson et al. AJRCCM 2008;178:667
Viruses Trigger Most Asthma 
Exacerbations in Children 
• Viruses were detected in: 
– 80% of reported episodes of reduced peak 
expiratory flow 
– 80% of reported episodes of wheeze 
– 85% of reported episodes of upper respiratory 
symptoms, cough, wheeze, and a fall in peak 
expiratory flow 
Johnson SL et al. BMJ 1995;310:1225
Viral Detection During 292 
Respiratory Episodes 
160 
140 
120 
100 
80 
60 
40 
20 
0 
Picornavirus 
Coronavirus 
Influenza 
Parainfluenza 
RSV 
Other 
No virus 
Number of episodes 
Picornavirus = Rhinovirus or enterovirus 
Johnson et al. BMJ 1995;310:1225
Viral infection and decrease in lung 
function 
• Severe exacerbations (severe asthma-related 
event, SARE) are associated with decline in 
lung function 
– Protective effect of regular ICS use 
O’Byrne et al. AJRCCM 2009;179:18
Viral infection and decrease in lung 
function 
• Severe exacerbations are associated with 
decline in lung function 
• Decreased lung function after preschool 
wheezing RV, but not RSV, illnesses 
Guilbert et al. JACI 2011;128:532
천식의 예방?
호흡기 바이러스 감염 문제라면.. 
흠! 감기 걸리지 않게 막으면 되지….. 
간단하네… ㅋ 
감기를 어떻게 예방하나?
천식을 일으키고 악화시키는 
감기를 잡아봅시다.
출처: 허허 동의보감
출처: 허허 동의보감
외국에서는 어떻게 하나?
The Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 156, Issue 5, May 2010, Page A3 
Robert W. Wilmott
The recent evidences indicate that 
montelukast may reduce the 
frequency of post-bronchiolitic 
wheezing without causing significant side 
effects but that it has no effects on decreasing incidences 
of recurrent wheezing, symptom-free days, or the associated 
usage of corticosteroid in post-bronchiolitis patients. 
The small number of enrolled participants and the inability to pool all clinical outcomes precludes us from making solid 
recommendations.
결론이 뭐냐? 
• 비타민 D를 먹이라는 말이냐? 
• 몬테루카스트를 먹이라는 말이냐?
결 론 
나한테 그런 것은 
물어보지 마세요. 
오늘의 강의는 
천식이 호흡기 바이러스 감 
염과 밀접한 관계가 있다는 
것입니다.
정리해보면… 
• 호흡기 바이러스 감염의 빈도는 혈중 Vit- 
D 레벨이 낮은 것과 관련이 있다. 
• 호흡기 바이러스 감염 원인 중 hRV가 천식 
의 유발과 악화에 더 큰 역할을 한다. 
• 특히 어릴 때 hRV로 인해 폐기능이 저하되 
면 평생 영향을 미친다. 
• 몬테루카스는 세기관지염 후 wheezing의 
빈도를 낮출 수 있다.
약간 의문이 드는 것 
• 비타민 D를 계속 먹이면 호흡기 바이러스 
감염 예방에 도움을 줄 가능성이 있다. 
• 그러나 그 용량을 얼마나 주어야 할 것인 
지에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 
• 어린이들의 야외활동 시간을 늘려주면, 감 
기에 덜 걸릴 가능성이 있지 않을까?하는 
생각을 할 수도 있지만, 질병 관리 본부의 
감기 예방 수칙에는 아직 그런 것은 없다.
제목: Greeting Man 
작가: 유영호 
설치: 파주 헤이리 
제가 아는 것을 홀딱 벗고 
다 알려 드렸습니다. 경청해 
주셔서 감사합니다.

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영남알레르기 강의 자료

  • 2. 증례: 숨쉬기 힘들어해요! • 26개월 여아, 쌕쌕 거리며 응급실로 왔다. – 이틀 동안 콧물과 기침이 있다가 – 어제 오후부터 쌕쌕 거리며, 약간 숨쉬기 힘들어 함 • 과거력 – 6개월, 14개월 때 모세기관지염으로 입원 2회 • 가족력 – 어린이 집에 다니고, 엄마가 비염을 앓으며, – 함께 사는 할아버지가 담배를 피우신다. • 진찰 소견 – 빈호흡(45/분) – 양측에서 천명이 청진되고, 늑간 함몰이 관찰됨
  • 4. Hospital Course • 응급실 – 벤톨린 네뷸라이저, 산소 공급 – 경구용 스테로이드 1회 투여 – 4시간 후에도 호전 없이, 증상 악화 • 중환자실 – 입원 후 Solu-Medrol 투여하였으나, 빈호흡과 호흡곤란이 악화되어 중환자실로 전실 – 6시간 간격으로 Solu-Medrol, 속효성 기관지 확장제 투여 – 3일 후 호전되어 병실로 전실 후 5일째 퇴원 • 집 – 풀미코트 1일 2회 투여 – 담배 피는 할아버지에 대한 교육 시행
  • 5. 천식 악화 원인으로 생각되는 것은? 1. RSV(respiratory syncytial virus) 2. Streptococcus pneumonia 3. Influenza 4. hRV(human rhinovirus)
  • 6. RT-PCR of Nasal Swab • RSV A and B : negative • Influenza A and B : negative • Human Rhinovirus(hRV) : positive
  • 7. What infection during infancy is most associated with the subsequent development of childhood asthma?
