Private Prisons Negativly Impact State And Local Governments

Private Prisons Negativly Impact State and Local Governments
Private prisons have a negative effect on states and local governments. Unfortunately, the number of
private prisons has been increasing since their inception in 1983 causing further problems. For–
profit prisons offer no real benefits and are bad investments for states. Furthermore, private prisons
beleaguer communities with high turnover rates that hurt local economies. The demands of these
institutions put an excessive burden on the local community's infrastructure. Similarly, private
prisons strain the county and city legal systems. More often than not, spin–off industries and
economic benefits promised by the for–profit correction industry fail to appear. Additionally, private
prisons are allowed to cherry pick the least expensive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, states like Texas, Tennessee, Florida, Ohio, and Arizona have been increasing the
number of private prisons in their states. In fact, "there's been a similar surge in private prison
construction as the inmate population has tripled between 1987 and 2007: Inmates in private prisons
now account for 9 percent of the total U.S. prison population, up from 6 percent in 2000" (Khimm
2010). Regrettably, instead of alleviating budgetary woes these states have added new burdens to
their bottom lines.
Private prisons do little to improve local economies. By all means, "the cost benefits of privatization
have not materialized to the extent promised by the private sector. Although there are examples of
cost savings, there are other examples in which such benefits have not been realized"(Austin 2001,
39). Furthermore, private prisons offer meager cost savings that stem from a reduction in labor–
related cost (Austin 2001). On one hand, proponents of this industry say that private prisons are
more cost–efficient. On the other hand, opponents say they are not cost–effective. Indeed, private
prisons do save money in some respects. However, these savings come with hidden costs that make
them irrelevant. Moreover, the proliferation of private prisons has had a negative effect on states and
local governments. Rural areas in particular are drastically affected by private prisons. In fact,
"increasing evidence suggests that by many measures prisons do not produce
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The Psychological Effects of Prisons Essay
The Psychological Effects of Prisons
"I have visited some of the best and the worst prisons and have never seen signs of coddling, but I
have seen the terrible results of the boredom and frustration of empty hours and pointless existence"
–former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Warren Burger
"If recent incarceration rates remain unchanged, an estimated 1 out of every 20 persons (5.1%) will
serve time in a prison during their lifetime.
–U.S. Department of Justice
One of the largest problems with the prison issue in America today is that it gets little attention.
Unlike education, pollution or gun control people are usually not concerned enough to get involved
with the problem until it happens to someone they love or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This study represents a parallel to the behavior found in incarcerated humans. Jails cause the same
psychological side effects as prisons, to a smaller degree, in the effects of being en–caged, however,
the overall standard of living in jails is much higher. There is a decent relationship between the
guards and the jailers. The jailers are allowed to interact with the same people on their 'block'
between "lockdown" times. Lock–down is when the jailers are confined to their cells, usually at
night and for a short while in the day, during a change of shift. This method allows inmates to play
cards, watch TV together and at very least walk around something else besides their cell. The prison
system, however, usually remains in lockdown all the time, although they can speak to each other,
they usually can't see each other without a mirror. Observing these two methods, and what little
problems there are in jails as opposed to prisons leads me to believe that if you treat a human being
like a human being they will act like a human being. If you lock them in a cage all day they may as
well act like an animal. (Prison Activist Resource Center, 1–3) People sometimes argue this case
stating that the offenses committed by jailers are less serious than by prisoners and that prisons are
more hostile because they house the more serious offenders. These people forget that jails hold
people before they are

Life of a Correctional Officer
LIFE OF A CORRECTIONAL OFFICER
CRJ: 303 Corrections
17 March 2013
Abstract
The life of a correctional officer is something that is easily over looked. Not understanding or
knowing the intricate details that go into what it actually takes to coexist with incarcerated inmates
is one of the reasons that the general public is able to go about their daily lives, not thinking or
wondering how those inmates are controlled. Correctional officers have one of the hardest jobs on
the planet, having to work with prison inmates on a daily basis and not knowing when something
may happen that could endanger themselves or their fellow correctional officers. Keywords: daily,
corrections, life, officers, policies,
The life of a correctional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the Correctional Officer functions are, to enforce and keep order, they supervise activities
of inmates, aid in rehabilitation and counseling of offenders, routinely search inmates for contraband
items, and often report on inmates conduct on a day to day basis. While the daily duties of a
correctional officer can truly be viewed as the proverbial "daily grind", they often have to perform
these prison duties while dealing with stressful and often times very dangerous situations. While
most of us on the outside world try to make a routine day more enjoyable, routine for the
correctional officers within the prison is not a negative thing in the least, as a routine day is very
important to the successful operation of a correctional facility. "Routine in a prison environment is
the consistent, scheduled, and expected activities that make up the day within a prison" (Seiter,
2011).
The daily grind for correctional officers include specific assignments that can be anything from
supervising inmates on a work crew or in a housing area to a non–inmate contact job in a tower or
control center. Some of the different categories of correctional officers' assignments include living
units, work detail supervisors, industrial shop and school officers, administration building

Essay on Prison Inmates Should Be Allowed to Take College...
Prison Inmates Should be Allowed to Take College Courses
Tamitha Boltz
Unit 6
Prison Inmates Should be Allowed to Take College Courses
Prison inmates should be allowed to take college courses because an education offers a positive
change for their release back into society. The education they receive will offer life skills and
provide them with positive reinforcement to change their lives for the better; while restructuring the
way some think and continue through life and society through making proper choices and better role
models.
While in prison, education would provide a crucial key for inmate rehabilitation. Part of that
rehabilitation can be in the form of education. Education in the prison system generally geared ...
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Many of the petty crimes and minor violations are therefore, reduced because the need to commit
those crimes on a financial basis is no longer there if the inmate can find a job. If the prisoner has
also been educated, they will more than likely have a broader moral compass than if they were "just
doing their time". Some inmates, upon their release, make similar mistakes and commit crimes; with
an educated prison populous, this potentially becomes eliminated for most inmates. With a decrease
in crimes, the prison population decreases, as does "the cost" to house them in prisons. The
increased revenue is then used in educating first time offenders, thus reducing the risk of them
becoming repeat offenders.
Creating positive influences on our prisoners can reap many more benefits than just educating and
releasing back into society. Just as we invest money to educate our children, we can reinvest money
to target populations that our prisoners come from to prevent crimes. When we teach them new
skills that can better their lives, they can then teach others by example. Once an inmate enters back
into society and gets a job in his or her field, stays away from crime, and makes better choices, they
can make a positive impact on their communities. Younger generations can see the encouraging
example set forth and know that they too can make wiser decisions and hope for the

Essay on Prison Growth In American From 1970-2008
Why has there been a massive growth of the prison industry in America since the 1970's?
Since the 1970's there has been a steady increase in the prison population where statistics now show
from the BJS that more than one in every 100 adults are now imprisoned. Statistics from the "PEW"
state that one in 30 men between the ages of 20–34 are behind bars; however just because there is an
increase in the numbers it does not mean it's due to an increase in crime. To further emphasize just
how significant the growth is, the population in 1970 was around 300,000 but now the population in
2008 is over 2.3 million (BJS 2006). However there is not necessarily a parallel increase with crime;
instead experts are putting the growth down to popular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The government has tried to battle this rise in the prisons by imposing larger sentences to act as a
deterrent and other policies which are known as the "broken window". They have introduced the
"three strike" policy which means that if you are convicted of any 3 offences you will receive life
which is a very good deterrent as Virginia applies this a lot of the time and has managed to slow the
growth of the population (Bratton 2002). The government are trying to impose other punishments
such as rehabilitation for drug offenders and thinking about legalising drugs because when the
prohibition on alcohol ended statistics taken from "ACS" indicate that crime actually went down.
All of these ideas however have not seemed to affect the general trend of the growing prison
industry.
In Texas the prison industry there faced a 300% increase from 1970 to 2006 forcing a major
expansion in the actually prisons. Instead of paying over 500 million dollars Texas decided to
authorise a makeover of the prisons introducing drug treatments and diversion beds. By authorising
this it meant that there was a huge demand in the market for new treatments and equipment which
meant companies could now compete in this market. Consequently by Texas authorising this it
meant that there was a sudden boost in the interest in the prison industry (John Moritz 2007). TX
State Rep. Jerry Madden said that "It's far better for our society if we can

