Essay Chromatography Investigation

Essay Chromatography Investigation
Chromatography Investigation
Chromatography is a highly regarded technique used to separate the components of a mixture. It is based on the principle that each component
possesses a unique affinity for a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The components that are more inclined to enter the mobile phase will migrate
further on the chromatogram and distinguish themselves from the other components. The type of solvent used in chromatography is known to directly
affect the separation of the mixture. In this experiment, thin–layer and column chromatography will be utilized to separate the numerous chlorophyll
and carotenoid pigments of a spinach extract. The optimal solvent that will maximize the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the solvent moves past the spotted mixture, two opposing forces created by the solvent and the adsorbent influence the mixture. Each component
can either dissolve in the mobile solvent or remain adsorbed to the stationary adsorbent. This process generates an equilibrium, as some components are
adsorbed and others are dissolved and transported with the solvent until they are readsorbed further along the plate. The different tendencies of each
component to comply with the subjected forces may result in a successfully separated mixture on the plate.
The type of solvent used will determine the extent of separation of each component. The concept that like constituents are attracted to each other and
are miscible plays an essential role in determining the migration distances of various components of the mixture. Each component has the option of
entering either the mobile or stationary phase and the polarity of the solvent will influence its pathway. For example, a more polar solvent will
compete with the polar components for positions on the polar adsorbent and also transport its counterpart along the plate until it finally becomes
adsorbed. As a result, the polar components of the mixture will remain in the mobile phase for a longer period
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Dna Marker Research Paper
A DNA marker (size standard or a DNA ladder) is loaded into the first well of the gel. The fragments in the marker are of a known length so it can be
used to help approximate the size of the fragments in the samples. The prepared DNA samples are then pipetted into the remaining wells of the gel.
When this is done the lid is placed on the electrophoresis tank making sure that the orientation of the gel and positive and negative electrodes is correct.
To separate the fragments, the electrical current is then turned on so that the negatively charged DNA moves through the gel towards the positive side
of the gel. The distance the DNA has migrated in the gel can be judged visually by monitoring the migration of the loading buffer dye. The electrical
current is left on long enough to ensure that the DNA fragments move far enough across the gel to separate them, but not so long that they run off the
end of the gel. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To visualize the DNA, the gel is stained with a fluorescent dye that binds to the DNA, and is placed on an ultraviolet trans illuminator that will
show the stained DNA as bright bands. The dye can also be mixed with the gel before it is poured. If the gel has run correctly the banding pattern of
the DNA marker/size standard will be visible. It is then possible to judge the size of the DNA in the sample by imagining a horizontal line running
across from the bands of the DNA marker. The size of the DNA can be estimated in the sample by matching them against the closest band in the

Gel Electrophoresis Lab
Purpose: Gel Electrophoresis is used to separate macromolecules like DNA and RNA by their size, or proteins by their charge and size. In this
experiment, I used the Gel electrophoresis to determine the presence of all dyes in a specific dyes mixture. Hypothesis: If all dyes are present in this
mixture, then the dyes in the mixture should travel the same direction as the dyes in it towards the positive electrode because the negatively charged
dyes travel towards the positive electrode while the positively charged dyes travel towards the negative electrode. Materials and Methods: Material:
Agarose gel (2%) on gel tray, TBE running buffer 1X, 350 mL, 5 micropipettes, metric ruler, electrophoresis chamber, power supply. The dyes:
Bromophenol blue,

Thin Layer Chromatography Lab Report
Thin–layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate the components of a mixture. It can be used to monitor the
progress of a reaction, determine the purity of a substance, and identify compounds present in a given mixture. TLC is performed on a sheet of glass,
plastic, or aluminum foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminum oxide, or cellulose. This layer of
adsorbent is known as the stationary phase. After the sample has been applied on the plate, a solvent or solvent mixture is drawn up the plate via
capillary action (known as the mobile phase). The presence of hydroxyl groups in the adsorbent renders the surface of silica gel highly polar. Thus,
polar functionality ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because different analytes ascend the TLC plate at different rates due to polarity, separation is achieved. Caffeine was found to be the most polar
compound out of all the other analgesics with the lowest Rf factor of 0.33 due to its xanthine core which contains two fused rings, a pyrimidinedione
and imidazole. Out of the four amine groups present in caffeine, the pyrimidinedione in turn contains two amide functional groups that exist
predominately in a zwitterionic resonance, the location from which the nitrogen atoms are double bonded to their adjacent amide carbons atoms. The
nitrogen atom is also capable of forming a hydrogen bond and participating in dipole–dipole interactions, along with its london–dispersion forces,
thereby making it an extremely polar molecular compound and allowing it to form coordination bonds with silica gel in the TLC. The second most

Reaction Paper On Xyloglucan
Xyloglucan
This polysaccharide is a plant based, obtained from seeds of tamarind. And chemically, it is polysaccharide composed of a chain of (1–4)– –D–glucan
having (1–6)– –D xylose units as branches which have partial (1–2)– –D–galactoxylose substitution. Xyloglucan, itself, does not undergo gel
formation but dilute solutions partly degraded by galactosidase exhibit gelling properties on heating (temperature dependent gelformation). Besides
the use in oral drug delivery, it is also being used for ocular and rectal drug delivery. Xyloglucan has shown a very little gelation time of up to few
minutes. Xyloglucan is a polysaccharide derived from tamarind seeds and is composed of a (1–4)–ОІ–D–glucan backbone chain, which has
(1–6)–О±–D xylose branches that are partially substituted by (1–2)–ОІ–D–galactoxylose. Xyloglucan is composed of octasaccharide, heptasaccharide
and nona–saccharide oligamers, which differ in the amount of galactose side chains. Although xyloglucan itself does not gel, dilute solutions of
xyloglucan which has been partially degraded by galactosidase exhibit a thermally reversible sol–gel transition on heating.[19] ... Show more content on
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Conventional suppositories habitually cause discomfort during insertion. And also, suppositories are unable to be sufficiently retained at a specific
position in the rectum, sometimes they can migrate up–wards to the colon that makes them possible for drug to undergo the first–pass effect. Choi et al.
developed novel in situ gelling liquid suppositories with gelation the temperature at 30–36В°C. Poloxamer 407 and/ or poloxamer 188 were used, that
give the temperature–sensitive gelation property. In–situ gel possesses a potential action for rectal & vaginal route. Miyazaki et al. investigated the use
of xyloglucan based thermo reversible gel for rectal drug delivery of

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is an extremely useful technique for monitoring reactions. It is also used to determine the proper solvent system for
performing separations using column chromatography. TLC uses a stationary phase, usually alumina or silica, that is highly polar (standard) or
non–polar (reverse phase), and a mobile phase, some solvent whose polarity you will choose. In 5.301, and in most lab applications, you will use
standard phase silica plates. You will apply your reaction mixture in solution to the plate then "run" the plate by allowing a solvent (or combination of
solvents) to move up the plate by capillary action. Depending on the polarity of the components of the mixture, different compounds will travel
different distances up the plate. More polar compounds will "stick" to the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3) Fill TLC chamber with 1–2 mL of the desired solvent system. Place a large piece of cut filter paper in the chamber as well. 4) Spot the compound
on the baseline of the TLC plate. We will use commercial spotters, but spotters can be pulled from hot Pasteur pipets–you may see this in your UROP.
If you are monitoring a reaction, make sure to spot the starting material, the reaction mixture, and a co–spot of both. 5) Run the TLC. Let the solvent go
about 90% of the way up the plate. 6) Remove the plate from the chamber and mark the solvent front immediately with a pencil – you will use this to
calculate the Rf. 7) Let the solvent dry off of the

