Estuaries Essay

Estuaries Essay
Importance of Estuaries
Estuaries are very productive systems that have a large ecological and economic value. These
unique habitats that estuaries provide are utilised by many biota as well as humans. The importance
can be linked to its utilisation. Numerous organisms use estuaries as natural nurseries and complex
communities are present. Estuaries are are a valuable resource for the fishing industry and provide
spaces for recreational activities. Estuarine habitats such as wetlands provide water filtration and
carbon storage. Floodplains and daughters are utilised by the agricultural industry as they provide
fertile soil.
Many fishes and other organisms use estuaries as nurseries since they provide shelter, food and are
relatively safe from predators. Estuaries have unique habitats which have many niches. Many
species are specialised to live in these niches and result in diversification. This is also the case for
birds and other groups of animals and results in rich complex communities. Estuaries are a vital part
of many marine an estuarine fishes' life history and can be used by juveniles or by adults depending
on their spawning habits.
Many southern African fish species are dependent on estuary is to complete a portion of their life
history, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These types of ecosystems are known to regulate the release and retention of carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases and therefore play a significant role as carbon sinks and carbon storage.
Since there is a lot of primary and secondary producers present in these habitats, large portions of
carbon is stored in the form of biomass. Wetlands also function as natural filters. As water further
upstream is transported out to sea, it is filtered and cleaned of pollutants and chemicals as it travels
through the wetland. This is due to the varying sediments and fix vegetation. The clean water it
provides keeps estuarine habitats functioning
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Estuaries : San Francisco Bay
As you may know, a estuary, particularly is a enclosed body of water aside the coast where
freshwater from rivers and streams intertwine with the salt water from the ocean. As a matter of fact,
estuaries are "places of transition from land to sea and freshwater to salt water." An estuary is a
partially enclosed body of water formed where freshwater from rivers and streams flows into the
ocean, mixing with the salty sea water. Estuaries and the lands surrounding them are places of
transition from land to sea, and from fresh to salt water. Influenced by the tides, estuaries are
protected and kept safe from the "full force of ocean waves, winds, and storms by the reefs, barrier
islands, or fingers of land, mud, or sand that define an estuary ... Show more content on
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In areas where the mouth of fresh water rivers run into the estuary, the salinity can be as low as .5
ppt (parts per thousand), and in this region freshwater organisms can live. Near the mouth of the
bay, the salinity level can be as high as 36 ppt, which is as salty as the ocean. Since this estuary is
located in a temperate zone, the average daily temperature of the water changes with the seasons.
More than 350 species of fish live in the Chesapeake bay, this bay provides rich fishing
opportunities for fisherman. This Bay supports more than 3,600 species of plant and animal life
altogether. Now picture, how much this number drastically increases if you include the enitre worlds
plant and animal life.
Furthermore, estuaries are generally influenced by the tides, yet still remain protected from the
powerful ocean waves, winds, and storms that the land forms as barrier islands or peninsulas. In
fact, one of the most productive on earth are estuarian environments that create more organic matter
each year than comparable areas of forest, grassland, or agricultural land. The tidal waters of
estuaries also support unique communities of plants and animals especially adapted for life at the
margin of the sea. A numerous of different habitat spieces are found living in estuaries, including
rocky shores, sandy beachs, oyster reefs, shallow open waters, freshwater and salt marshes, swamps,
mud and sand flats, seagrasses, tidal pools, mangrove forests, and even river deltas.