The Incarceration Of The Correctional Institution
The correctional institutions are established for correction of behaviors by law offenders. The
society expects that once an individual comes out of the correctional facility, he is a reformed
person. In addition, these facilities are always expected to warn the law abiding citizens to deter
them from committing a crime for fear of being in the correctional cells. However, the population in
the correction facilities especially prisons is contrary to this expectation. Over time, there is
increased number of offenders. This comprises of the new offenders and the repeat offenders. This
causes overcrowding in the correctional facilities which is a challenge to the society. The focus of
this problem is the social effect of overcrowding to the judicial system and ways of addressing the
challenge. Overcrowding in correctional institutions Crime is punishable for three reasons namely
retribution, prevention and deterrence. The main purpose of incarcerating offenders is to stop them
from repeating previous crimes they committed. Appraising the current American system using
these standards, the deterrence category has failed miserably, insufficient in prevention and
providing unsatisfactory retribution through detention. Attempts to deter released criminals who are
convicted are dismissed by the recidivism's high rate (Tish& Burbank, 2009). This is evident
through the rising population of new offenders undeterred from crime. Many gangs and offenders
recruit and carry out

Mandatory Release In Prison Essay
A prison is a facility suited for behavior change as a result of breaking the legal rules that govern a
region. It involves denying of freedom for a certain period of time as per the ruling given by the
judge under a court of law. Over the years, handling of prisoners or inmates has changed. A number
of better legal processes are on the rise in order to ensure the rights of the individual are observed
before he/she is detained. Depending on the crime committed, jurisdictions happen to vary in one
way or another.Consequently; suspects are in some situations kept behind bars or released on bond
awaiting trial. These are some of the processes that have evolved over time. Clinging onto ("Prison
Rehabilitation", 2016), prisons draw back as far as the late 18th century. The process of
imprisonment was then seen as barbaric with punishment shifting from disciplining of the body to
disciplining of the soul in the U.K.In comparison to the origin of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Not only do they deal with release before jail term is over but also mandatory release. Mandatory
release comes in when the prisoner is released but goes under supervision as provided by the law
depending on the category of the offender. Mandatory releases are not necessarily approved by the
board of pardons and paroles since it does not set the conditions for mandatory release. Probation is
also another form of sentencing any persons with any illegal action. According to ("Probation FAQ
– FindLaw", 2016) probation involves the suspension of a jail term. This gives the person a chance
to remain in the community as compared to serving a certain jail term. Conditions from the court
which sometimes requires one to perform duties as a way of community service .One is usually
supervised by a probation officer. Restrictions such as taking of illegal drugs or excessive alcohol,
avoiding certain people and appearing in court during requested time and dates come in

Death Penalty Bias
Bias Comparison Essay
According to the statistics of Information center of death penalty, the death penalty is legal and
supported by thirty three states and it is banned or abandoned in seventeen states. Rationally this
division should be removed, and everyone should stand on a single forum to raise voice against the
death penalty. There are solid and logical reasons behind setting the capital punishment like death
penalty or life sentencing against severe nature of crime like murder or rape by the legal system of
any country. When somebody does a crime like murder, he/she should also be convicted with the
penalty like death in order to set a strong example for other criminals so that they do not dare to
repeat the crime. Both articles are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many pharmaceutical companies refuse to supply the lethal drugs that U.S. corrections departments
have used for years to execute criminals. The death penalty is a very hot topic in today's society, the
death penalty has been around from the beginning civilization. Organized Capital punishment has
been a solution for criminals in America since the the colonies were established. MOst of the United
states have capital punishment. In 2016 twenty got sentenced to death from various crimes.
"Refusing to even contemplate distinguishing those few most sadistic murderers who deserve to die
painfully ... The time has come to make punishment more nearly fit the crime. To face what we do,
and acknowledge, with regret but without shame, that the past counts" (Blecker). They are many
believers that capital punishment is cruel and uncountable buts it's one of the oldest tradition in
America. This article written by CNN special reporter Robert Blecker states multiple times that the
crime should fit the punishment and it is the best way to keep society safe and other prisoners safe.
He voices his opinion in almost every paragraph, even his title presents bias

A New Penology? Considerations On Correctional Reform...
A new penology? Considerations on correctional reforms within New Zealand
This essay will discuss the extent to which the paradigm of the new penology has shaped
correctional reforms, as the matter is greatly disputed. To do so, its origins will be examined, along
with the new penology's implementation in drug courts, drug testing and community–based
sanctions. However, because the new penology is an extensively broad theory, there are features it
fails to acknowledge. To exemplify its limitations, specific evidence from New Zealand will be
focussed on where the new penology is not a fully–fledged tool to explain correctional reforms.
Instead, there are three significant rationales at play, all which support the existence of each other.
The social conditions can be concurrently examined through three lens: the new penology, the old
penology, and the public discourse, all of which paint the most appropriate picture of correctional
reforms relating to risk management in New Zealand.
Essential to Simon and Feeley's (1992) argument, the new penology is a result of macro–
environmental change in the 1970s. Stemming from the Rockefeller drug wars, we've witnessed a
harsher policing of drugs and the expansion of law enforcement. Adoption of neo–liberal policies
has produced an unrehabilitative 'underclass', seemingly perpetuated in poverty and futility. These
factors have led to exponential increases in incarceration. It constitutes a shift in how the criminal
justice system is

Comparing Two Arguments on Capital Punishment Essay
Comparing Two Arguments on Capital Punishment
In these two short essays, one by Anthony G. Amsterdam and another by Ernest Van Den Haag both
authors make two very important views. Although one supports capital punishment and one is
against capital punishment, both authors have good reasons to support their case. Amsterdam
believes that capital punishment is a brutal process that a murderer has to go through. Amsterdam
believes that the murderer should be punished for their actions, but should not go through capital
punishment. Although Ven Den Haag agrees that capital punishment is one of the harshest penalties,
it should nevertheless be used. Ven Den Haag believes that a murderer should take responsibility for
their actions, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Usually when a person dies, the investigators will no longer investigate the case. Therefore,
although he was innocent there will never be evidence proving him so. Or even if investigators do
indeed find evidence, it will be too late to prove that person's innocence because he is already dead.
Ernest Van Den Haag's short essay title "The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense," clearly shows how
much he supports capital punishment. He believes that it is a defense, and that the guilty should
deserve the brutal punishment. A defense can be defined as "protection," or "resisting against an
attack." Van Den Haag is implying that capital punishment is what the guilty really deserves because
of their actions.
Van Deen Haag explains that the problem of discrimination doesn't have anything to do with capital
punishment but the underlying problem is distribution. Some believe that distribution is a problem
because of the races that receive capital punishment. They believe that the law is discriminating
because more blacks or Hispanics receive capital punishment than whites do. Some argue that the
court commits irrational discrimination because there are a higher number of black and Hispanic
convicts that are sentenced to capital punishment rather than whites. He states that "punishments are
imposed on persons, not on racial or economic groups (pg. 334). Every result is based on justice in
the