Gelatin cryogel sheets (5%) were synthesized using...
Gelatin cryogel sheets (5%) were synthesized using glutaraldehyde as the cross–linker. The aldehyde groups of glutaraldehyde form covalent imine
bonds with amino groups of gelatin. Initially different concentrations of gelatin were used (4%, 5%, 6% and 8% respectively). On physical examination
of the cryogels produced with these concentrations, it was observed that at higher concentration of gelatin polymer (8%) the rate of polymerization was
very fast and hence cryogel sheets formed were not proper. As the percentage of gelatin was increased the amount of cross–linker required was low i.e.,
the amount of cross–linker required decreases with increase in monomer concentration. Increase in polymer concentration also leads to less elasticity ...
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Decrease in glutaraldehyde cross–linker on increasing the polymer precursor might be happening due to the increased probability of colliding
polymers and cross linking agent in this unfrozen liquid microphase where all chemical reactions take place. More probability of colliding might be
decreasing the amount of glutaraldehyde required to crosslink polymers for gel synthesis. It was also observed that if the amount of glutaraldehyde used
was more than the optimum concentrations (Table 1.1), the gel formed lack porous network and were tough and brittle. When the glutaraldehyde
concentration was reduced and kept lower than the optimized one, the gels were weak in mechanical strength. This observation suggests that there
seems to be some competition between the nucleation process which takes place in frozen regions and gelation process which takes place in unfrozen
liquid microphase. When the concentration of glutaraldehyde was lower than optimum, nucleation process dominates the gelation process and the gels
formed were weak due to large pores and less polymer wall formation by cross linking of polymers. When glutaraldehyde quantity was taken more than
optimum, gelation dominates the nucleation process and the gels formed were without any pores and were brittle. Figure 1.1A shows the digital
images of optimized gelatin sheets. Figure 1.1B and 1.1C shows that at an optimized polymer and cross–linker ratio

Comparing Polarity Of Caffeine And Acetaminophen
In this experiment, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to identify and compare polarity of two molecules, caffeine and acetaminophen.
Chromatography is defined as the separation of a mixture of chemicals as they flow at different rates over a stationary phase based on their relative
polarity. Caffeine, the more polar molecule had a greater affinity for the polarsilica gel stationary phase causing it to consistently have a lower retention
factor regardless of the mobile phase. This methodology can be effectively used to distinguish and analyze the polarity various of chemical mixtures
such as within medicines, inks, etc.
In thin layer chromatography a stationary phase, silica gel with a glass backing, is dotted on a pencil drawn

In this experiment, the objective was to use thin layer chromatography to identify the major active ingredients in commercial analgesic preparations.
TLC is a method to separate compounds and to see how many compounds are present in the mixture. The separation into components is also
dependent on the solvent used. When TLC is performed, the Rf values are determined for the sample and they are compared to the Rf values of the
standards. Similar Rf values help identify the standards that might be present in the sample. I used TLC to identify the major active ingredient in
Aleve, a pain medication. Six standards were used to determine which was the main ingredient in Aleve, but only three standards had similar Rf
values to the Rf values of Aleve. The standards and their Rf values are summarized below. Rf Values S2: 0.67, 0.83 B1: 0.66 S5: 0.55 B2: 0.65 S6: 0.39
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Comparing Rf values, S2, Ibuprofen, has a similar Rf value to Aleve, but because it separated into two components, one having a higher Rf value
than Aleve, it is not likely that the main ingredient in Aleve is ibuprofen. Standard S5, naproxen sodium, has a smaller Rf value than Aleve, but it is
the next closest one. Comparing both S2 and S5, I believe S5, naproxen sodium, is present in my sample. S6, aspirin, has an Rf value that is too small
to be the major ingredient in

The Cation Exchange Gel Samples
The cation exchange gel samples are labelled IEX 19–22 as these were the tubes with the highest activity as shown in the above table. The other IEX
fractions had significantly lower specific activities so were less likely to contain the protein of interest and more likely to contain unwanted proteins
than the higher specific activity fractions. Only the higher specific activity fractions were chosen for this reason. All the fractions that were analysed by
gel electrophoresis have the same banding patterns which means that they can be combined to get a combined total for the yield calculations. This has
then been used to calculate the amount that there would have been if the entire solution was used for this process. However, the ... Show more content
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This is seen in the gel electrophoresis where there is a greater number of bands for dye 9–11 than there is for the IEX tubes. The fold purification was
expected to be between 3–7–fold as found on the "BRENDA web page" (2017), for this experiment a 1.4–fold (492404/349710) increase in activity
was seen after dye ligand chromatography. The retrospective yield was like cation exchange which also gave an impossible result considering the
after–dialysis yield. It is difficult to say which yield is more accurate. The after–dialysis yield measured may be lower than its true value or the error
created by averaging the different tubes and treating them as if the entire sample has overestimated the amount of LDH present. Although there are
more bands on the gel there is a lower retrospective total protein for dye ligand than there is for cation exchange 43.2 mg and 55.9 mg respectively. This
could indicate that although there is a greater number of bands the ratio of LDH to unwanted proteins may be higher. This technique has gotten rid of
the band that was present in cation exchange but has different bands present which shows that the two purification techniques are targeting LDH in
different ways.
Affinity chromatography relies on the protein ability to bind to specific molecules tightly but not covalently. This technique uses a ligand bound to the
matrix that is capable of specifically binding to the protein. When the impure solution is passed through the

Tlc Lab
The TLC (Thin–Layer Chromatography) will be used to determine the composition of various over–the–counter analgesic drugs. By doing so, the
identities of actual trade names of the unknown analgesics can be found, almost mimicking the other procedures done in this laboratory with a similar
outcome: finding the unknown's identity through comparing and analyzing. Experimental First off, an amount of at least 12 capillary micropipettes
was needed in this experiment to spot the plates.,To create capillary micropipettes, the capillary tubing was heated at its midpoint with a bunsen burner,
rotated until the tube's middle became soft. When the tubing became soft, the tube was pulled away from the heat and the heated portion of the tubing
is drawn... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a graduated cylinder, around ~5 mL of 95% absolute ethanol was gathered and transferred into a labeled test tube with the half–tablet powder inside.
After leaving the solution for a bit and waiting for the ethanol to slowly evaporate, they were allowed to settle and then be spotted onto the sample
plates. Develop the plate in 0.5% glacial acetic acid–ethyl acetate, as before, in the development chamber and observe the plate under UV illumination.
The visible spots were marked and the plates were sketched into the lab notebooks. As for the unknown spot, the identity was discovered through
analyzing the spots and comparing the similar descriptions to its corresponding identity. After the unknown tablet's identity has been discovered
and all the UV analyses are compared, an iodine analysis can be done. The plates were placed in a jar containing a few iodine crystals and sealed
off with a cap before warming it gently on a warm hot plate until the spots begin to appear. A few spots become visible, as well as their distinct
relative colors, which allows for direct comparison between the colors of the reference spots to those on the unknown plate(s). The plates were
removed from the jar, observations were recorded into the lab notebook, and the experiment is now