  • 8. Which of the following appears to be associated with asthma? A) Influenza B) HRV (human rhinovirus) C) hMPV (human metapneumovirus) D) Chlamydia pneumonia E) All of the above
  • 9. 천식과 호흡기 바이러스 감염 Viral infection • Recurrent wheeze, • Incident asthma Young children • Exacerbation, • Decreased lung function Present asthma
  • 10. 호흡기의 발달- 태내발달 0 4 6 16 26 32week • 배아기(Embryonic period, 임신 4-6주) • 가선기(Pseudoglandular period, 임신 6-16주) • 세관지(Canalicular period, 임신 16-26주) • 소낭기(Saccular period, 임신 26-32주) • 폐포기(Alveolar period, 임신 32주- 출생)
  • 11. 호흡기의 발달- 출생 후 성장 • 폐, 기관지의 발달 – 출생에서 18개월까지 • 2세까지는 폐포의 수가 증가하며 • 호흡 세기관지(bronchiole)와 폐포관(alveolar duct)그리고 폐포의 기능이 성 숙한다.
  • 12. – 18개월 이후 만 4세까지 • 호흡기의 전반적인 크기가 증가하고, 단단해진다.
  • 13. A. B. 그림 2. 호흡기의 출생 후 성장 C. A. B. 18개월까지는 폐포의 수가 증가하며 호흡 세 기관지(bronchiole)와 폐포관(alveolar duct)과 폐포 의 기능이 성숙한다. C. 18개월 이후에는 폐포 수의 증가는 현저히 감소하 고, 호흡기의 전반적인 크기가 증가한다. 이 시기 기 관지 연골도 4세까지 지속적으로 단단해 진다.
  • 14. 호흡기 방어기능의 발달 • 방어 체계의 발달 – 점막 • 1차 방어선 – 호흡기 상피를 따라 발달한 면역계 • 2, 3차 방어선 1. 면역계의 발달이 미숙한 영유아에서는 1차 방어선인 점막의 역할이 중요하므로 2. 적절한 습도를 유지하고, 물리적 손상을 막아서 점막 기능을 극대화 시켜야 한다. 감염 예방을 위해 가족들의 위생 관리가 철저해야 하고, 사람이 많은 곳에 가는 것을 제한하며 3. 분비형 IgA가 점막 방어기전에 중요인자 이므로 IgA가 풍부한 모유 수유가 중요하 다.
  • 15. • 물리적 방어 기전: 1차, 2차 방어선 – 가온, 가습 • 비강은 표면적이 넓고, 혈관과 섬모 상피세포가 많아 흡입한 공기에 효과적으로 온도와 습도를 높여준다. • 신생아와 영아의 호흡은 비강호흡에 많이 의존한다. – 미립자의 제거 • 비강 내에서는 코털에서 • 기관지로 들어온 것은 기관지 점액막층(mucus blanket)에 부착되어 섬모운동에 의해서 제거된다.
  • 16. 공기 온도 29-32도, 상대습도 95% 온도 32-34도 상대습도 100% 온도 37도 상대습도 100%
  • 17. 입으로 숨을 쉬면 이것이 바뀔까? 공기 온도 37도 상대습도 100%
  • 18. • 면역학적 방어 기전: 3차 방어선 – 기도에서 분비되는 라이소자임, 락토페린, 인터페론과 면역글로 불린 등 – 주로 바이러스, 세균 등 미생물과 알레르겐에 대한 방어기능을 하며, 물리적 방어 기전과 함께 기도를 지키는 강력한 방어선 이 다.
  • 19. • 방어 기전을 저해하는 요인들 – 대기오염 물질 • 아황산가스, 산화질소, 오존 • 담배연기: 가장 중요한 저해 요인 • PM2.5(초미세먼지), PM10(미세먼지) – 질병 • 고열을 동반한 질환 • 기관지염, 세기관지염 • 비염, 부비동염 – 의약품 • 항히스타민제 • 코데인
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. 표1. 우리나라 2세 미만 소아 호흡기 질환에서 바이러스 검출 빈도 김기환 등 소아감염 2010;17:49-55
  • 23. Why Autumn and Winter Seasons? • 추워서? • 건조해서? • 밖으로 나다니지도 않는데…
  • 24. 해가 짧은 것이 원인이 아닐까?