The New Penology Summary
Introduction
The journal article "The New Penology: Notes on the emerging strategy for corrections" Focuses on
the current and future changes to the penal system.In 1992 Malcolm M Feeley and Jonathon simon
raised the idea of "The New Penology". This covered transformations and differences between the
old penology and the new penology. In addition techniques and objectives , distinguishing features ,
social bases, drugs and punishment , innovation , new functions and the underclass, were aspects
that were explored in the article. This stated , In my opinion I believe that the journal article is
effective in conveying the shifts of techniques and emerging strategies in the penal system.
Furthermore, The New Penology introduces new transformations that have produced new
techniques in order to achieve its aims.For instance the objective to reduce recidivism could
gradually progress through parole and the advancement of actuarial techniques. Actuarial, is the idea
of applying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The old penology is the idea that the individual itself is the main unit of analysis. By this the guilt is
dependable on the intent of the individual.Instead of managing individuals , The old penology
focuses on how to reform the individual in order to prevent further crime. For Instance concepts
such as rehabilitation to reform individuals to their previous state before they committed crimes.
Further concepts stem for the classicist school of thought ideas like Deterrence. This is evident in
modern society where prison is seen as the primary deterrent for crime. However the new penology
introduces how the results of recidivism can be used as an evaluating mechanism . The new
Penology will therefore demonstrate the gradual introduction of specific practices and techniques
such as selective incapacitation in order to manage those who pose greater risk to

Prison Incarceration Programs
The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology is one of the five pillars of the criminal justice
system. It is also known as the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor). On January 2,1991 the Bureau of
Jail Management and Penology was created pursuant to section 60 to 65, chapter 5 of republic act
no. 6975 as a line bureau under the department of interior and local government (DILG). The main
purpose of the Bureau of Corrections is to rehabilitate the criminal offenders. They are also tasked
to give the reformation programs to the inmates, such as educational and livelihood programs. This
agency also aim in helping the individuals not to commit another crime after release. According to,
Andrews and Bonta (2010) states that "incarceration and community sanctions are thought to serve
justice and deter crime". It means that rehabilitating the criminal offenders will help a lot in
deterring crimes and serving justice.
Rehabilitation will greatly help the criminal offenders in improving themselves. But there are still
some exconvict commits crime after release, it's because they are still influenced by others.
According to Newbold 2003(as cited in Johnson,2008) "convectional strategies have yet to prove
their effectiveness ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The facility inside the jail and reformation programs of the inmates. Inmates are the subject of
corrections. According to Morris (2008) states that "... there are distinctive factors associated with
how inmates respond to institutional life". Furthermore, Thomas 1997 (as cited in Morris,2008) that
"these include the relative effects of individual values, socialization and life patterns before
prison...". We, the researchers would like to know the total population of the inmates in San Carlos
District Jail and the percentage of crimes committed by our respondents. The common problems that
they encountered in their day–to–day activities inside the

Becoming A Penologist
In today's society more and more people are being sentenced to prison. An increase in repeat
convicts has been steadily on the rise. This can strongly be contributed to mental illness, drug abuse,
and most importantly the lack of proper rehabilitation. The idea of prison reform has a strong
significance to me personally because I feel that our current system is not effective in properly
rehabilitating prisoners while they are serving their time. Nor do they effectively prepare them for
their reentry back into society. This is why I am pursuing the career of a Penologist. Penology is the
study of the punishment of crime and of prison management. I wanted to be able to advocate for the
mental illness as well as the importance of rehabilitation

Therapy Vs. Punishment In Truman Capote's In Cold Blood
Karl Menninger opposes punishment and thinks therapy is a better method. I will argue against
therapy over punishment on the basis of utilitarian and retributive arguments provided by several
theorists. As well as touching on the novel In Cold Blood by Truman Capote in which two men
murder a family and are sentenced to death row and Clockwork Orange, a movie that deals with the
use of therapy on a criminal rather than punishment/sending him to jail. Menninger replaced the
idea of "punishment for that of "penalty"/ or therapy. Menninger states that punishment is more so
used for the deliberate inflicting of pain, usually motivated by vengeance–which should not be
societies basis for reprimanding criminals. He states "that we, the designated representatives of the
society which has failed to integrate this man, [...]should take over. It is our ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
He explains how this principle guides humanity by asking "how would punishment increase the
happiness of society?" Some utilitarians may agree, in part, with Menninger as they view that " a
system of punishment, offers no incentive for the victim to involve himself in the criminal justice
process other than to satisfy his feelings of duty or revenge [..]" (Barnett p 285). He discusses how
even punishment which seeks to change an offender's moral outlook or scare him, does nothing to
provide them with skills needed to survive in the real world. Barnett offers up a new paradigm of
restitution; in the old paradigm two people are seen at the same level, when a criminal commits an
act against someone the victim is brought down and then by imprisoning the criminal they are also
brought down; whereas in restitution both the victim and the criminal would be brought back

The Pros of Employment for Ex-Cons Essay
The Pros of Employment for Ex–Cons
In the last thirty years the crime rate in the United States has decreased, but the number of people
incarcerated has increased because longer minimum sentences and stricter requirements for parole
have been established. Offenders serve longer prison sentences that lead to a variety of
employment–related barriers to overcome after release (Bracey 253). In the State of Nebraska, ex–
offenders find little help when searching for employment. On the Department of Correction's
website, the mission statement reads,
The mission of the Department of Correctional Services is to serve and protect the public by
providing control, humane care, and program opportunities for those individuals placed in its
custody ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Employment, or lack there–of, is said to be one of the top two factors in recidivism (Agan–Mencl;
Pannkuk). Recidivism has become a nationwide problem, and many are looking for ways to reduce
its rate (Bracey 253).
Ex–offenders have a hard time finding long–standing, good paying employment because of the
barriers they face. One of those barriers is a lack of skills needed to gain employment (Holzer,
Raphael, and Stoll 4–5). Many offenders are both undereducated and unemployed when they enter
prison, and while in prison, often fail to gain adequate education or skills because there are no
resources offered to acquire these skills (Smith). Also, employers fear hiring ex–offenders because
of their criminal past. John Rakis, who wrote, "Improving the Employment Rates of Ex–Prisoners
Under Parole," says many employers have a "prejudice," against hiring an ex–offender (Rakis 8).
Along with employers being wary of a criminal past, ex–offenders also have large gaps in their
employment history, as a result of the time served in prison. These gaps cause ex–offenders to
appear as undependable employees, and employers become hesitant of hiring the ex–offenders
(Bracey 253). Richard Coley and Paul Barton, who jointly wrote, "Locked up and Locked out: An
Educational Perspective on the U.S. Prison Population," say, "Employers value experience and
continuity of work history" (Coley and Barton 30). When an offender has spent a significant amount
of