Spinach Chromatography
The purpose of this experiment was to learn about the analytical method known as chromatography which allows the separation of a mixture into its
molecular components. In order to illustrate this technique the pigments found in the leaves of spinach were separated by means of thin layer
chromatography (TLC). All chromatographic techniques have one principle in common; a liquid or gaseous solution of sample, called the moving
phase, is passed (moved) through an adsorbent, called a stationary phase. With TLC the adsorbent of choice was one of the most common coatings,
silica gel, SiO2. This compound is polar, and therefore, is frequently used in the separation of polar substances such as aldehydes, ketones, amines and
carboxylic acids. On the other hand, a mixture of nonpolar solvents (petroleum ether and cyclohexane) was used as the solvent. ... Show more content
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The pigments of fresh, frozen and canned spinach were extracted by grinding the mixture until observing a powder–looking appearance. The sand was
used to destroy the cell walls of spinach and free the pigments while any traces of water were being removed by the drying agent (MgSO4).
Following this, the mixtures were transferred to three labeled test tubes in which 2.0 mL of acetone were added to each. The acetone washes the
photopigments from the cells and cytoplasm. In this manner, using a fixed speed vortex mixer, the mixture was shaken vigorously for 10 minutes.
Upon completion of mixing, the frozen and canned spinach displayed three distinctive layers, the bottom layer containing sediments, the middle layer,
a cloudy solution, and the top layer a homogeneous green liquid. The ideal separation will have excluded the middle layer, which was a result of
traces of water present in the

Purification Of Purification And Purification
When examining the purification data in Table 4, we can analyze the different methods of purification of LDH and determine how effective each
methods is in order to ultimately purify LDH. Unfortunately, there are two different definitions of purification: one is have a high end yield of the
protein, while the other is having a high end concentration without any contaminating proteins. Furthermore, in order to achieve one type of
purification, the other one has to be given up. The very first purification step involved the 65% ammonium sulfate cut that resulted in a highest protein
concentration out of all the purification steps. The protein concentration went up from 3.925mg/ml from the clarified homogenate to 28.11mg/ml,
which is resulted of the pelleting out of the LDH and reducing the volume from 114mL to 5.7mL. Furthermore, the 65% pellet cut was able to
recovery 46% of the LDH, while purifying it by 6.8 fold. Also, this step was able to remove 65% of the total proteins, while retaining 35% of it. Due
to the increased purity and 46% recovery of LDH we can conclude that most of the removed total protein was non–LDH, contaminating protiens.
Unfortunately, since this was only the first purification step, the amount of comtaminating proteins is still fairly high as depicted in Figure 14, where
the 65% cut pellet contains several dark bands besides the one at 35kDa. The second purification step involved the affinity chromatography column that
resulted in a sharp decrease

Nannoparticles Case Study
Increased worldwide use of nanomaterials in almost every field promotes the design and production of various kinds of nanoparticles and they are
being used across all fields of science, such as chemistry, physics, materials science, molecular biology, reproduction, biotechnology and engineering
(Zhao et al., 2012; Rafeeqi and Kaul, 2010a,b). Nanoparticles have a greater surface area by volume ratio than larger particles thus exerting a stronger
effect on the surrounding environment and reacting more with other substances. These factors affect their chemical reactivity, membrane permeability
and also their mechanical, optical, electrical and magnetic properties. Increasing use of nanoparticles has also attracted human attention to... Show more
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Due to their small size, nanoparticles can penetrate the cell membrane easily and they can also pass through the blood–brain barrier, blood–testes
barrier and placental barrier (De Jong et al., 2008; Lankveld et al., 2010). Jo et al., (2013) found that ZnO NPs were distributed in mammary tissue of
the dam and liver and kidney of the pups. However, the placenta is not an effective barrier because environmental pollutants and drugs can easily
cross this barrier and cause birth defects (Perera et al., 2003; Olivero et al., 1997). Nanoparticles even in the absence of placental transfer, may pose a
risk to the proper development of foetus if they hamper the viability and functionality of the placental tissue (Muoth et al., 2016). Several studies have
reported that nanoparticles including ZnO NPs and SiO2 NPs have an impact on reproductive organs (Yoshida et al.,2009; Yoshida et al., 2006; Ono et
al., 2007) and hamper their normal endocrine functions (Esmaeillou et al., 2013). The placenta is a hormonally regulated organ that is responsible for
the maternal–fetal exchanges and is essential for the maintenance of gestation and embryonic growth. Nanoparticles have transplacental ability and may
also affect the offsprings by altering signalling pathways, and also cause pregnancy complications (Yamashita et al., 2011). Nanoparticles have been
found in the brain, liver, kidney, testis and other organs of offspring after

comparative proteomics Essay
Comparative Proteomics: Protein Profiler Lab by Jonathan Thulson
Biology 113
October 6, 2013
Lab Partner:
Vernon Morris
INTRODUCTION Proteomics is the study of proteins. Their functions, interactions with other proteins, cellular locations and levels at which they are
expressed. The purpose of this lab was to compare the proteins present in different species of fish to be able to determine which species of fish have the
closest relation. This can be determined based on which two fish species have the most proteins in common with one another. The Central Dogma of
biology is a process in which a gene made of DNA is transcribed by a messenger RNA and then translated into aprotein. Based on the Central Dogma of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The proteins are also added to a Laemmli sample buffer in order to give each protein a negative charge so it is able to get pulled through the
polyacrylamide gel. The next step is to put the gel into the electrophoresis module and to run it. It is run until the proteins have almost reached the
bottom of the gel. A blue tracking dye is added to the Laemmli sample buffer in order to track the distance in which the proteins travel through the
gel. If it is run for too long, the proteins will run off the bottom of the gel and it will mess up your results. Once the protein reach the bottom of the
gel, the gel is stained in order to be able to see the individual bands of the different proteins. When the gel is stained, the protein distances will be able
to be measured and compared. For a detailed procedure, refer to the Comparative Proteomics Kit I: Protein Profiler Module Lab Manual.
RESULTS
I did not get conclusive data from the gel I made. As you can see in figure 1, the bands that showed up on the gel were too cluttered to be able to
measure them. So I could not compare protein bands between the fish species based on our gel. Instead, I used a default gel picture that another
group did in the class to get my data. From their gel I was able to compare the different species. Table 1 shows the number of bands that were similar
between the different fish species when they were compared. I was able to determine that fish species C (Tuna)

