This document discusses several learning theories and perspectives: 1) The behavioral perspective focuses on observable behaviors and conditioned responses. Key theorists include Watson, Skinner, Pavlov, Hull, and Thorndike. 2) Instructional design based on the information processing perspective aims to optimize cognitive processes. 3) Constructivism emphasizes that learners construct their own understanding by combining new information with existing knowledge. 4) Communication theory models the transmission and interpretation of messages between people and through media channels.

1. 2

2. 

3. 


4. 
1.1
1.2

5. Behavioral Perspective

“
”
“
”
 (John B.
Watson) (Robert M. Gagne)
(B.F. Skinner) (Ivan
P. Pavlov) (Clank L. Hull)
(Edward L. Thorndike)

6.  (Gaining Attention)
 (Informing the Learner of
the Objective)
 (Stimulating Recall of
Prerequisite
 Learning)
 (Presenting the Stimulus
Material)
 (Providing Learning Guidance)
 (Eliciting the Performance)
 (Providing Feedback)
 (Assessing the Performance)
 (Enhancing Retention and
Transfer)

7. The Information Processing Perspective

Driscall.
1994

(Information)

8. Constructivist
Perspective

Wittrock. Bruner.
Brown Collins & Duguid.
“
Duffy Lowyck &
Jonassen.
“
”
Piaget
Bruner Vygotsky
Driscoll.


9. Communication Theory

“
” Tubbs & Moss.
1994: 6
“ ”


10. 
1. Intrapersonal
Communication)
2. Interpersonal
Communication)
3. Mass
Communication)

11. (Berlo.
1960 : 72)
(S-M-C-R Process Model)
Sender Message Channel Receive
r
(Feedback)

12. General System Theory

System

Kemp Morrison Ross