Section V And V Of The Corrections Textbook By Stohr Et Al
Julie Ikpah Research & Analysis Paper #2 February 17, 2015
Introduction:
For this research and analysis paper we were assigned Section V and VI in the Corrections textbook
by Stohr et al. Section V (five) covers probation and community corrections with pertinent and
important concepts as well as many legal definitions. Section VI (six) covers prisons and the
experiences that an inmate endures while serving their sentences, sentences that were levied against
them for the crime they committed. These two sections read together is very informative and it helps
to keep the reader focused on the big picture of sentences and what options are out there.
Summary and Analysis:
The introduction for Section V is an overall summation of "other ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Community corrections refers to the probation officers, and other governmental representatives
working on the behalf of the State, to assist offenders with this last chance. A dual reason that these
representatives are engaged in the work they do, is to monitor the behaviors of the convicted
persons within the previously mentioned community in which they reside.
Another interesting elaboration from the authors was the expansion on the overall cost of probation
vs. prison. I found this section extremely interesting and enlightening. I certainly experienced
somewhat of a paradigm shift when integrating these new financial implications that the
government is burdened by vs. my own personal feelings of probation and its tendency to be soft on
crime. If, by increasing the success of probation, then much more money can theoretically be
returned to the taxpayers, and thereby having an overall positive result.
The explanation of the roles of probation and parole officers were also informative to me as a
reader. The reason I found it informative was because I had never thought of the probation officers'
job duties and roles are quite as varied as they actually are. Sometimes they act as dual roles,
meaning parole and probation officer but this is not the case in all jurisdictions. Probation officers
job duties are varied and demanding upon the person who dares to take on

Reviewing the Necessity of Punishment Essay
Reviewing the Necessity of Punishment
"From 'On Crimes and Punishment'" by Cesare Beccaria is an excerpt from On Crimes and
Punishment. In his address to the public, particularly those in political positions, Beccaria discusses
the way we as a society choose to carry out the law. What he calls "useless severity" of punishment
encompasses his thoughts on extremes such as capital punishment and the cruelties that we allow
our government to inflict upon its own people in a failing attempt to bring order to our society. The
death penalty has plagued our society for centuries, perhaps beginning with the idea of human
sacrifice that has been turned around as a cycle of never–ending death and cruelty. The writing
techniques employed by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cesare Beccaria is quick to point out the opposing view to his statement, then use it as
reinforcement for his own argument. Discussing capital punishment, he clearly states that many
countries, if not most, practice this and have done so for centuries. He doesn't give his audience
much time to think about that as he quickly calls the history of mankind "a vast sea of errors, among
which there float a few confused truths, each one far from the next" (68). Instead of just referring to
the mistakes made in our history, Beccaria calls them "a vast sea of errors" implying that these
mistakes are so tremendous in number and carry such weight with them that they have not been
given enough credit for the tragedies they have caused. It is also unclear if Beccaria is insulting his
opponent, adding their opinion to this "vast sea of errors." In turn, the reader doesn't want their
thoughts bunched with these erroneous opinions. The author claims these mistakes are the effect of
"confused truths." To the reader, "confused truths" equates fallacy. The diction is presented in an
oxy–moron fashion that reinforces his statement with delicate language, leaving the audience to
question his opponent's view. Adding these complicated, descriptive words, Beccaria reinstates an
argument more likely used by his opponent, then slams the statement with vague evidence to make
his audience give more thought to his argument than

Essay on Halfway Houses
If I were to tell you that a group of federal inmates guilty of a variety of crimes that included,
embezzlement, drug manufacturing, child pornography, and murder were in your community, the
average person would want to know where those criminals were located and shut that location
down. In many cities across the United States, there are facilities that house these convicted inmates.
The facilities are called halfway houses, and they were created to help an inmate that is released
from prison transition into a community under supervision. The halfway house program can be a
beneficial step in the process of an inmate's release, and can reap lasting rewards for the inmates, the
correctional system, and the communities they reside in. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Another problem that the prison system face is that after an inmate is released from prison, they
have a very high probability to repeat the offenses that they went to prison for originally. Halfway
houses have been a proven way to increase the chance of success for inmates once they have
finished their sentence, and this keeps them from further burdening an already straining system. The
Bureau of Prisons spends a large amount of money housing, feeding, and attempting to rehabilitate
convicts. Given the current laws in place, it is hard to offset the costs required to run those prisons.
Residents participating in halfway house programs are extremely low cost when compared to those
inmates residing in the prison system. The differences in costs can be associated the lower amount
of compensation for staff, smaller facilities, and cheaper utilities. The residents of halfway houses
are required to give 25 percent of the gross income they earn to the Bureau of Prisons. Given the
large difference in cost factors, halfway houses are a very economical way for the Bureau of Prisons
to save money on the last six months of an inmate's sentence. The probation office has also reaped
the rewards of halfway houses. Inmates that are released from prison, they will usually be required
to have supervision by a probation officer. In the past when a felon violated a condition of their
probation, there were very few ways to punish that person, and those punishments usually

Prison Inmate Education
The article "The Impact of Career and Technical Education Programs on Adult Offenders: Learning
Behind Bars" by Howard Gordon and Bracie Weldon (2003) studies of how prisoners receiving
educations in prison reduces the recidivism rate. Gordon and Weldon studied the inmates who were
participating in the educational programs at the Huttonsville Correctional Center in West Virginia
and claimed that inmates who participated in the educational programs were less likely to recidivate
once released back into the population as compared to inmates who did not participate in these
programs (Gordon & Weldon, 2003). This study provides valuable information as to the
effectiveness of educational programs in prison and how they affect prisoner's lives ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The information provided from the study is not distorted per say, it supports their claim, but their
test area is too small to make any real claims of education affecting recidivism. The article
"Educated Prisoners Are Less Likely to Return to Prison" by James Vacca (2004), deals with the
subject of if prisoners receive the right type of educational programs in prison their risk of
recidivism goes down immensely. Vacca states that "Since 1990, the literature has shown that
prisoners who attend educational programs while they are incarcerated are less likely to return to
prison following their release (2004)." Vacca cites many examples of the types of educational
courses the inmates should have to help them deal with their emotions and problems. The
educational programs help the inmates deal with their social skills, encourage artistic development,
and teach techniques on how to deal with their emotions (Vacca, 2004). These programs would help
inmates deal with the issues that put them in prison in the first place and knowing these skills can
then help keep them out of prison in the future. I find these arguments to be sound because Vacca
shows the research from other people all over that concurs with his own claims of how these
programs can keep recidivism at bay (2004). He cites many examples and goes into depth about
why inmates may be in prison and what these programs will do to correct their problems and turn
them into a real

juvenile crime Essay
To many Americans today, the country is a hostage–but not from oversea terrorism as one might
expect to think. No today, we live in fear from our own children; and these are the same young
people who we are entrusting the future of this great country with. According to the Department of
Justice report released in November, thirty–eight percent of those arrested for weapons offenses in
1995 were under the age of eighteen (Curriden). In the same report, the Bureau of Justice Statistics
stated that in 1995, 3 out of every 100 eighteen–year–olds were arrested for weapons offenses. A
rate three times higher than for males twenty–five to twenty–nine and five times higher than for
males thirty to thirty–four (Curriden). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Juveniles should receive capitol punishment, they should be imprisoned with adults so that maybe,
just maybe we can get to the ones that still have a chance and make a difference for them as well as
us. In San Antonio, Texas, in 1995 Victoria Dalton a thirteen year old girl, is convicted of
smothering two small children left in her care. When interrogated and asked why and how could she
do such a thing, her reply was, "They just wouldn't shut up!". Apparently Victoria suffers from
migraine headaches, and the two children had pushed her pass her limit. Later during her
arrainement, Victoria stated to the judge that she was only thirteen and wondered why she couldn't
go home yet (Edmonds).
Fifteen hundred miles away, in Portland, Oregon Brandon Roses ten is found guilty of murdering
his five–year–old sister because he claimed that she was annoying him. Later investigators found
out that Brandon's father had told him that killing his sister was "OK", because he was too young to
be put in jail. Another investigation is currently under way (Edmonds). In Austin, Texas, two young
men Efrain Perez and Raul Villareal were both seventeen in June of 1993. As part of Villareal's gang
initiation, the boys spent the evening in an open field drinking and fighting among