  • 25. Vitamin D deficiency and incidence of viral infection • “Rachitic Lung”: children with rickets have more respiratory infections – Lung abnormalities included: lobar atelectasis, interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary edema with cardiomegaly – Respiratory infections increased in children with “sub-clinical rickets” Khajavi and Amirhakimi Clin Ped 1977;16:1 Rehman J Trop Pediatr 1994;40:58
  • 26. Rate of URTI varied by Vit. D level Ginde et al. Arch Inern Med 2009;169:384
  • 27. Season and Influenza A: Do vitamin D levels play a role? Review by Cannell et al. Epidemiol Infect 2006;134:1129
  • 28. What is the level of proof that vitamin D sufficiency would be protective? • Increased rate of respiratory infectins in non-rachitic children with vit D deficiency returned to control levels after 6 weeks of high dose vit D • RCT in 334 school children in Japan – Intervention group: 1200 IU/d, control 200 IU/d – Outcome of Inf. A infection • Intervention 18/167, 10.8% • Placebo 31/167, 18.6% • RR of 0.36 (p=0.006) Rehman J Tropical Pediatrics 1994 Urashima et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1255
  • 29. What is the level of proof that vitamin D sufficiency would be protective? • Secondary outcome of a trial for bone loss – Women in intervention group (2,000 IU/d) had fewer respiratory infections than in control group: 7.7% vs. 25.0% Aloia and Li-Ng Correspondence to Epidemiol Infect 2007;135:1095
  • 30. Mechanisms by which vitamin D decreases viral infection • Limits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suppressing inflammation • Increases factors that inactivate viral pathogens: e.g., cathelicidin, beta-defensin • Primary airway epithelium generate active D that decreases inflammatory response to viral infection • Enhances T regulatory cell suppression Hansdorrir et al. J Immunol 2008;181:7090 Hansdorrir et al. J Immunol 2010;184:965
  • 31. Vitamin D levels and incidence of viral infection in young children • Cord-blood levels associated with resp infection – Lower levels associated with higher risk of resp infection by 3 months of age after adjusting for season of birth 2.5 2 1.5 respiratory infection any infection OR 1 0.5 0 >75 25-74 <25 25(OH)D concentration, nmol/L Camargo et al. Pediatrics 2011;127:e180
  • 32. Vitamin D levels and incidence of viral infection in young children • Cord-blood levels associated with resp infection • Low levels associated with increased probability of a viral co-infection (more than 1 concurrent viral infection Most notable for RSV and RV Deficient Camargo et al. JACI 2010;126:1074
  • 33. Are vitamin D levels associated with severity of viral infections in young children? • Pro – Case control study of 15 newborns with LRTI admitted to NICU • 15 healthy controls matched for GA, birth weight, age, gender • Levels in LRTI group 9 + 9 vs. controls 16 + 13, p=0.012 • Plus/minus – Deficiency noted in bronchiolitis only in those admitted to ICU, not to general pediatric ward vs. well controls • Con – Maternal D evel not assciated with infant bronchiolitis score Karatekin et al. Eur J Clin Nutrution 2009;63:473 McNally et al. Ped Pulm 2009;44:981 Carroll et al. AJOG 2011;215:e1
  • 34. Vitamin D deficiency and viral infection-induced exacerbations • Higher levels associated with decrease markers of allergy and asthma severity 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 ICS or LM ICS or LM PD20 Hosp OR Brehm et al. AJRCCM 2009;179:765 P=0.20 P=0.004 P=0.05 P=0.03
  • 35. Vitamin D deficiency and viral infection-induced exacerbations • Lower levels associated with increase markers of allergy and asthma severity • Insufficient levels associated with risk of severe exacerbation, particularly when not on ICS
  • 36. Brehm et al. JACI 2010;126:52
  • 37. Risk of exacerbation over 4 years increased by a combination of ICS use and vit D status Exacerbation No Yes Percentage OR (95% CI) ICS, D suff 162 52 24 1.0 (reference) ICS, D insuff 58 31 35 1.7 (1.0-2.9) No ICS, D suff 289 158 35 1.7 (1.2-2.5) No ICS, D insuff 166 105 39 2.0 (1.3-2.0) Brehm et al. JACI 2010;126:52