Research Proposal: Optimum Enp For Oil Spill Remediation.
Research Proposal: Optimum ENP for Oil Spill Remediation
Literature Review Summary and Knowledge Gap
Oil spill contains crude oil, small amount of heavy metal, refined and unrefined petroleum oil(Intertek, 2015). Due to these toxic chemicals, oil spill is
an environmental issue and needs great attention because of its adverse effective in aquatic life and ecological balance. Use of nanomaterials in oil spill
remediation is a novice approach. Oil and water separation requires technology with unique wettability, super hydrophobic and oleophilic surface
property. This can be achieved with surface modification using nanoparticles. These types of modified nanomaterials will be able to absorb oil or toxic
organic compounds from the contaminated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nanowire will be coated with a layer of silica gel and TiO2. This modified ENP will have selective adsorption ability, wide range of oil absorption
capacity. It will have magnetic property for quick treatment in the contaminated area (In–situ treatment). The research will also involve in large scale
in–situ implementation method that show little to no toxic effect due to the synthesized ENP.
Workplan
ENP Synthesize
The research will start with synthesizing the ENP with three functional property. A MnO nanowire will be grown by hydrothermal method. The
nanowire will have a Fe3O4 core and MnO shell. A silica gel coating will be on the nanowire followed by a TiO2 coating usingsol–gel method.
Characterization
The characterization of the synthesized ENP will be done using X–ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high resolution–TEM
respectively(Stefan et al., 2014). The stability test and surface tension will be calculated using DELVO equations. The composition of the sample will
be characterized with Energy Dispersion X–ray(EDX). The characterization will also involve testing the magnetic property. The magnetic force will
be determined with simple weight balance and digital caliper(Gomes de Souza, Marins, Rodrigues, & Pinto, 2010). The weight variation with a
neodymium N42 magnet (external Gauss strength and energy density equal to 13.2 kG and 42 MG В· Oe, respectively) will be used for magnetic
force measurement using F_m= в€†mg.

Extract Proteins From The Muscle Tissue Of Various Fish...
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was extract proteins from the muscle tissue of various fish species and execute an SDS–PAGE to determine
similarities in their respective protein profiles. The seven species examined in this investigation were the Yellow Tuna (Thunnus albacares), Thresher
Shark (Alopias vulpinus), Paiche (Arapaima gigas), Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), Catfish (Ameiurus catus), Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and
Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A sample of muscle tissue from each of the sevenfish species was placed in a microtube containing Laemmli
Sample Buffer, in order to disrupt and denature the tissue. The microtube was incubated at room temperature for five minutes, and then was placed in a
95В°C hot ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are directly controlled by DNA specific sequencing and coding. Since proteins are influenced by DNA, their profiles, also known as proteomes,
are indicative of evolutionary and genetic relatedness. These proteomes vary from cell to cell, as the function of each group of cells is different.
Proteomics refers to the study of protein structure, function, and interaction within a certain environment in an organism.
The purpose of this experiment is to perform a procedure known as SDS–PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate– polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) in order
to determine protein profiles for seven fish species: Yellow Tuna (Thunnus albacares), Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus), Paiche (Arapaima gigas),
Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), Catfish (Ameiurus catus), Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The gel
electrophoresis separates the fish muscle proteins according to their molecular weights, which allows one to determine a profile for each specie.
The goal of this experiment is to extract proteins from fish muscle tissue, unfold and denature them, load them for gel electrophoresis, and determine
the success in our efforts to classify and compare fish muscle protein profiles. These protein profiles will help establish the shared characteristics and
evolutionary relationships between any two given fish species.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate

Notes On The Food Of Food
HYDROCOLLOIDS IN FOOD
UTHRA PREMNATH
COMPARISON BETWWEN GELATIN AND OTHER HYDROCOLLOIDS All hydrocolloids are polysaccharides except gelatin, a protein. When
compared with gelatine, carrageen forms a brittle, elastic gel. Pectin gels cannot produce elastic properties at all. Alginates gives clear, elastic gels, but
the melting point is too high. Except gelatine all other hydrocolloids form products with reduced flavour profile. Starches create unpleasant texture.
Gelatine is much cost effective. Other hydrocolloids need big production process (Gelatine manufacturers of Europe, 2016)
PROPERTIESGELATINOTHER HYDROCOLLOIDS
EdibleFood ingredient and additive
Also got E numbersFood Additive
Got E numbers
Thermo reversible gelMelts at body temperature so intense flavour and mouth feelNo
GMOGMO freeObtained from Genetically modified plants
Solubility in waterNoYes
Solubility in saltYesNo
ViscosityLowModerate, Some possess High
Gelation conditionsBelow setting temperaturePresence of k+, Na+ or Ca2+ ions
Gel textureSoft, strong and gummyCohesive, brittle
IncompatibilityKetones, water soluble alcohols, below iso– PHWater soluble alcohols, ketones, cationic macro molecules.
FunctionalityMulti– functionalCombination needed for multi functions
Absorption in bodyEasily digestiblePrevents the uptake of trace elements
Cost effectiveComparatively cheapSome are more expensive
Table 1 Gelatin vs other hydrocolloids
GELATIN
Gelatine is a naturally obtained

Essay on Who Stole My Cheese? Self-Analysis
Change, like time, is always happening. There is no way to stop it, not even for a second. Whither or not you realize it, you are always changing in
every possible way. However, we commonly simplify change to only the large differences in our normal routines each day or week, whither they are
expected or unexpected. These large problems can sometimes become problems for people, which is not surprising. They should be problems,
whither they are good problems to have, or bad. It is our job to adapt to these changes, and to adapt quickly. All of thetime it takes you to adapt, is time
lost, time you will never regain. This principle is easily explained by Spencer Johnson, M.D. in his book Who Moved My Cheese?. ... Show more
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When a cheese did disappear, the mice had no problem adapting to it. They simply went out in search of new cheese the minute they didn't have
any. They didn't waste even a second complaining. They knew it was do or die. If they did not find new cheese, then they would wither and die.
Hem and Haw thought it was unfair and did nothing of value. They complained that it was unfair that someone had taken their cheese from them.
And after sitting around for days, they began to grow weak without food. Finally, Haw realizes that they cheese is not coming back and that they will
perish without a new food source. Haw then ventures out to find a new source of cheese. However, he had grown so weak he questioned whither he
had waited too long to venture out when he had not found any cheese for several days. Haw persisted and eventually found new cheese and learned his
lesson. Hem however, remained where he was, and perished.
When I compare myself to these four characters, I find that I am a mix of all of them, even the mice. I find that they are some situations where I am
so determined to do something that I will not stop until I reach my goal no matter what gets thrown in my way. Yet there are the times when
something totally unexpected is thrown at me, and I simply shut down. I am always able to, however, pull myself. Sometimes it will take me longer
than others, but I will never perish like Hem did for refusing change.