Rehabilitation of the Felony Offender Essays
In 2009 nearly three quarters of a million offenders were released from prisons and jails in the
United States, and it is estimated that roughly half of them will reoffend within three years of being
released and will return to prison (Katel 1005). Most of these individuals, who are non–violent,
low–level offenders, have little education, job experience, limited social skills and a drug or alcohol
dependence (May and Pitts 21). That coupled with the fact they have a criminal record, reduces their
chances of finding suitable housing or a decent job. Like it or not this affects all of us in one way or
another. As taxpayers, we pay the costs of the justice system, incarceration, and there is the issue of
public safety. This problem is not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, all this did was to promote violence among the inmates. In the 1900s, the courts stepped in
and made major changes in the way prisons would operate. It was also becoming clear that
incarceration alone was not the answer, and support grew for prisoner rehabilitation (May and Pitts
19–20). In the 1970s and 80s there was a large increase in crime mostly due to increased drug
trafficking. By 1990, the crime rate in the U.S. had more than quadrupled. Tough on crime laws with
mandatory minimum sentences were passed, and this put more offenders in prison for longer terms.
This did result in the crime rate dropping, but by 2003, there were over two million inmates serving
sentences in the U.S. jails and prisons. In 2007, 750,000 inmates were released back into society. At
the same time, about 720,000 offenders (96%) were being admitted into the prison system, and it
costs about 47 billion annually to run the prison system in the U.S. (Katel 1005–1008). Something
has to be done as this problem is going to get worse not better. Our justice system is obviously
broken and needs a major overhaul. I ask you, doesn't it make more sense to try and successfully
rehabilitate felony offenders when possible? Should we just keep building jails to hold all of these
offenders or should we offer them a true second chance in society after their time has been served?
Let us take the state of Pennsylvania for example. In the last thirty years the states inmate

Turnover Rate in Corrections
The Nation Wide Dilemma in Corrections CJ 2500: CORRECTIONS Professor November 04, 2012
Running Head: Turnover Rate in Corrections Abstract Throughout the years, there has been one
major dilemma that continues to hassle the administration whose sole purpose is to provide
institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders. This
dilemma is the high turnover rate of the Corrections Officers, whom agencies nation wide are losing
at an extremely high rate. Recent statistics indicate that nearly half of all Corrections Academy
graduates will have left their agency within a two–year period ("State questions high, "2004). This
high turnover rate is causing a staff ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Officers are being ordered in on their off days or holidays, forced to work mandatory overtime, a
higher inmate to Correctional Officer ratio, as well as experienced Officers having to work with an
extensive amount of "rookie" or inexperienced Correctional Officers. This combining of
experienced officers with new hires, who have not received any type of prior training, raises the
stress level during dangerous interactions with inmates, as well lowering the morale of the Officers
who remain and attempt to complete their careers with a specific agency. This may be due to long
term employees realizing that many of the new hires are using their time as a Correctional Officer to
gain experience, or as a stepping–stone to eventually become a road or patrol Officer, which may
involve more experienced Officers not spending the time necessary to assist, or provide "On the job
training" to the new hires. Additional causes of stress may include the threat of inmate violence,
actual inmate violence, inmate demands and manipulations, problems with co–workers, as well as
having a poor public image. For example, "Between 1990 and 1995, the number of attacks on
correctional officers in State and Federal prisons jumped by nearly one third, from 10,731 to 14,165
(Lommel, 2004). An additional stress added to a Correctional Officers life is being able to balance
and separate work from their personal relationships. Workdays at a correctional facility

The Case Of Young Sandy
In the case of young Sandy there are many things that need to be taken into consideration when
planning on how to deal with his case. There are many factors that need to be understood about his
case and these factors need to be dealt with on in–depth level to truly understand what will be the
best course of action for his future treatment, whether that will be going to a young offenders
institution or other forms of rehabilitation.
From a young age Sandy never had a stable childhood, coming from a deprived area of the city,
which had high levels of crime and low levels of employed citizens in the area. As expected in such
areas of a city, living there can cause a negative up bringing for any child that lives there and Sandy
is no exception to this. To start off with Sandy's Father was never around when he was younger, as
he was constantly in and out of prison as his son was growing up. This meant that Sandy never had
a positive male role model growing up as he lived with his grandmother. Looking into Sutherland,
Parson and Cohen's sex role theory (Sutherland (1947), Parson (1937) and Cohen (1955, cited in
Walklate, 2007, pg 91–93)) you could explain that as a result of Sandy having no masculine role
model in his life and only have a female role model. Which would only give him a tender and gentle
influence in his life and he would've felt conflicted in his upbringing and would assume an attitude
opposite to that of his female role model and would become 'masculine' by

Prison Reform is Necessary: Must Focus on Respect for...
Prison Reforms A Prison Reform is defined as the act of improving the surroundings in which
prisoners are exposed to while in prisons, with an aim of administering an effective and efficient
punishment to the inmate. The reforms are carried out with major goal of ensuring that the various
regulations stipulated in prison manuals, sentence that are to be delivered in courts and all other
kinds of legislations are effected to the letter. With the reforms, a new direction of the penalty
system is attained in each prison. This penalty system differs from the former system that normally
has the perception that the lives of inmates are not important. The system gives an eminent
significance to the live of the inmate in society as well as the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Various issues and matters need to be campaigned for, these include: intensive campaign to the end
of administering of death sentences to the inmates, formulating and structuring a legislation that
does not inhibit the former inmates from getting access to jobs, shelter, and enjoying various
privileges in the public welfare kitty. Also putting into place separate courts to deal with hearings of
inmates with special needs such as mental and health, lobbying for the Board of Pardons to listen to
all hearings, especially those of inmates who may be subjected to life sentences, influencing and
campaigning for changes in the legislative in sections of first probation inmate for "good time"
behavior, and regular meetings with senior prison staff members to advocate for reform . Prison
reforms have no stipulated time in the calendar year of when they should be carried out. The time is
now if at all the prison situation is not updated to the current trend of humane care in prison. This
will be for the betterment of improvement of human life in all sectors of life. The rule of laws will
also prevail and be respected at the awakening call of reforms in all prisons. The reforms are a
respect of human life and thus they need to be carried out throughout in all prisons. For any
unexpected situation arising in a prison environment calls for reforms