Oligochaetes Research Paper
The seafloors of estuaries are composed of different species of burrowers, or animals that dig up
tunnels in the ocean floor. In particular, polychaetes and oligochaetes are species of worms which
are the most common types of burrowers. Polychaetes and oligochaetes are very abundant and
essential to the estuarine ecosystem. They serve as an important source of food for many species
including birds in shallow areas and the tunnels they build are also used as shelter by other marine
species. Polychaetes and oligochaetes also have various qualities, aside from being aesthetically
pleasant, they are able to absorb and release energy as well as dispose waste efficient all of which
allows them to receive food source by filtering water either from ... Show more content on
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Sponges Sponges are colonies many tiny individual animal cells. If a living sponge is crushed, all of
the animal cells living in it can survive on their own and find themselves again to regenerate
themselves into a whole sponge once again. Sponges are often thought of as incomplete organisms,
however, despite their simplicity, they function just as efficiently as any mammal. Sponges are
unable to move and have no bones or any way of physically defending themselves but they have
toxic chemicals that make them inedible by all but a few organisms that have been able to evolve to
tolerate them. Sponges are abundant in Florida's waters and have a higher phenotypic diversity than
one would expect. There are chimneylike boring sponges, loggerhead sponges that are taller than an
average human, other shapes include sponges shaped like vases and barrels. Other sponges are
adapted to live in specific environments. For instance, in beaches were wave intensity is low, a small
orange or green sponge may grow on top of small hermit crab shells and slowly dissolve its shells,
resulting in a shelter–less crab forcing it to carry the sponge around until the crab die or is able to
leave the

Water and Estuary
An integrated study of the Mpenjati estuary–beach system. (Biological component)
Abstract
A study was carried out to find the abundances of animal organisms between both sides of the
Mpenjati estuary. Zooplankton, Macro fauna, Meiofauna and Fish was sampled .Each of the species
that reside in the estuary contribute to the diversity of the area and are essentially driving forces,
ensuring optimal functioning of the ecosystem. The purpose of sampling such ecosystems is to find
out how the interactions amongst these organisms show a relation towards environmental conditions
and how they could be affecting the estuary in the abundances that they are found. Samples was
collected at different sampling stations were it was collected and ... Show more content on
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Macrofauna are benthic organisms and live in the sediment and have been greatly used over much
time as indicators of the environmental status in many estuaries and coastal systems. Fish thrive in
great abundances along the coast of the Mpenjati estuary and use the estuary as nursery sites for
juveniles as there is greater protection and more nutrient rich waters with greater food sources.
(Perissinotto et al, 2010).
The main aim of the Mpenjati estuary field trip was to retrieve biomass samples for further analyse
and to compare the organism's living on both sides of the estuaries berm.
Materials and methods
The Mpenjati estuary is a temporarily open/closed estuary which is located approximately 165km
Southwest of Durban. The river mouth is generally closed during the winter months and is enclosed
by a sand bar separating the saline rich ocean water from the fresh water river. The first sample was
obtained around 10:30 am and the last around 2:30 pm on the 4 of August 2012, all samples was
received from the beach side. The tide was currently low transitioning into a high tide around 1pm.
On field four sampling methods was carried out to retrieve the zooplankton, meiofauna,
macrobenthos and fish biomass samples respectively.
Zooplankton
Zooplankton in the surf–zone of the beach was retrieved by gently filtering ocean water through a
20µm nylon mesh. Water was retrieved using a 125 litre plastic bucket and sieved through the mesh,
bringing the total volume of

How Estuaries Are Diverse And Rich Environments Essay
Estuaries are incredibly diverse and rich environments. An estuary allows for diverse populations of
fishes and other invertebrates because of the varying salinities and rich food sources (Keefer,
Caudill, Peery, & Moser, 2013). If an estuary is long enough there is a gradient as the fresh and salt
water begin to mix ("At the river 's end," 2005). This gradient provides protection for some species
and breeding grounds for other species. The unique habitat is makes a great nursery for juvenile
fishes (Fulford et al., 2014). Anadromous fishes spawn in freshwater and migrate to saltwater until
they are sexually mature when they return to freshwater habitats to reproduce (Feyrer et al., 2015).
The opposite is said for catadromous fishes which spawn in saltwater and migrate to freshwater until
they are sexually mature when they return to saltwater to reproduce (Walsh, Gray, West, & Williams,
2011).
Salt marshes have high primary productivity (O 'Connor, Violin, Anton, Ladwig, & Piehler, 2011).
Much like estuaries, salt marshes have a variety of different salinities. The environment of a salt
marsh is dependent on the tides and the weather. The upper marsh has lower salinity due to low tidal
inflow, whereas the lower marsh salinity is maintained by daily tidal inflow. However, variables
such as heavy rain can affect both the upper and lower tidal zones. Salt marshes can also experience
dry seasons where the water experiences evaporation which increases the salinity of