  • 38. Conclusions • Viral infections play a prominent role in: – Affecting asthma incidence in young children • Prominent role of rhinovirus – Precipitating asthma exacerbations – Leading to loss of lung function • Vitamin D deficiency associated with: – Increased rate of infections overall, particularly viral respiratory and in young children – Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased factors for viral inactivation on airway epithelium – Increased markers of allergy and asthma severity, and exacerbations • Need for RCTs to document improvement in outcomes with vit D supplementation
  • 39. Questions • Evidence for viral infections: –Affecting asthma incidence in young children • Prominent role of rhinovirus –Precipitating asthma exacerbations –Leading to loss of lung function
  • 40. Viral infection and asthma incidence • RSV bronchiolitis liked to development of wheeze and asthma at age 5 years – Related to episode severity – Interaction with family history of asthma • Rhinovirus (RV) plays a role more important than RSV – OR for development of asthma • 2.6 for RSV • 9.8 for RV – Improvement in detection via molecular techniques allowed determination of role for RV
  • 41. RSV bronchiolitis and asthma outcome: Role of family history Sigurs et al. Thorax 2010; 65:1045
  • 42. Role of viral infection early in life on asthma development Risk of asthma at age 6 years in children who wheezed during the first 3 years of life with rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or both (*P , 0.05 vs. Neither; +P , 0.05 vs. RSV only). OR = odds ratio. Jackson et al. AJRCCM 2008;178:667
  • 43. Viruses that exacerbate asthma by year of age, by asthma outcome RV – rhinovirus RSV – resp syn virus PIV – para influenza virus Flu – influenza A and B CV – coronovirus MPV – metapneumo virus AdV – adenovirus EnV – enterovirus Jackson et al. AJRCCM 2008;178:667
  • 44. Viruses Trigger Most Asthma Exacerbations in Children • Viruses were detected in: – 80% of reported episodes of reduced peak expiratory flow – 80% of reported episodes of wheeze – 85% of reported episodes of upper respiratory symptoms, cough, wheeze, and a fall in peak expiratory flow Johnson SL et al. BMJ 1995;310:1225
  • 45. Viral Detection During 292 Respiratory Episodes 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Picornavirus Coronavirus Influenza Parainfluenza RSV Other No virus Number of episodes Picornavirus = Rhinovirus or enterovirus Johnson et al. BMJ 1995;310:1225
  • 46. Viral infection and decrease in lung function • Severe exacerbations (severe asthma-related event, SARE) are associated with decline in lung function – Protective effect of regular ICS use O’Byrne et al. AJRCCM 2009;179:18
  • 47. Viral infection and decrease in lung function • Severe exacerbations are associated with decline in lung function • Decreased lung function after preschool wheezing RV, but not RSV, illnesses Guilbert et al. JACI 2011;128:532
  • 49. 호흡기 바이러스 감염 문제라면.. 흠! 감기 걸리지 않게 막으면 되지….. 간단하네… ㅋ 감기를 어떻게 예방하나?
  • 50. 천식을 일으키고 악화시키는 감기를 잡아봅시다.
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56.
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61. The Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 156, Issue 5, May 2010, Page A3 Robert W. Wilmott
  • 62.
  • 63. The recent evidences indicate that montelukast may reduce the frequency of post-bronchiolitic wheezing without causing significant side effects but that it has no effects on decreasing incidences of recurrent wheezing, symptom-free days, or the associated usage of corticosteroid in post-bronchiolitis patients. The small number of enrolled participants and the inability to pool all clinical outcomes precludes us from making solid recommendations.
  • 64. 결론이 뭐냐? • 비타민 D를 먹이라는 말이냐? • 몬테루카스트를 먹이라는 말이냐?
  • 65. 결 론 나한테 그런 것은 물어보지 마세요. 오늘의 강의는 천식이 호흡기 바이러스 감 염과 밀접한 관계가 있다는 것입니다.
  • 66. 정리해보면… • 호흡기 바이러스 감염의 빈도는 혈중 Vit- D 레벨이 낮은 것과 관련이 있다. • 호흡기 바이러스 감염 원인 중 hRV가 천식 의 유발과 악화에 더 큰 역할을 한다. • 특히 어릴 때 hRV로 인해 폐기능이 저하되 면 평생 영향을 미친다. • 몬테루카스는 세기관지염 후 wheezing의 빈도를 낮출 수 있다.
  • 67. 약간 의문이 드는 것 • 비타민 D를 계속 먹이면 호흡기 바이러스 감염 예방에 도움을 줄 가능성이 있다. • 그러나 그 용량을 얼마나 주어야 할 것인 지에 대한 연구가 필요하다. • 어린이들의 야외활동 시간을 늘려주면, 감 기에 덜 걸릴 가능성이 있지 않을까?하는 생각을 할 수도 있지만, 질병 관리 본부의 감기 예방 수칙에는 아직 그런 것은 없다.
  • 68. 제목: Greeting Man 작가: 유영호 설치: 파주 헤이리 제가 아는 것을 홀딱 벗고 다 알려 드렸습니다. 경청해 주셔서 감사합니다.

Editor's Notes

  1. 답) 4
  2. 답) E