The History of Alcatraz Island Essay
The History of Alcatraz Island
Alcatraz Island has quite a distinct history. Many people know that Alcatraz served as a federal
prison, but most are reluctant to know that this island served as fort. Built before the Civil War, it
served two main purposes. First, that it was to guard the San Francisco bay area from enemy ships
against a foreign invasion, and second, to hold hostage prisoners of war or POW's as they were
called. In this report, I'll show you how this fortress came to be a federal prison, why it is no longer
in operation today, and most importantly, to show why it was built in the first place. When the great
"Gold Rush" of 1849 first started, California grew from what would be considered a small,
unpopulated state, into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the early 1860's, Alcatraz had 111 cannons. Some were enormous, firing a fifteen–inch ball
weighing over 450 pounds. Defenses included a row of brick enclosed gun positions called case
mates to protect the dock; a fortified gateway or a Sally Port to block the entrance road; and a three–
story citadel on top of the island. This served both as an armed barracks and as a last line defense
strategy. Even though Alcatraz was built to withstand a foreign invasion, its most important use was
during the Civil War, 1861 – 1865. Seeing as it was the only completed fort in the entire bay, it was
vital in the protecting from Confederate Raiders. Early in the war, ten thousand rifles were moved to
Alcatraz from the State armory, to prevent them from being used by southern sympathizers. The
crew of a Confederate privateer were among the first inmates to be held within "The Rock."
Alcatraz's notoriety as a penitentiary overshadows its earlier, and longer use by the Army.
Surprisingly, this small island once was the most powerful fort west of the Mississippi River. There
was some limited modernization of the island's defenses after the Civil War. Rifled cannons were
mounted. In 1854 some 450 electrically controlled underwater mines were brought to the island to
protect the Bay. However, as the ships of potential enemies became more and more powerful, the
defenses were increasing! ly obsolete. In 1907 Alcatraz officially ceased being a fortress and
became Pacific

Incarceration In California's Prisons
Life in Incarceration did not define the end of a normal life within the state of California. In fact
California's prison system brought a sense of purpose to those behind bars. In Doing Time in the
Depressions second chapter, the process and key fundamentals of California's "Honor Camps", was
system in which inmates were given salary towards the work they did as prisoners.Within the text it
states "...California's road camps made a distinct contribution both to the solution of the prison–
labor problem and to penology," (California, para. 1). Prisoners receiving paid labor for their work,
and a decreased amount of physical punishment put a different light toward the Incarceration
system. The camp created a positive impact within California, redefining the Prison Industry
entirely.
California's Camp developed a prisoners commitment to growth and rehabilitation. The participation
in Camp was designed to break the negative cycle of recidivism, and an acceptance of personal
responsibility. California focused primarily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inmates were unpained, and succame to harsh physical punishment if disobedience was displayed.
In the third chapter of Doing Time in Depression, the reading explains how agriculture was still the
predominant source of income for Texas, however Texas prisons did not feel the need to pay their
prisoners. They were looking for the most cost affective ways to make the most profit from their
organization. Prisons were now run asbusinesses, which means the only thing that actually mattered
was revenue. How much could the prisons produce for the lowest amount of money? Texas prison
general manager Lee Simmons had an agenda for his own prisoners, much like they did in
California. Within the text Simmons states "We are rendering you a service because we are
preparing you to go out and hold a job." (Texas, page 137). And service was exactly what the
Incarerated

A Dead Man Is Good For Nothing
Alexandra Hernandez
English 1A
Mr. Gejeian
5 July, 2015
Argumentative Essay
A Dead Man is Good for Nothing In 1995 Duane Buck was convicted for the murder of his former
girlfriend Debra Gardner and her friend Kenneth Butler. He was sentenced to death in 1997 and his
case should definitely not be taken lightly, but Buck was given the death penalty over life in prison
because of the fact that he was an African American. A state psychologist in his case, Dr. Quijano,
argued that African American criminals are more susceptible to pose a future danger to the public,
and this was the key testimony that the prosecutor relied on. Since then, his case has not been
reopened. It was later admitted by a district attorney at the time of Buck's case that African
American jurors were routinely dismissed by prosecutors. In 2011, his lawyer argued that he
deserved a new sentencing hearing without tainted prejudicial testimony, but his request was
ultimately denied and they continued with the set execution date. The death penalty is prejudice and
goes against all religious beliefs, but death overall is a cruel and unusual punishment and should not
be used as a form of punishment by the government. Despite the fact that African Americans make
up to just over thirteen percent of the nation's population, more than forty percent of those currently
on the federal death row are African American. Many may say or believe that the justice system is
fair or honorable but the truth is that the

Is the Death Penalty Cruel and Unusual Punishment? Essay
Capital punishment remains a cause for debate with people continuing to disagree on what cruel and
unusual punishment consists of. Cruel and unusual punishment being defined as torture or a
deliberately degrading punishment, in no way does the death penalty fall into this category. Having
the death penalty in our society deters potential violent offenders from committing crimes, saves the
government money, and guarantees that offenders will not commit these crimes again. The United
States should use the death penalty because it is economical and continues to be a deterrent for
potential offenders. Take into consideration that the Constitution states that life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness can not be taken away without due ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When released they go back out in society and commit the same crime or a crime worse than before.
Sentencing them to life in prison places other prisoners and staff at risk. When placed in jail
knowing they have nothing else to lose with a life sentence, society has now let a murderer free in
jail to murder at will. However, if released into society you now put an entire population of
individuals at risk. Wesley Lowe, author of "The Morality of Capital Punishment:" on the " Pro
Death Penalty Webpage," states the following, "The recidivism rate for capital punishment is zero.
No executed murderer has ever killed again. You can't say that about those sentenced to prison even
if you are an abolitionist"(27). Showing people that commit these atrocious crimes that this behavior
remains intoleratable and that a punishment that fits every crime exists shows what is necessary to
detour future criminals. If more criminals believe that they can be caught, tried and executed they
will be less inclined to commit such heinous crimes. If we as a government do not execute
murderers that in turn could have deterred other murders, then we have allowed the killings to
continue and innocent victims to die. Lowe concludes, "The whole reason why nations and
governments exist is to defend their decent citizens from vicious criminals. When it fails to do that,
they become of little use to its citizens. When a society ignores their

Prison Reform in America
Prison "Reform" in America
In the essay "Prison "Reform" in America," Roger T. Pray points out the much attention that has
been devoted to research to help prevent crimes. Showing criminals the errors of their ways not by
brutal punishment, but by locking them up in the attempt to reform them. Robert Pray, who is a
prison psychologist, is currently a researcher with the Utah Dept. of Corrections. He has seen what
has become of our prison system and easily shows us that there is really no such thing as "Prison
Reform"
In Roger Prays essay we see how our prison system has come to where we are at now. He shows
how history of prisons worked and how our basis of the prison system came about over the last 200
years.
Robert states that it was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They felt isolation was the key for "basic goodness in man to emerge".
Europeans came to visit these institutions with the hope of using the system in their country. By the
mid 1800's prison everywhere scarcely reflected the basic forms of prison. In the 1830's, many
prisoners where often leased to private contractors, but was discontinued in the mid 1840's. In the
19th century it was seen that the prison system could not reform the prisoners. Citizens lost faith and
felt that there was no cure to society's crime problem.
It is interesting to see how our prison came about. Through the years and centuries we have been
trying to find the right way to deal with criminals. Yes, criminals where dealt with brutally and
maybe too brutal for the crimes committed. Today someone can commit murder and get 25 years. I
don't feel that during these 25 years the criminal will really get reformed. How many prisoners get
out of prison and go back to society as normal people. It seems to me that they usually have been in
prison for so many years they have trouble going back to society. The only way they know how to
live is how they lived in prison. In prison they get a bed to sleep in, food and clothing and they don't
have to work hard for it. So they are quick to commit another crime to go back there. Seeing this
happen over and over I feel that you really can't reform our prisoners or the prisons they are locked
up in. In Prays essay we