The Chesapeake Bay And The Bay
The Chesapeake Bay, which derives from the Algonquin word Chesepiooc meaning "great shellfish
bay", has been around for a very long time. Approximately 35 million years ago, a rare bolide (a
comet– or asteroid–like object) hit what is now the lower tip of the Delmarva Peninsula, creating a
55–mile–wide crater. The bolide created what geologists call the "Exmore Crater," which they
believe was as large as Rhode Island and as deep as the Grand Canyon. Although this bolide did not
create the Chesapeake Bay, it helped determine that a bay would eventually be located there.
Today, the Chesapeake Bay stretches from Havre de Grace, Maryland to Norfolk Virginia. The Bay
is approximately 200 miles long, up to 35 miles wide, and has an average ... Show more content on
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The Bay's salinity varies widely from season to season and from year to year, depending on the
amount of fresh water flowing from its rivers. The Bay tends to be fresher in spring, when snow
melts and heavy rainstorms frequently fall. During the drier months, the Bay is usually saltier.
Salinity also increases with depth. Fresh water remains at the surface because it is less dense than
salt water. The water on the Bay's eastern shore tends to be saltier than the water on the western
side. This is due to two factors; most fresh water enters the Bay from its northern and western
tributaries, and The Coriolis Force, a phenomenon caused by the earth's rotation, pushes flowing
water in the Northern Hemisphere to the right, causing saltier water to move up the Bay veers
toward the eastern shore.
The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. About half of the Bay's water
volume comes from salt water from the Atlantic Ocean. The other half drains into the Bay from its
enormous 64,000–square–mile watershed. Estuaries are among the most productive environments
on earth, creating more organic matter each year than similarly–sized forests and agricultural areas.
Estuaries also provide diverse habitats for wildlife and aquatic life, protect our communities against
flooding, reduce pollution of waterways, and support local economies through commercial and
recreational activities. Thousands of species

Estuarine Pollution in Eutrophicatin
Rivers and estuaries have been useful to human beings more than just as a water source. They have
been the centre of interest of frontier settlement, which leads to more human activities and wastes,
which leads to dumping rubbish into the most convenient place – the waterways. What becomes a
problem is that more and more toxic chemicals are being dumped to a point that the waterways
could no longer filter it. One of the problems that is becoming a global crisis is eutrophication.
Therefore, this paper will be talking about the estuarine pollution, specifically on eutrophication,
starting with the source and type of the pollutants, how it affects the estuaries and the management
of the pollution.
Eutrophication happens as the water ecosystem becomes more productive due to increasing primary
productivity in the estuary. This happens because of the excessive nutrient enrichment which will
cause frequent cyanobacteria blooms (Wang and Wang, 2009). The excess nutrients could come
from different sources, including stormwater drainage, waste discharges from industrial areas, and
runoffs from agricultural farm. According to United States Environmental Protection Agency, the
stormwater can pick up debris and chemicals straight from the streets into the rivers and estuaries.
Consequently, it also drags the excess nutrients when it is discharged from the storm sewer system.
Not only that, the stormwater can also drag nutrients and pathogens form leaking and poorly
maintained septic

Chesapeake Bay Essay
The Chesapeake Bay if filled with many different species of plants and animals that benefit the
ecosystem. Bay grasses and algae, zooplankton, oysters, and fish are all living amongst one another
within the chesapeake bay and share some sort of relationship both directly and indirectly. Not one
of these organisms could live without the other. Due to many different pollutants in the area, these
organisms are at great risk. The organisms listed above are all related through a food chain. The
partial food chain shown begins with the algae. Algae are producers that make their own food
through the process of photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis they absorb nutrients within the
water, which can then be consumed by other aquatic life like zooplankton. ... Show more content on
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Sewage treatment plants, air pollution, animal feed lots, and polluted runoff from cropland are four
major sources to this issue. All of these forms of pollution create an overabundance of nitrogen and
phosphorous in the water. According to The Chesapeake Bay Foundation,"The largest source of
pollution to the Bay comes from agricultural runoff, which contributes roughly 40 percent of the
nitrogen and 50 percent of the phosphorus entering the Chesapeake Bay." Although nitrogen and
phosphorous are beneficial in moderation for the organisms living in the Chesapeake Bay, they
cause a notable amount of damage in excess. Excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous cause
algal blooms. There are many different types of algae, some are good for the ecosystem, and some
are dangerous and can cause "dead zones" where aquatic life no longer flourishes. Too much or too
little of both good and bad algae can be extremely harmful to the marine