Stem Bark Essay
Phytochemical investigation of stem bark of Myrica esculenta Buch.–Ham. syn. M. nagi Hook.f. (Myricaceae) led to the isolation of four
taraxerane–type triterpenoids characterized as 3ОІ, 28, 30–trihydroxytaraxara–23–oic acid (1), 3ОІ,28–dihydroxytaraxerane (2), 3ОІ,30–dihydroxy–
taraxerane–23–oic acid (3) and 3ОІ, 12О±, 28, 30–tetrahydroxytaraxeran–23–oic acid (4) which were elucidated using spectroscopic and
chromatographic analysis.
Keywords: Myrica esculenta, Myricaceae, pentacyclic triterpenoids, phytochemical studies
Complementary and alternative medicine is one of the ways for treatment of the disease, which include herbal and traditional formulations. Various
medicinal herbs and herbal products have been evaluated scientifically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[4 – 7]
The present paper describes the isolation and structure elucidation of taraxerane–type pentacyclic triterpenoids from the stem bark of M. esculenta
collected from Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Melting points were determined on a Perfit melting apparatus (Ambala, Haryana, India) and are uncurrected. UV spectra were measured with a
Lambda Bio 20 spectrophotometer (Perkin–Elmer–Rotkreuz, Switzerland) in methanol. Infra red spectra were recorded on Shimadzu FTIR 5000 (FTS
135, Japan) spectrophotometer using KBr pellets; Оіmax values are given in cm–1. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were screened on advance DRX 400,
Bruker spectrospin 400 and 100 MHz instrument in 5 mm spinning tubes at 27 ВєC, respectively (Karlesruthe, Germany) using TMS as an internal
standard. Mass spectra were scanned by effecting FAB ionization at 70 eV on a JEOL–JMS–DX 303 spectrometer (Japan) equipped with direct inlet
probe system. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (60–120 mesh; Qualigen, Mumbai, India). TLC was run on silica gel G
(Qualigen). Spots were visualised by exposing to iodine vapours, UV radiation, and spraying with ceric sulphate solution.
The stem bark of Myrica esculenta Buch.–Ham., syn. M. nagi Hook.f. (Myricaceae) was collected from the provinces around Sunder Nagar, Dist.
Mandi,

Thin Layer Chromatography And Column Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography and Column Chromatography
By Maggi Shelton
Under the Supervision of Dr. Mills Chavonda
The Department of Chemistry and Physics
Milledgeville, GA 31061 Abstract:
Thin layer chromatography and column chromatography are two different methods that allow for the separation of two miscible solvents. Through
column chromatography, a mixture of nonpolar fluorine and polar fluorenone was successfully separated. Thin layer chromatography was then used in
order to determine the success of the separation based upon the calculated Rf values, which if the Rf value fell below zero or was above one, then the
separation was not successful.
Introduction: Methods used to separate miscible solvents include thin layer chromatography (TLC) as well as column chromatography. A method
used to separate a mixture of miscible solvents is column chromatography, which is used to purify and separate compounds. The particular speed of
the solvents used in the experiment depended upon the properties, being polar or nonpolar, as well as the properties of the prepared column
(INSERT SOURCE HERE). With column chromatography, there are two phases that include mobile and stationary phases. In the experiment
performed, the glass column used was first packed with a piece of cotton followed by a layer of sand in order to keep the silica gel in place and also to
prevent the gel from flowing out of the tube when the particular solvent was added. Based upon whether the

Dna Isolation Research Paper
DNA Isolation, Quantification, and Visualization
DNA isolation is a process of DNA purification through physical and chemical means. DNA was protected within the nuclear membrane of B. rapa,
which was surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall. Mechanical and chemical lysis of the cell was necessary to break open the cells and
solubilize the membranes to isolate the DNA. Mechanical lysis, which consisted of grinding the leaves with a pestle, broke down the cell wall.
Chemical lysis, through the use of lysis solution, broke down the lipid–base membranes. The lysate was placed inside the Zymo–spin IV spin filter to
remove chunks of debris from the solubilized cell components. A binding buffer was added to the collection tube that held DNA,

Recrystallisation and Chemical Separations Essay
Introduction:
Recrystallization is used for the purification of solid compounds. The recrystallization process relies on the fact that majority of compounds are more
soluble in hot solvent than in cold. The hot saturated solution containing the compound will have unwanted impurities and will be filtered out and
cooled to produce the pure crystal constituents of the compound.
Thin layer chromatography can be used as a physical method to segregate compounds from natural sources. E.g. Spinach leaves are visibly green, but
consist of a variety of components that have more colour than others. This experimental procedure uses compounds from spinach leaves that are
exposed to chromatography, TLC plate to indicate the different pigments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part C:
Clear silica gel turned visibly green once green food dye was added. The first band within column (yellow) was collected after Nacl was added;
methanol was added to the column to start the second mobile phase which extracts the second band of (blue) liquid from the remaining silica gel +
green food dye solution. The column chromatography produced two beakers of blue and yellow from the green food dye. Wavelengths of maximum
absorption were calculated: yellow = 428nm; blue = 629nm; food dye green = 629 & 426nm.
Discussion:
Part A:
The warm water was added to the dehydrated mixture of table salt, sand and the copper sulphate. The solution changed to a visibly blue homogenous
colour. The sand and some of the copper crystals that did not dissolve remained at the bottom of the beaker. A small amount of copper sulphate residue
was left in the collection funnel. The temperature of the solution was too high for the mixture to bind and recrystallize; Ethanol was added to the
mixture to lower solubility. The beaker was then placed in a cooler for duration of 10mintues to decrease temperature and increase the rate of
recrystallization. When the beaker was removed from the cooler it was still visibly blue indicating in was not a complete recovery. Recovered copper
sulphate pentahydrate crystals were solid, multi edged and uniform in assembly. High level of purity.

Part B:
The chromatogram involved

Surface Attachment Essay
Surface attachment of the biological elements: Fiber Optic Sensor for bio–sensing has an important part which is to attach biological elements with the
sensor surface. The easiest way for this is surface fictionalization for the biological elements coat. Aminosilane, Polylysine, and nitrocellulose or
epoxy saline are being used in the case of glass silicon chips. This process can bond the biological agent some of its examples are fixed with layer by
layer. Polymer coatings charge with the deposition. There are there the main ways for the chemical and physical entrap. Hydro gel is used most of the
time is sol–gel. Silicate monomers of polymerization are generated with glassy silica.
Bio Transducer: Calcification of the Fiber Optic Sensor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can happen in the situation where ion channels embedded in the support of the tethered bilayer membranes. This always attached with the electrode
that is of gold, as a result, the electrical circle comes into existence. The molecules that are being captured for example antibodies to control the flow of
the ion and this binds the target molecule, this control on the flow is through a channel. As a result of the electrical conduction which is proportional to
the target that was being set before the experiment?
Reagentless fluorescent biosensor: A reagents fiber optic sensor for bio–sensing in the complex situation of the biological mixture can monitor the
analyte. If this is immobilized on the solid support then this can function properly. This fiber optic sensor for biosensors reacts in the situation of
interaction with the analyte that was targeted with the change of the properties of the fluorescence. After that, the targeted sequence will be base
paired by the hybridization probes and this will generate an optical signal. The principle of transduction which is favored employed has optical
detection in this kind of biological sensor. The measurement of this interaction is through the bio transducer which gives a signal that is measurable
and is proportional to the sample which is in the presence of the analyte that is targeted. The purpose behind the design of Fiber Optic Sensor for
biosensing is to create a quick testing that is convenient to the point of