Essay Correctional Theory
INTRODUCTION Rehabilitation is firmly entrenched in the history of corrections in the United
States. Penitentiaries, for example were formed in 1820 with the belief that offenders could be
morally reformed (Cullen, & Jonson, 2012, pp. 27–28). In 1870). The National Congress on
Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline documented the merits of rehabilitation (Wines, 1871, p.
457). However, by the end of the 1960s, the United States had experienced several years of
discontent within its prison systems which resulted in a national call for prison reform and the
development of a disillusionment with rehabilitation (Martinson, 1974, p. 22). In 1966, Robert
Martinson was hired to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation, the result of which ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
By utilizing correctional policies and practices that are not built upon evidence–based theories, we
risk not only imposing ineffective treatments on offenders, we risk increasing an offender's
criminality (p. 3). This is especially disconcerting when one considers the potential harm to which
we are exposing society upon the offender's release (Latessa, Cullen, & Gendreau, 2002, p. 44).
Evidence–based corrections would implement rehabilitation policies, as research shows it to be the
greatest opportunity to significantly impact crime as it addresses what is known to both cause and
reduce criminality (Cullen, & Jonson, 2012, p. 11). Inherent in the ideals of effective rehabilitation
are the identification of criminogenic risk factors (i.e., correlates of criminality) such as aggression,
and the establishment of individualized evidence–based treatments which address them (p. 30). In
other words, offenders offend for different reasons and until we target those reasons with
empirically sound treatments and interventions, we cannot hope for successful rehabilitation. Worse
yet, by utilizing one size fits all treatments, we risk exposing them to criminogenic risk factors,
further exacerbating their criminal propensities (p. 12). Ultimately, the importance of evidence–
based corrections cannot be overstated for it is through careful evaluation of empirically sound data
that we learn how to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of the correctional system as well as
the

The Rise of America’s Prison Empire Essay
When envisioning a prison, one often conceptualizes a grisly scene of hardened rapists and
murderers wandering aimlessly down the darkened halls of Alcatraz, as opposed to a pleasant
facility catering to the needs of troubled souls. Prisons have long been a source of punishment for
inmates in America and the debate continues as to whether or not an overhaul of the US prison
system should occur. Such an overhaul would readjust the focuses of prison to rehabilitation and
incarceration of inmates instead of the current focuses of punishment and incarceration. Altering the
goal of the entire state and federal prison system for the purpose of rehabilitation is an unrealistic
objective, however. Rehabilitation should not be the main purpose of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While all three are considered prison's goals, punishment is most heavily relied on and
rehabilitation, when attempted, is often halfheartedly executed to uninterested participants.
According to authors Gerald Melnick, et al. in their essay, "Treatment Process in Prison Therapeutic
Communities: Motivation, Participation, and Outcome," the lack of motivation an individual
prisoner experiences regarding his success often contributes to his dropping out of an in prison
rehabilitation program (634). Such programs are therefore futile because the inmates who would
benefit most from the rehabilitation are often the most unmotivated and unwilling to participate.
If an inmate does fulfill the numerous participation requirements for completion of an in prison
program, the chances of his continuing treatment are exponentially low. Prisoners often neglect to
extend treatment through the use of after–care rehabilitation programs upon release from jail
(Melnick, et al. 636). The benefits of rehabilitation are therefore lost because after–care facilities are
designed to further reinforce critical values gained by prisoners during prior rehabilitation.
This means that even if a prison were to offer inmates the most innovative forms of rehabilitation,
the programs would be in vain due to the overwhelming majority of prisoners who would not
willingly partake in treatment. If a prisoner manages to acquire a job upon release, his rehabilitation
may still

Imprisonment In Corrections
The American justice system is always changing due to societal evolution and updates to laws, the
correctional system has gone through drastic, but necessary changes over the past couple of decades.
Living conditions and medical care in correctional institutions, and the lack thereof has been a topic
of discussion throughout both government and public spaces. Criminal activity has been a constant
globally, it is unavoidable, and it has progressively gotten worse with all the technological advances.
New concepts and alternative methods of confinement, treatments, and rehabilitation have been
introduced to the correctional system to better protect the public and inmates.
Imprisonment is a newer concept, retaliation, torture, death, and fines were more common ways of
punishment hundreds of years ago, the offender had little to no rights. Retribution and deterrence
were the focus of punishment, the type of crime committed would determine what kind of method
would be used to make an offender suffer their consequences. Corporal punishment included,
mutilation, branding, and public humiliation, for instance, liars would have their tongues ripped out,
while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Criminology and penology were mere ideas and theories at the time, holding offenders against their
will was originally used just to hold them until authorities accessed the appropriate punishment. It
was a slow transition from caged holding, to confinement in dungeons and sanctuaries, eventually it
was thought that penitence through isolation and prayer was a proper form of punishment. This form
of isolation was the foundation of the first penitentiary systems, but again because there were only
concepts and ideas it took many years and modifications to see any advancements

Evolution Of Jail Essay
Jails are locally operated, short–term incarceration facilities, usually run by the county sheriff or city
police, which typically hold persons awaiting trial or other proceedings, persons charged with a
misdemeanors as convicted offenders serving sentences of one year or less. The vagrant and
variation of jail inmate populations cause significant problems for jail administrators, and many
believe that local control compounds these (Blackburn, Fowler, Pollock). Yet local control and
diverse jail functions have deep historical roots, and are not easily changed. The creation of jails in
America were modeled after British gaols (the original term for jails), that first appeared in the 11th
century, whose primary function was to detain people waiting for trial, and those who were
convicted but await punishment (Jails; Historical perspective). Conforming with the British system
of jails, separation of criminals were rare; the men were mixed in with the women, felons mixed
with minor offenders, children were mixed in with adults, and the unhealthy were mixed in ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With that, they set up the system of local government, built the first jails, and entrusted the local
sheriff with the power to keep the peace and control the jails. The earliest mention of jails in the
United States come from Boston, before the American Revolution, which order the creation of a
"people pen" in 1632 (Hoffman, Punishers brain). Jails continued their limited function in the
colonies until the end of the 18th century. Jails were rarely used as a form of correction for
convicted offenders. They were used as a process of criminal punishment, even though they weren't
used for discipline. The most common form of punishment at that time, was corporal; which
included branding, whipping, physical disfigurement, and even death for the most serious offenses
(Krisberg, Marchionna,

Criminology And Penology Owerri Cei Essay
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aloysius, O. (1998) Criminology and Penology Owerri CeI–Bez Didatic Books.
Agulanna, G. G. & Onukogu, 0. (2002) Introduction to Psychology, Owerri, Joe Makpa Publishers
Barry, R. (1994) Discipline of deligent, London Free association
Books.
Daniel, E. S. (1988) Child Psychology, London Harper Collins
Publishers.
George, A. C. & Thines, M. C. (1999) Science of Behaviour Baston,
George AlIens & Union. Greene, A. 0. & Belrin, S. G. (2004) Child Psychology, New York,
Schawn.
Haralambos, M. & Mead, R. M. (1980) Thenies and Perspectives in
Sociology, New York, Harper Collins Publish.
Jerkins, J. (2003) 2Id ed. Understanding Human, New York, Oxford University Press.
Kottak, S. (2005) Intelligent Organization, London, McGraw–Hill
Books New York.
Kukla, M. (1999) Introduction to Sociology, London, Mifflin Publishers
Kast, F. E. (2005) Behaviour Modification in Applied setting, Dorsey Press, Ilinois
Kate, W. C. (1989) Symposium of Motivation, University of Nsukka Press, Nsukka
Katz, D. & Kahn, R. (1966) The Social Psychology of organizing,
John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York
Kelly, J. G. (2000) Perspectives on Motivation, McGraw–Hill, New York.
Kerr, S. S. (1989) The End of Bureaucracy and The Rise of intelligent organization, McGraw–Hill,
New York
Kilbridge, M. D. & Steve, C. (1999) A Theory on Human Motivation,
Harper and Row New York
Kothandapani, V. (1999) A Dynamic Theory of Personality, McGrawHill, New York.
Kinghorn, R. W. (2002) Society, A