Chesapeake Bay Restoration
An issue that was present in few specific cities in Maryland have now expanded throughout the
entire state. The Chesapeake Bay, a large estuary that has an extremely complex ecosystem that is
vital to important habitats and food webs in this area. The Chesapeake bay is arguably one of the
most productive environments in the United States. Over the years, this bay has been in a decline of
wellness. Pollution, contaminants, and many other factors are destroying the overall well being of
these waters, and completely messing up the important ecosystem that has been built there.
Although there is an extreme amount of Marylanders fighting for the restoration of the Chesapeake,
there are also who are not. The restoration is essential to a healthy ... Show more content on
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Farms, and cities are the most responsible for the pollution affecting the bay. And with no surprise,
farmers, home builders, and chemical companies fight against the restoration idea every day.
According to Moyers & Company, ¨The top three spenders – the American Farm Bureau, Fertilizer
Institute and the National Association of Home Builders – gave over $4 million to national–level
politicians and spent over $18.5 million on lobbying¨. Even the President of the place we live in,
Donald Trump, proposed a budget that would completely eliminate the federal funding for the
cleanup of the bay. Okay, so, let me get this straight, you don't want clean water? Or care about the
thousands of life forms currently residing in the Chesapeake? Without this funding, the restoration
process would come to an end, and the restoration could not be possible. Put your money where
your mouth is! (Drinking clean water and possibly eating fish, or other seafood). I hope that I
highlighted how critical the Chesapeake Bay is today, and I hope that you agree with me. The
Chesapeake Bay is considerably one of the largest resources here in Maryland that benefits not only
our beautiful world of wildlife, but our education, economy, and health. Without the Chesapeake,
millions of jobs would be lost, millions of gallons of drinking water, and millions of species could
face extinction. The Chesapeake Bay

The Effects Of Eutrophication On Coastal Waters Essay
Eutrophication is a harmful process that occurs when an excess amount of nutrients enter into a
water system. These nutrients, such as nitrates and phosphates, enable plants to grow and are only
beneficial to an ecosystem in small amounts. When an excessive amount of nutrients enter a water
system, an explosive growth of algae is stimulated, creating an extremely low oxygenated
environment where fish and other organisms are unable to survive (Rhyther et al. 1771). These
excessive nutrients are sourced back to a range of anthropogenic activities such as, discharge from
sewage treatment plants and septic tanks, and stormwater runoff from over fertilized lawns, golf
courses, and agricultural fields (NOAA). Globally, eutrophication has become one of the largest
pollution problem affecting coastal waters (Howarth et al., 2000). United States has the second
largest consumption rate producing 220 million tons of waste per year just behind China who
produces 330 million tons per year (Duan et al. 2008). These enormous amounts of wastes are
harming vital parameters of ecosystems. For instance, Chesapeake Bay off the coast of Virginia is
the largest estuary in North America and 70 % of it is polluted (Boesch et al. 2001).
Overpopulation is on the rise and coastal counties are the fastest growing counties. Approximately
54% of people living in the United States reside in these counties (Iculliton. 1998). As the
population rises, industrialization increases as well. This has

