2. Model of Climate Change
Proximate
CAUSES EFFECTS
Direct
Indirect
ADAPTATIONMITIGATION
RESPONSE
GLOBALCLIMATE CHANGE
Ultimate
3. Reasons for Global climate changes
โข For the last 100 years the global mean temperature has increased
more than 15ยฐC
โข A reduced water evaporation from agricultural land in contrast to
natural forest.
โข Emissions of warmth and carbon dioxide especially in urban-industrial
agglomerations.
โข Release of methane and nitrous oxide in agriculture are the most
important impacts.
โข It is assumed that the global mean temperature will rise by another
2-3ยฐC, in the 21st century.
โข Mainly caused by a higher use of fossil fuels and an intensified
conventional agriculture.
5. Direct and indirect effect of soil/land degradation
โข Climate is one of the most important factors affecting the
formation of soil.
โข Particularly affecting the soil structure, stability, topsoil water
holding capacity, nutrient availability and erosion.
โข Indirect effects such as changes in growth rates or water-use
efficiencies, sea-level rise, climate-induced decrease or increase in
vegetative cover and anthropogenic interventions.
โข More over temperature, precipitation and evaporation will cause
significant change in organic matter turnover and CO2 dynamics.
โข Permanent solution is increasing the productivity would generally
lead to greater inputs of carbon to soil, thus improve the organic
contents.
6. Global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide
(IPCC 2007)
โขThe annual carbon dioxide concentration growth-rate was larger during the last 10 years
โขBetween the year 1960-2005 average 1.4 ppm per year have been increased
โขBetween the year1995-2005,1.9 ppm per year have been increased
Karmakar et al. 2016
7. Schematic illustration of the greenhouse effect
Different causes of climate change
Karmakar et al. 2016
8. Demography
Economic
Intensity
(including
agriculture,
energy, etc)
Gaseous Emission
(CO2, methane)
Material Wastes
Pressure on
natural resources
(water, soils,
forests, etc)
Climate Change
Strat. Ozone
depletion
Biodiversity loss
Freshwater
depletion
Degraded
ecosystems (soil,
chemical, etc)
Land degradation
oDesertification
oDeforestation
oSalinization
oCompaction
oSoil erosion
Land Degradation: Relations with Climate Change
9.
10. Direct and indirect effects of climate change on soil biota
Karmakar et al. 2016
11.
12. The preconditions and priorities for combating degradation:
โข The basic understanding of the issues:
โข The recognition that desertification/land degradation is caused by
climate change as well as socio-economic factors and that it
hinders sustainable development of the region.
โข Understanding the need for international efforts: Technological
and financial assistance especially for regions in developing
nations.
13. โขConsiderations for changing socioeconomic environments:
Considerations for changes in socioeconomic factors such as the
spread of market economies, international recessions, and
changes in aid policies that precipitate drivers of climate change
such as green house gas emissions.
โขConsiderations for climatic changes: Understanding of the
phenomena of severe droughts that, and other climate
extremes like floods that interfere with ecosystems integrity
The preconditions and priorities for combating degradation:
14. Thorough review and evaluation of existing land degradation
and climate change mitigation projects:
โข Review in detail the results of each project and clarify the
conditions for success and the reasons for failure.
โข Evaluation from medium to long-term viewpoints is
especially desirable
The preconditions and priorities for combating degradation:
15. Priority Issues
โข Monitoring and evaluation at local site level: The development of
convenient and effective methods and technologies that can be
adopted by even the leaders of local community and farmers is
desirable.
โข Stressing socioeconomic aspects: Aiming at eradication of poverty
and sustainable development in the affected areas, it is necessary to
tackle problems to realize local inhabitantsโ participation and to
reform land use and land tenure system in a comprehensive manner.
โข Stronger support for the activities of NGOs and CBOs: Looking for
the needs of the local inhabitants and support for creating
organizations.
16. โขConsiderations for regional character: Considerations for
special natural environments and socioeconomic conditions
at local and regional level.
โขCoordination of existing and planned programs and
elimination of duplication: Categorize domestic
organizations for coordination and related activities.
โขImproving response abilities and new issues in
technology transfer.
Priority Issues Contd..
17. โข Predicting climatic changes and assuring food security.
โข Innovation in information system, alternative livelihoods,
alternative energy sources, and water resources
management
Priority Issues Contd..
18. Mitigating and Adapting to Effects of Climate
Change on Land degradation
โข Accelerate international efforts to reduce green gas emissions
โข COP7 must envisage a set of locally relevant but internationally
effective rules and actions that go beyond rhetoric but stipulate
strategies for concrete actions.
โข The reduction of green house gas (GHG) emissions must still
remain the primary goal to be accompanied by integrated natural
resource management (including land use) that often has attendant
backlash on the ecosystem and global warming.
19. โข A set of politically conducive processes that might enable these
international efforts
โข The FCCC must give priority to the promotion of sustainable use of
natural resources in ways that maintain a climate favourable to
human life and sound ecosystems.
โข Improved conditions for local actors in the efforts to combat
climate induced land degradation must to be sustained to lead to
long-term success.
Mitigating and Adapting to Effects of Climate
Change on Land degradation Contd..