Jadm 430 Complete Course
JADM 430 Complete Course – DeVry ( All Assignments – DQs AND MidTerm Exam)
IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download
http://acehomework.com/JADM–430–Complete–Course–DeVry–1211112.htm?categoryId=–1 If
You Face Any Problem E– Mail Us At JohnMate1122@gmail.com Course Project: Managing the
Prison Environment
Objectives
Back to Top
The Course Project is designed to provide you with an opportunity to research a topic of interest
related to some aspect of correctional administration. This project is an effort to allow you to fully
explore issues related to either correctional officials or prison inmates.
This project incorporates all TCOs.
Guidelines
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The course project is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Week 2––Annotated outline for the Final Paper. Submit a polished outline for your Final Paper.
Include in your outline a brief summary, two to three sentences, of key points for each topic area.
Week 5––Annotated bibliography for the Final Paper. Your bibliography should include references
to at least six outside sources. Also required is a brief, one–paragraph summary of the publication
and your reasoning as to why this source is important to the topic you are investigating.
Week 6––Final Paper. Submit an 8 to 10 page paper that includes a separate title and reference page.
This paper should be well organized and follow the outline submitted for Week 2 unless otherwise
approved by your instructor. It should also include the list of references, but not the annotations,
submitted during Week 5. The Final Paper should adhere to all APA guidelines.
Grading Rubrics
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Category Points % Description
Week 1––title page, topic description, and three references 40 12.5 This should include a properly
formatted title page, a one–page topic description, and a list of three references to outside sources.
Week 2––annotated outline 80 25 This requires a properly formatted outline, a comprehensive
outline that addresses key points, and a brief summary of key points

Public Support For The Supermax Prisons Essay
I decided upon reading more about the Supermax prisons, as I had heard of them but never really
focused much attention to them. I wanted to gain more knowledge on what they were used for and
the controversy which surrounded the use of these Supermax prisons. I decided to read 'Housing for
the "worst of the worst" inmates: Public Support for the Supermax Prisons' and 'What we know,
what we do not know, and where we are going' journals. From my first perceptions of a Supermax
prison, I only really knew that they could house thousands of criminals at one time and that those
criminals were the ones you would not want to be involved with, being as they were in confinement
for the majority of the day. And they are rarely allowed to communicate with each other or with the
prison guards.
After reading housing for the worst of the worst inmates... I was able to find out that the criminals
were in confinement of a single call for twenty–three hours a day, with very little services or
privileges, to which this has been argued against as being cruel and inhumane (Miller, 1995.) It has
also been said that keeping the inmates locked up for twenty–three hours a day with little to no
contact is an extreme form of punishment. "... inmates claim that specific policies and practices in
the Supermax context violate their right to be protected against cruel and unusual punishments."
(Pizarro & Narag, 2008: 32) This type of statement makes you think that if they are that supreme in
their confinement

Imprisonment and Social Control Essay
Imprisonment is one of the primary ways in which social control may be achieved; the Sage
Dictionary of Criminology defines social control as a concept used to describe all the ways in which
conformity may be achieved. Throughout time imprisonment and its ideas around social control
have varied. Imprisonment has not always been used for punishment, nor has it always thought
about the prisoners themselves. However when looking at imprisonment it is important to consider
the new penology. Therefore, it needs to be clear what the new penology is. The new penology is
said, not to be about punishing individuals or about rehabilitating them, but about identifying and
managing unruly groups in society. It is concerned with the managerial ... Show more content on
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Throughout the years, the use of imprisonment has varied, along with its influences of society. It is
thought that although prisons have been around since the thirteenth century, prisons as we know
them now to be have only been around for the last three centuries. The first uses of prisons were not
seen as a form of punishment instead they were used as a way of making people do something.
People would be held in prison until they paid their debts, or awaiting trial and then leading up to
their sentence. McGowen (1995) suggests that from the early 1700s 'bridewells' a house of
correction have existed, however at that time being used merely for vagrants and drunks. At the end
of the sixteenth century there was a shift in punishment to imprisonment, along with this came a
new, more humane idea of reform. Criminals would spend their days of prison carrying out hard
labour. However after the American Revolution, imprisonment took a step back and there was
another change. There was mass overcrowding within the prison service and although the death
penalty was still being used it was a symbol of the power of the state. Therefore, an everyday way of
dealing with offenders would be transportation to the colonies, being either Australia or America.
It was with the work of Beccaria and Bentham that saw a change in imprisonment. Jeremy Bentham
(1748–1832) insisted crime prevention was the only way

What Is A Penal Crisis?
What is a Penal Crisis?
The penal system is the collective term for the processes and agencies involved in overseeing
jurisdictions prisons and community–based programs such as probation and parole. The main aims
of such a system is to promote social control and deter deviant and criminal behaviour.
"If to be in crisis means that the whole system is on the brink of total collapse or explosion, then we
probably do not have a crisis." (Cavadino and Dignan, 2002: 10)
While 'Crisis' may seem like an over–exaggerated term to describe the current state of the penal
system, it emphasises the clear difficulties and potential dangers that which the penal system is
facing. Factors related to a penal crisis include overcrowding, a breakdown of control, bad prison
conditions, understaffing and a loss of security (Cavadino and Dignan, 2002).
The term "Penal Crisis" has circulated the media and academic literature for over 20 to 30 years,
and speculation has arisen as to how the penal system can continue to strive on in such a 'crisis'. Is
there really a major problem with the system if it can survive in spite of this?
The system survives, but with more problems that leaves those within the criminal justice system at
great risk. Custodial sentences become physically and mentally draining and there are a lack of
effective systems or opportunities to combat these issues. The system as it stands today only makes
those within it more vulnerable, and more likely to be caught in an

The Incarceration Of The Correctional System
The correctional system in America is an umbrella term referring to a range of mandates that entails
the management, supervision, and rehabilitation of convicted offenders. These mandates are often
carried out through incarceration, probation, or parole, while prisons are the most popular
correctional agency in America. Prisons in America were among some of the first public buildings
established in the New World. Early prisons were not considered "houses of punishment," but were
rather referred to as temporary holding cells. The history of U.S. prisons from the late 1700s to the
late 1800s was marked by a shift from a penitentiary system primarily concerned with rehabilitation
to one concerned more with warehousing prisoners. The failure of reform minded wardens to justify
rehabilitation caused state legislatures to set economic profitability as the new goal for prisons. The
first prisons in the United States were established as penitentiaries to denote their prisoners as
religious penitents. Early penitentiaries gained global attention for their goals of perfecting society.
Despite their high moral aims, the facilities soon became overcrowded, dirty, and dangerous.
Maintaining the behavior and control of the inmates became their primary focus. It was after the
American Revolution that imprisonment as a form of criminal punishment became a widespread in
the United States. The Jackson Administration use rehabilitative labor as a penalty during the
American Civil War.

Private Prisons Negativly Impact State And Local Governments

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Private Prisons Negativly Impact State And Local Governments