Chesapeake Region Essay
Geography Maryland's Eastern Shore region is comprised of the group of largely rural counties
located on the eastern side of the Chesapeake bay. The Chesapeake is a vital resource for the Eastern
Shore, as it provides many ecosystem and economic services. Indeed, Maryland's Department of the
Environment is tasked with maintaining the Chesapeake Bay, a project that many Eastern Shore
counties take part in. Many parts of the coast in the Eastern Shore are designated as "Critical Areas"
for Chesapeake Conservation. All the countries profiled below, except for Caroline County, have
coasts on the Chesapeake Bay. The region is also home to extensive marshlands. Resilience
Challenges
Climate Vulnerabilities According to the Maryland Department ... Show more content on
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However, Kent County's Hazard Mitigation Plan recommends joining the CRS. Despite not
participating in the CRS, Queen Anne's County ranks among the top 15 communities with the
highest number of insurance policies, along with Talbot and Dorchester. In 2017, the participating
counties (Talbot, Dorchester, Cecil, and Caroline) all received a rating of 8 from the CRS.
Notable Regional and State Initiatives
Regional Councils The Mid–Shore and Upper–Shore Regional Councils bring Eastern Shore
counties together to participate in regional planning on. The Mid–Shore Regional Council is
comprised of Caroline, Dorchester, and Talbot counties. The Upper–Shore Regional Council brings
Cecil, Kent, and Queen Anne's counties together.
State Initiatives
Maryland's Department of Housing and Community Development supports the Sustainable
Communities Program (SCP), which provides resources to designated local governments seeking to
revitalize their communities. The program is open to both municipalities and counties. It focuses on
promoting environmentally and socially "responsible growth." All of the profiled counties have
towns that participate in the SCP and the city of Cambridge is a participant as

Chesapeake Bay Sediments
Our watershed, the chesapeake bay stretches more than 64,000 square miles and is home to about 18
million people.The bay provides us with a lot of things like fishes,salt and water for farming etc.
But, the bay is starting to get polluted and many organisms in the bay are dying because of
sediments, algae blooms etc. One of the major problems and also a problem in my neighborhood is
sediments. Sediments forms when rocks and soil erode or weather. About 5.2 million tons of
sediment enter the bay every year. When it rains, those sediments are carried to the bay by runoff.
Because of the small size, the particles float on the surface of water and often travel long distances
during rainstorms. When there are too many of these sediments, the water

The Sediments Within The Intertidal Zone
The sediments in the intertidal zone are predominantly composed of silt and clay that display
substantial distribution in grain size distribution due to hydrodynamic and vegetation cover changes,
such as grass, mangroves and other plantations. Sediment pH, total Corg (%) and percentages of
sand, silt and clay obtained from the samples of 13 sampling stations are summarized in Table 2,
whilst sediment pH was in a narrow alkaline range of 7.2 to 8.6. Similarly, Corg varied little from
0.47 to 0.91 %. Such low Corg are consistent to other coastal regions of India (Chatterjee et al.
2007) and might be the result of marine sedimentation and mixing processes at the sediment–water
interface where the rate of delivery, as well as rates of degradation by microbial–mediated processes
can be high ( Canuel and Martens, 1993). This can be also related to poor absorbability of organics
to negatively charged quartz grains, which predominate in sediments in this estuarine environment
(Sarkar et al., 2004). The sediment samples also showed a variable admixture of sand (0.4 – 37.4
%), silt (24.4 – 66.7%) and clay (26.7 – 75.1 %). Previous studies demonstrated that fine–grained
sediments facilitate the accumulation of heavier metals and organic matter contents (Bayen, 2012;
Yu et al., 2012; Zahra et al., 2014).With respect to texture class, variable erosion and depositions in
the study stations along with vigorous estuarine mixing, suspension–resuspension and flocculation–
deflocculation can

Buddy Cheek Research Paper
Buddy cheek – people #1 The purpose of the buddy check is to ensure that both divers have
assembled their equipment correctly, and for each diver to familiarize their selves with his buddy's
setup. It is extremely important to familiarize yourself with your buddies gear to ensure you know
where everything is. This insures you don't have to search for anything in case of an emergency. A
buddy check is done before every dive and is a step that should not be overlooked. It is an essential
part of getting ready for a dive. If it is not done properly it could lead to unwanted hassles and in
extreme cases it could lead to injury or death. This often happens when you are not familiar with
your buddies gear. To perform a buddy check you look over all