Drug Delivery Via The Nasal Route
Introduction
In the past years, drug delivery via the nasal route has established itself as a competitor and an alternative route over other routes of administration. It
provides a higher degree of patient compliance and drugs can be painlessly self–administered by the patient (Illum, 2003). Drugs administered through
nasal route are absorbed rapidly and can reach therapeutically effective plasma levels quickly due to highly permeable membranes and rich vasculature
of the nasal cavity (Majithiya et al., 2006). In addition, the nasal route offers further advantages over the oral route, especially for those drugs that have
poor oral bioavailability due to high hepatic first–pass metabolism, pH instability and enzyme degradation in GIT (Ugwoke et al., 2001).
Nowadays, the intranasal route has gained more interest to target drugs to the brain and cerebro–spinal fluid by passing the blood–brain barrier.
Intranasal formulation of drugs for the treatment of Parkinson 's disease (Khan et al., 2010), Alzheimer 's disease (Zhang et al., 2004) and psychosis
(Kumar et al., 2008) have been elaborated and their therapeutic efficiency over conventional oral dosage form has been verified.
Rivastigmine tartrate (RV) is the drug of choice for the treatment of Alzheimer 's disease that is characterized by progressive memory dysfunction due
to significant insufficient levels of acetylcholine in the brain (Williams et al., 2003). RV is categorized in the class of reversible cholinesterase

Synthetic Proteins And Cellular Components Essay
Now with the GFP in the lysate solution with other soluble proteins and cellular components, we need a strong and specific process that targets only
the GFP and not the other parts of the mixture. This strong and specific process used is called affinity chromatography, in which one substance can be
purified by using its specific interaction with another substance. In this case, GFP has six histidines at its N–terminus which can easily bond to
Ni2+and this interaction can be used to purify the GFP from the lysate by using a Ni–NTA column. This Ni–NTA column allows for solutions to
follow through except components that can easily bond to the immobilized Ni2+ ion in the column's silica matrix. Before we could use the Ni–NTA
column, we had to equilibrate it by adding some binding buffer to the column that washes and prepares the column and then centrifuge. After the
column is ready for use, the bacterial lysate can be added to the column, with some left for later analysis. The column is then centrifuged in order for
the mixture to flow through the matrix and separate those components that can bind to Ni2+ (not necessarily only GFP) and those that simply flowed
through. The liquid from the collection tube is collected and transferred into a tube and labeled "F" for flow through (Figure 1, lane F). At this point
the GFP is bound to Ni2+ in the matrix of the Ni–NTA column, however it is not alone. Many other proteins and cellular components may have bound
to the column as well due

Thin Layer Chromatography Lab
Thin layer chromatography is the separation of substances using different solvents that run up the TLC plate to find different materials and colors in
the sample. Three solvents in this test were one hundred percent acetone, one hundred percent isopropyl, and distilled water. In this test we timed the
speed of each solvent and recorded the best color content.
PACE Introduction
Thin Layer Chromatography is a commonly used experiment in forensics, and is the separation of substances using different solvents. What I want to
find out is what the fastest solvent is, but keeps the best color on the TLC plate. The three solvents in the experiment are one hundred percent acetone,
one hundred percent isopropyl, and distilled water. Acetone is nail polish remover and isopropyl is rubbing alcohol. In the experiment, it required
distilled water because it is purified and is always the same substance in the container. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TLC was invented in 1941 for forensics, but wasn't perfected on paper until 1944(chromatography–online.org). Schaiber was the one who invented TLC
and he was a German scientist. Some other facts are that there are many other ways to do TLC and that it's not a very old process.
Forensic scientists use this in cases dealing with a lot of drugs or explosives. They use much more complicated equipment though to perform their
tasks. Many explosives can be tested and most common drugs can be tested too. Some reasons to test these substances are, one the government
doesn't want people to have drugs or explosives, and two, and people might find out and get really concerned. All in all this is very important to
society. The hypothesis is what would be the fastest solvent that will keep the best color

Materials And Methods Of Chemicals
Materials and methods
Chemicals used:
Fipronil (Insecto SC 5%) is a product of BASF Company and manufactured by Sinochem Group– Ningbo Technical Co. Ltd, China. Zinc was obtained
(in the form of zinc sulphate heptahydrate) from October Pharma, Egypt. The kits used for the following biochemical assays were purchased from
Biodiagnostic Company, Dokki, Giza, Egypt: superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6),glutathione peroxidase (GPx, EC
1.11.1.9), glutathione–s–transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.13), glutathione reduced (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and totalprotein. All other chemicals
were obtained from reputed companies.
Animals and experimental design
Twenty male albino rats, weighing 90 В±10 g were used in this study. The animals were obtained from the animal house of the National Organization
for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Dokki, Giza, Egypt. They were housed under normal environmental conditions of temperature and
humidity and allowed to adapt to the new environment for two weeks before starting the experiment. Animal rooms (23В±2 CВє) were maintained on a
12:12h light/dark photoperiod. Animals were provided with food with free access standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. All animal procedures
were conducted according to accepted standards of animal care following NODCAR Guidelines. Rats were randomly divided into four groups, five
rats in each group. Control group, rats received drinking water. Zinc group, rats received zinc at

Sds Lab Report
SDS page
Name: Shelby Clark
Lab Partners: Kaliah Goodman, Howsikan Kugathasan, and Suntesia Bowen
Date of Laboratory: September 21, 2016
Goal of Laboratory:
The goal of this laboratory was to successfully make a gel and to run an SDS–PAGE and determine molecular weight (MW) of an unknown protein
sample by comparing it to Log10 of the migration of molecular weight of the standards.
Background:
The purpose of SDS–PAGEis to separate proteins according to their size, and no other physical feature. SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is a detergent
(soap) that can dissolve hydrophobic molecules but also has a negative charge (sulfate) attached to it. Therefore, if a cell is incubated with SDS, the
membranes will be dissolved, all the proteins will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, if we had many copies of two different proteins that were both 298 amino acids long, they would travel together through the gel in a mixed
band. As a result, we would not be able to use SDS–PAGE to separate these two proteins of the same molecular weight from each other. Some possible
errors that occurred during this lab include poorly executing inserting the MW marker solution into the well of the gel. This caused not so clear
bands as shown in figure 1. Incorrect measurements of the migration could also lead to errors in the data. The molecular weight of the protein was
determined by plotting a graph of the Log MW vs migration (cm) and generating a standard curve. The unknown sample molecular weight was
calculated as 79.43 kD. Experimental errors in this lab could be minimized by carefully loading the wells on the

Flavanones From The Wood Of Morus Nigra With Cytotoxic...
FLAVANONES FROM THE WOOD OF Morus Nigra WITH CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY FERLINAHAYATI A,*, YANA MAOLANA SYAH B , LIA
DEWI JULIAWATY B, EUIS HOLISOTAN HAKIM B a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of
Sriwijaya Jalan Raya Palembang Prabumulih Km 32, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatera, Indonesia 30622 b Natural Product Research Group, Department of
Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia 40132 * Corresponding author, tel/fax : 0711
–580269 email:
etihayati74@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Two flavanone derivatives, norartocarpanone (1) and euchrenone a7 (2) had been isolated for the first time from
the methanol extract of the wood of Morus nigra.The structure of these compounds were determined base on spectral evidence, including UV, IR, and
NMR. The first compound also confirmed by comparison with the reported data. Cytotoxic properties of these compounds were evaluated against
murine leukemia P–388 cells. Euchrenone a7 (2) was found more cytotoxic than norartocarpanone (1) with their IC50 7.8 and 12.7 пЃg/mL
respectively. Keywords: norartocarpanone, euchrenone a7, Morus nigra, cytotoxic ABSTRAK Dua senyawa flavanon yaitu norartokarpanon (1) dan
eukrenon a7 (2) telah berhasil diisolasi untuk pertama kali dari ekstrak metanol kayu batang Morus nigra. Struktur senyawa tersebut ditetapkan dengan
cara–cara spektroskopi yang meliputi spektrum UV, IR dan NMR. Senyawa norartokarpanon (1) juga dikonfirmasi dengan

Thin Layer Chromatography Lab
Brianda Mendez
Lab 05 Report
Introduction:
Thin–layer chromatography (TLC) is a very commonly used technique in synthetic chemistry for identifying compounds, determining their purity and
following the progress of a reaction. Thin–layer chromatography or TLC, is a solid–liquid form of chromatography, it involves the distribution between
two phases. The stationary phase is a polar adsorbent, it is coated on a glass slide or plastic sheet creating a thin layer of the particular stationary phase.
The mobile phase, a liquid or a gas flows through the stationary phase and carries the components of the mixture with it. In chromatography, the
retardation factor, is the fraction of a chemical constituent that undergoes analysis in the mobile phase of the chromatographic system.1 The Rf is
defined as the ratio of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bigger the Rf, the further the spot moved and that the Rf should be the same for a component regardless of how far the solvent moves.
Results & Discussion: Comparing the efficiency between the plates with the unknown was quite effective, the first plate contained the unknown,
Aspirin, Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen. The outcomes came out very clear, Aspirin had a measure of 2.9cm, Acetaminophen had 2.6cm , Ibuprofen
had 3.5cm and my unknown had 3cm. It was clear that Ibuprofen had too high of a distance, Acetaminophen was too low of a distance, while
Aspirin was right around the length my unknown traveled. With that being said, I kept aspirin as one of my options to test later during the KCU
plate. In the second plate, It contained Salicylamide, Caffeine, and my unknown. The Salicylamide traveled at a rate of 2.9 cm , Caffeine only
traveled .8 cm and my unknown traveled 3 cm once again. It was visually clear that both Aspirin and Salicylamide had a distance .1 cm away from my

Report On The Synthesis And Syntheis Conditions Of...
A REPORT ON THE SYNTHESIS AND SYNTHEIS CONDITIONS OF MESOPOROUS SBA
–15 SILICA
1.MATERIALS:
1.1.A Surfactant:
The surfactant to be used in this is a triblock copolymer: – poly(ethylene oxide) block – poly(propylene oxide) block – poly(ethylene oxide) block
commonly known as pluronic 123 or P123. This substance is a structure directing agent (Kim & Stucky 2000) where P signifies that the copolymer
is in form of a paste, 12 is a number multiplied by 300 to give an approximate molar mass of PPO while 3 signifies PEO is 30 wt% of the whole
compound (Johansson et al. 2015)
Figure 1: Chemical formula and properties of the surfactant P123 (Tianyuan et al. 2013)
P123, a nonionic surfactant, is easy to separate, biodegradable, nontoxic and not costly to purchase (Stevens et al. 2006), (Zhao et al. 1998). P123 has
the potentials to template ordered mesoporous materials and also to form more stable mesoporous silica materials (Kipkemboi et al. 2001).
1.2.Silica Precursor:
There are two common silica precursors that can be used in the synthesis of SBA–15. These are Sodium metasilicate and Tetraethylorthosilicate
(TEOS). Sodium metasilicate has been said to be preferred to TEOS because SBA–15 synthesized using the former is said to have pore walls slightly
thicker than those prepared using the latter (Fulvio et al. 2005). Also, the cost of purchasing sodium metasilicate is low compared to the cost of TEOS
which make

Thin Layer Chromatography
Chromatography techniques are one of the most useful methods available for the separation or isolation of organic compound from a mixture. The
most common used chromatographic technique includes column chromatography, thin –layer chromatography (TLC), etc. The purpose of this lab
exercise is using the gel filtration chromatography to separate different proteins from a mixture. Collecting elutes (run off), and calibrating a curve to
show how the column separates molecules by molecular weight, and identify the molecular weight of the proteins. The sample mixture used in this
lab contained Blue Dextran that has a size of 2x106 Da, and has blue in color. Cytochrome C has a size of 13,000 Da, pink in color. Potassium
Chromate has a size of 192 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is very important not to let the bed run dry during any part of the experiment because the pockets of air in the bed will cause uneven flow of
molecules through the column. Next, 13 clean, dry cuvettes were collected and labeled 0 to 12. 1mL of water was measured by the P–1000 cuvette
and was transferred into the cuvette that labeled 0 in order to measure the amount of fraction that we will collect. The sample mixture that included
Blue Dextran, Cytochrome of was obtained and was measured 250 ОјL by using the P–1000 pipette. Then, the 250 ОјL was carefully transferred into
the column that already packed. Add the mixture by placing your pipette against the wall of the column so as not to disturb the bed. The mixture
was allowed to enter the bed, close to the bottom the bed (about 1 cm) by opening the stop cock . Then, about 15 mL of buffer was added into the
column. 3mL of buffer added slowly each time to prevent the overflow and avoid disturb the bed. 1 mL fractions were collected into each cuvette until
there is no color present in the last fraction. 1 mL of fraction was measured by keep the #0 cuvette contained water next to the cuvette that you want to
measure. After, collecting the fraction, the fraction was analyzed and recored the color and the intensity. Each fraction was given the number based on
the scale 0–5 based their color. The bigger number the darker color they have and more intense. All the waste was discarded to appropriate waste

What Are Gel Electrophoresis?
Gel electrophoresis is a gel technique that separates DNA and proteins based on their mass, by means of an applied electrical field that passes
through an agarose or polyacrylamide gel. The concentration of agarose in the gel is commonly 0.8% to 1.0%, since agarose is expensive. The
gel is embedded on a buffer, pH of 8.3, which keeps the pH of the solution at equilibrium. Assuming that at typical pH, DNA is negatively charged,
denatured protein samples are placed in the wells located on the negative electrode side; hence the positive electrode side is located at the other
end of the gel. As the positive and negative electrode sides are connected to a power source, protein sample migrates to the positive side of the gel.
Migration of proteins is not necessarily based on their mass or mass to charge ratio; protein migration across the gel is based on their size. In other
words smaller molecules will travels further than bigger molecules. Since the SDS gel contains agarose or polyacrilamide, molecules have to be small
enough to migrate to the other end of the gel without getting stuck on the way. Protein samples separated by size via SDS–Page can be identified using
mass spectroscopy; which will require proteins from the gel to be treated using trypsin; which is an enzyme that digests proteins. Assuming that
samples were treated and storaged properly, the digestion of peptides begins with the rehydration of proteins using trypsin, followed by the incubation
of proteins using a