The Effect Of Global Warming On The Environment
The temperature was taken at each of the sites to determine the heat of the water. The temperature of
the water affects the dissolved oxygen as well as the rate of photosynthesis and the metabolic rates
of water life. (Hovey, n.d) Warmer water can hold less dissolved oxygen and plants grow and die
more quickly. Therefore it can be deduced that cooler water allows for a more comfortable
environment for animals and vegetation.
Ms. Hovey conducted a study on the Severn Estuary in the UK and noticed that the temperature of
the water has increased. Increasing temperature of the water can result from Global Warming. As
Global Warming alters temperature and weather patterns, it could have an impact on plant and
animal life. Both the number and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Results were recorded in these areas. The pH– values in the mouth, lagoon and middle reaches of
the estuary were similar ranging between 6.0 and 8.8. Low pH–values were occasionally recorded in
the head reach, resulting from the inflow of acidic waters from the Knysna River. Russell found that
there was a decrease in the number of biodiversity living near the head reaches of the lagoon. (I.A.
Russell, 1996)
Biodiversity is affected by changes in pH and start to die out when the pH level has changed as the
animals and plants find it hard to adapt. In the Siyaya river, if the pH level had to change because of
the river becoming open to the sea, the animals and plants will be affected and decrease in number.
Atmospheric pollution among other air pollutants can cause rain water to become acidic. The rain
water collects in rivers and the water will become acidic therefore endangering humans who use the
water as well as killing or weakening the biodiversity in the river as well as the surrounding areas of
the river.
Dr Kjerfe has stated that there will be an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels which will
increase the probability of rain water becoming acidic therefore affecting the biodiversity of the area
surrounding the tributaries/ rivers. The acidic rain would impact especially the Siyaya River and the
Amanzimnyama River as they are placed in heavily vegetated areas. The acidic rain

Features Of Estuary English
Introduction
A new buzzword, Estuary English, is supposed to be a new kind of English that is spreading quickly
throughout England, creating expectations about its future as possible standard accent. The aim of
this essay will be to introduce the reader into the environment of this particular variety of English, as
well as to provide a general overview about it.
This essay is structured as follows. Section 1 attempts to define Estuary English as well as to
establish its origins and geographical occurrence. Section 2 will provide account of the typical
stereotype of the EE speaker and how it has changed throughout time. And finally, in the third
section, major characteristics of this variety will be outlined in three different levels: phonological,
grammatical and lexical.
Definition, Origins and Geographical Dimension
Estuary English (EE) has been evident in the writings of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
or don't I?
» The omission of the –ly adverbial ending, as in They talked very quiet for a while.
» Generalization of the third person singular form, especially in narrative style, and generalized past
tense use of was. 3. Lexical Features
Furthermore, Estuary English also presents several distinctive lexical features, as mentioned by
Rosewarne (1994) and Coggle (1993):
» EE makes an extensive use of Americanisms. The most frequent examples are the use of Excuse
me instead of Sorry, and the constant repetition of the word mate.
» The word Cheers is frequently used instead of Thank you, but it can also means Goodbye.
» Extension of the actual meaning of the word basically to use it as a gap filler.
Conclusion
Summing up, Estuary English can be defined as a variant of English widely spoken in and around
London and, more generally, in the southeast of England and along the river Thames and its estuary.
It can be placed between "Queen's English" and Cockney and it uses some non–standard
grammatical forms and several divergences from

Environmental Effects Of Mangroves
Mangroves are an essential part of the Tampa Bay Estuary as they help maintain the overall health
of the state's coastal zones. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the Tampa Bay was in its worst condition
as a result of unregulated pollution into the Bay. Environmental regulations beginning in the 1970s
with the Clean Water Act improved conditions in the bay but even today there persists a problem
with pollution and the destruction of natural habitats (Water Resource Management and
Environmental Assessment & Restoration, 2014). Today, the Tampa Bay has lost over 44% of its
coastal wetlands acreage, including mangrove forests and salt marshes (Department of
Environmental Protection, 2012). There is still decline as waterfront development and pollution
threaten the abundance of this essential tree. If the mangroves disappear from the Tampa Bay
estuary, the area will suffer adverse ecological and economic effects from the reduction of sea life. A
reduction of mangrove trees can even increase damage caused by natural disasters (Sandilyan and
Kathiresan, 2012).
In order to maintain the health of these forests and the Tampa Bay Estuary I recommend enacting a
change in the 1996 Mangrove Trimming and Preservation Act to set stricter regulations on the
trimming of mangroves, a reduction on waterfront development, stricter control over pollutants in
the area, and the categorization of areas designated for mangrove growth, restriction, and removal.
Failing to enact these policies will cause