Analysis Of Blood Exo DNA
Blood Exo DNA ProTeckв„ў
Vacutainer blood collection tube for stabilizing extracellular vesicle DNA in a whole blood sample
Research Use Only.
Store at room temperature (18 to 25вЃ°C)
Catalog #
0019273 9 Г— 10 mL tubes
0019273 100 Г— 10 mL tubes
Intended Use
Blood Exo DNA ProTeckв„ў is a 10 mL vacutainer blood collection tube for stabilization of extracellular vesicle DNA in a whole blood sample at
room temperature for at least 30 days. Extracellular vesicle DNA is extensively used for in vitro noninvasive prenatal and cancer diagnostic assays.
This product is intended to provide a means of inhibiting post–phlebotomy extracellular vesicle release from blood cells in a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This increased non–target background DNA may severely hamper the detection of target DNA within a blood sample. Chemical composition present in
Blood Exo DNA ProTeckв„ў will prevent blood cells from releasing extracellular vesicles after blood draw stabilizing extracellular vesicle DNA in a
blood sample for more than 30 days at room temperature. This will enable clinics and small laboratories to ship blood samples to central laboratories
for blood processing and DNA analysis.
Storage and Stability
1.This product, prior to blood draw, is stable until the expiration date written on the tube when stored at room temperature (18 to 25вЃ°C).
2.Once blood is drawn into Blood Exo DNA ProTeckв„ў tube, extracellular vesicle DNA is stabilized for at least 30 days when stored or shipped at
room temperature (18 to 25вЃ°C).
Instructions for use
Blood Collection
1.For blood collection by venipuncture follow guidelines given by CLSI H3–A6 (3).
2.Take all possible precautions to prevent backflow since Blood Exo DNA ProTeckв„ў contains chemicals. Follow the given instructions to prevent
backflow.
(i)Patient's arm should be in a downward position.

(ii)Should hold the tube with the stopper uppermost.
(iii)Make sure to release tourniquet once blood starts to flow into the tube.
(iv)Make sure to fill the tube completely. Short draws may cause hemolysis.
(v)Remove the tube from the adaptor

Gos Lab Report
4.Determination of Galacto–oligosaccharides
The techniques used for the determination of GOSs should be simple, rapid and precise. So, range of methodologies have been used to determine the
GOSs including, gas–liquid chromatography, thin–layer chromatography, high–performance liquid chromatography and other related techniques such
as: Electrospray Ionization–Mass Spectra, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, UV–spectrophotometry, High pH anion exchange chromatography with pulsed
amperometric detection (Table 3).
4.1 High Performance Liquid Chromatography
The galacto–oligosacchrides synthesized during the reaction were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with refraction index
detector. In HPLC, acetonitrile вЃ„water are the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this, 7.0 mL of GOSs–containing solution was filtered using 0.22 Ојm filter. Subsequently, the filtered solution was diluted by adding 50 mM
phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) and diluted solution was lyophilized for mass spectra. After that, MALDI–TOF mass spectra have been measured with
positive polarity, using 2,5–dihydroxybenzoic acid as a matrix (Lee et al., 2011).
4.8 UV–Spectrophotometric with Partial Least Squares Regression
UV–spectrophotometric method, together with partial least squares regression (PLS) and artificial neural networks (ANN), is a simple, fast and
inexpensive method and it has been applied to simultaneously estimate the GOSs (Dias et al., 2009). ANN models, generated from absorbance spectra
data of the fermentation samples, generally gave the best performance to accurately and precisely prediction of lactose and total GOSs levels.
4.9 High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric

Science And Technology Of Designing
Nanotechnology, which is one of the new technologies, is the science and technology of designing, constructing and creating of novel nano–scale
structure, 1nm to 100 nm in size, with huger quality, novel performance properties, along with fewer defects compared with those of the bulk material
(Siqueira et al., 2010). An increasing interest from the scientific community to work with materials in nano metric scale has been observed since the
introduction of the concept of nanotechnology by Richard Feynman in 1959. The last decade has seen advancement in every side of nanotechnology
such as nano particles and powders, nano layers and coats, electrical, optic and mechanical nano devices, and nano structured biological materials
(Bhattacharyya et al., 2009). Nanoscale structures permit the control of fundamental properties of materials without changing the materials' chemical
status (Murphy et al., 2011). There are two general ways available to produce nano materials, as shown in the following figure 18. The first way is to
start with a bulk material and then break it into smaller pieces using mechanical, chemical or other form of energy (top–down). An opposite approach is
to synthesis the material from atomic or molecular species via chemical reactions, allowing for the precursor particles to grow in size (bottom–up).
Both approaches can be done in either gas, liquid, supercritical fluids, solid states, or in vacuum (Dastjerdi and Montazer, 2010). Figure 18: Illustration
of

Spinach Paper Chromatography
In this experiment, the process of chromatography was taken place in order to identify the different types of pigments present in spinach leaf. This was
done by carrying out two types of experiments which are thin layer chromatography (TLC) and paper chromatography. Both of the experiments were
done using a similar procedure except that they both used a different stationary phase. Paper chromatography used paper, whilst, TLC used a silica
plate. Propanone was used as the extraction solvent for spinach leaves and chromatography solvent was used as the mobile phase in the experiment.
The results portray that the pigments has rose to different heights through the stationary phase as they separated into different coloured pigments. The
only pigments... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A line was drawn with a pencil approximately 1cm from, and parallel to the bottom of the plate. Plant material was placed into a mortar with a pinch
of sand and was grinded with a pestle, to help the plant material break down into a liquid form. 1–2cm of propanone was added into the mortar along
with the plant material and was grinded until the liquid appeared to be a dark green colour. A micropipette tip was dipped into the liquid and a tiny
drop of the extract was transferred onto the middle of the pencil line on the TLC plate. Care was taken to ensure that the spot got no bigger than 3mm
diameter. More drops were added each time after the spot dried properly. The drops were added until the spot turned dark green which took about 5–10
drops. 10ml of running solvent was added into the chromatography tank (made up of 5 parts cyclohexane: 3 parts propanone: 2 parts petroleum ether).
The chromatography plate was placed into the beaker so that the plate dips into the solvent making sure the pigment spot was above the surface of the
solvent. The beaker was covered. The chromatogram was left inside the beaker for about 5–10

Designing A Whole New Ultra Poreux Cellulose Based Material
Recent years witnessed a momentum of consumers towards products biodegradable and designed according to more environmentally–friendly ways of
the environment. On the other hand, the increase in the price of oil and its scarcity helped bringing forward new products of natural origin. The
objective of this article which is part of this perspective is to prepare and characterize a whole new ultra–poreux cellulose–based material, called aerogel
.
Even if their discovery date of the beginning of the 1930s by Kristler, aerogels are considered at present the most promising new materials in the field
of thermal super– insulation. Not happy to be the subject of much research in this area, their high level of nanoporosite characteristic makes them
indispensable in the development of batteries to fuel. The multitude of organic, inorganic or hybrid materials, and the appearance of new methods of
preparation and extraction offer prospects for use in filtering system, ultrafine dust capture...
Aerogels can be inorganic (silica–based) or organic (example of resorcinol–formaldehyde). They have a very low thermal conductivity, and are often
super insulation, but they are relatively fragile (silica aerogel) or toxic (organic aerogels). A new avenue of research was recently conducted in the
aim of developing type aerogels materials bio–sources and super insulation. Thus aerogels made from cellulose or derivatives, or other polysaccharides
were investigated (for example in the articles: Fischer

Essay Chromatography Investigation

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