Eastern Oyster History: The Chesapeake Bay
The Chesapeake Bay and the Eastern Oyster The word Chesapeake, although there is some scholarly
dispute, likely means "Great Bay of Shells" or "Great Shellfish Bay" in the language of the
Algonquian Native Americans ("Oyster History"). This translation is appropriate and accurate to
anyone familiar with the Chesapeake Bay and its rich history of oysters. The Chesapeake Bay is the
largest estuary in the United States with over 150 rivers and streams flow into its basin. It measures
roughly 200 miles in length, 3.4 to 35 miles in width and stretches across six states. The bay is home
to over 2,700 plant and animal species, making it one of the most complex and productive estuary
systems in the world ("Facts and Figures"). However, one species ... Show more content on
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As temperatures continued to increase and diverse forms of aquatic and land wildlife began to
inhabit the area, the Paleo–Indians shifted their methods of food procurement, accordingly. About
5,000 years ago, a multitude of fish and shellfish populate the region's rivers abundantly while
forests previously dominated by conifers abate for deciduous ones that supply acorns and various
nuts; both developments provided integral food sources for the Indian population. It is also around
this time when oysters first begin to colonize the Bay ("Bay History"). By the 16th century, the
Chesapeake Bay had formed its present outline and its waters had become replete with clams, fish
such as bass and shad, and oysters. The Native American population reached 24,000 as they moved
from a hunter/gatherer lifestyle to one based on agricultural reliance of crops like corn, squash,
beans, and tobacco. The shift called for the development of permanent settlements and allowed the
society to grow in number. Brushes with explorers from the Old World were also experienced for the
first time ("Bay

Tuggerah Lakes Estuary Sustainability Study
Part C. 1. Project Title The sustainability impacts of waste in the Tuggerah Lakes Estuary. 2.
Problem Statement The Tuggerah Lakes Estuary has recently been affected by an influx of rubbish
into the waterways that has an enormous affect on the multiple ecosystems that rely on the lakes
being healthy. This rubbish comes from the general every day litter that finds its way into the
numerous rivers and streams that lead to the Lakes and from sediments from building sites with the
increased number of dwellings as more people call the Central Coast home (Wyong Council,
2015a). This project plan will investigate the environmental impacts of waste in the Tuggerah Lakes
Estuary, exploring what causes the waste and solutions as to how the problem ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Nutrient Pathways in Food Web of Tuggerah Lakes. Retrieved from loveourlivinglakes.com.au
website: http://www.loveourlivinglakes.com.au/lakes/science–and–data/nutrient–pathways–in–
food–web–of–tuggerah–lakes/ Wyong Shire Council (2015b). Tuggerah – Common Concerns.
Retrieved from loveourlivinglakes.com.au website:
http://www.loveourlivinglakes.com.au/lakes/common–concerns/ Wyong Shire Council (2015c).
Estuary Management Plan. Retrieved from wyong.nsw.gov.au website:
https://www.wyong.nsw.gov.au/environment/tuggerah–lakes–estuary/estuary–management–plan/
Wyong Shire Council (2015d). 31 facts about Tuggerah Lakes Estuary you may not know. Retrieved
from wyong.nsw.gov.au website: https://www.wyong.nsw.gov.au/alive/our–community–
stories/beaches–and–lakes/31–facts–about–tuggerah–lakes–estuary–you–may–not Wyong Shire
Council (2015e). Final Snapshot of the Tuggerah Lakes Estuary Management Plan. Retrieved from
wyong.nsw.gov.au website:

Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay Watershed
The Chesapeake Bay Watershed is considered of national high importance due to its 64,000 square
miles and 17.4 million people inhabitants. However, this has not been sufficient to improve the
health of the ecosystem over the last 25 years. The primary reasons for this lack of improvement are
the lack of knowledge and information of the people living on the watershed, the multistate
composition of the watershed and the broad range of activities that the watershed supports.
The bay has a history of eutrophication due in part on its water circulation pattern and vertical
stratification, but also due to the enhanced loads of nitrogen and phosphorous flowing into the
Chesapeake Bay originated by agricultural activities. With the problems of the Chesapeake Bay in
mind, the Chesapeake Bay Program Agreement was signed in 1983 and in the implementation of the
consequent management program. This program has been an attempt to improve the health of the
Bay. However, due to the delay in the implementation and the increase in population, the results are
not as significant as they should be, as it can be seen in the Chesapeake Bay Foundation report that
show a very slow progress in the indicators (Pollution, habitat and fisheries) of the State of the Bay.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A new approach of management is considering the Bay as complex socio–ecological system where
human activities strongly affect the intensity and direction of natural processes. It could be managed
by dividing in different manageable and modeled units providing a better understanding of the main
natural processes in the Bay. I particularly like this idea, although I would find interesting to explore
how to address the interconnections and feedbacks between

Chesapeake Bay Prevention Essay
Prevention is necessary to control many problems in the Chesapeake Bay. Prevention can range
from something as big as a government issue or as small as a single person helping out. The greatest
chance at total protection for water quality is when many people and organizations work together to
prevent problems. According to the Chesapeake Bay Program, "Federal, state and non–profit Bay
Program partners are working with farmers, developers, homeowners and local governments to
reduce pollutants from multiple sources and restore water quality for all to enjoy" (Chesapeake Bay
Program).
The Chesapeake Bay Program is doing many things to help with prevention of water quality.
Extreme amounts of nutrients and sedimentation are entering the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the Monkton Fly Shop in Maryland will be cleaning six wader wash stations so waders
can be cleaned from invasive species. These wash stations are there to wash invasive species off of
waders so invasive species are not transferred into the Chesapeake Bay. The fly shop's twice weekly
online fishing report (www.backwaterangler.com) regularly reminds Gunpowder anglers to wash,
scrub, and rinse their boots and wading shoes (Anonymous 2011). Felt soles on the waders trap
invasive species within the felt and when the waders are used again the invasive species are
transferred to that water source. The Maryland Department of Natural Resources is following
actions already taken by New Zealand, Alaska, and Vermont to prohibit the use of felt soles
(Anonymous 2011).
Scientists studying fish in the Chesapeake Bay stated that they have discovered mycobacteria in
some of the fish, causing ulcers, emaciation and sometimes death. The article also talks about this
kind of mycobacteria having harmful effects on humans. People should be more careful about
dealing with fish in the Chesapeake Bay. While the scientists are still studying and learning about
this new discovery, they are also looking into and leaning towards prevention. According to the
article, "Mycobacteria isolated from Chesapeake Bay fish", "Studies are currently underway to

'A Choppy Estuary And Pass Of Leny'
The two pieces of artwork being compared in this paper are two different ships made via the use of
different mediums. These pieces, while similar in concept, are different in their executions. Through
these two pieces, people will see that the two different mediums can achieve similar lifelike results.
The first piece, "A Choppy Estuary," created by Hulk Abraham, was created with the use of wet
media, this one being painted with oil paints. The picture consists of four ships, clouds, and some
people on nearby land. It uses various colors, with major focus on various reds and blues, to place
emphasis on the ship on the front right of the piece.
The second piece, "Drawing of the ship Pass of Leny as a three masted square rigged sailing ship,"
is an illustration created by dry media, this one using graphite pencils. It focuses on one ship, the
Pass of Leny. The creator of the illustration is unknown, but the piece is held by the John Oxley
Library. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The piece created using dry media is a more focused picture due to only having one major item, the
Pass of Leny. Meanwhile, "A Choppy Estuary" has more content in the piece, having multiple ships,
people, and land. It still manages to have a specific focus on the front right ship, emphasized by
more saturated color than the other items on the piece, which are more

Oyster History: The Chesapeake Bay
The word Chesapeake, although there is some scholarly dispute, likely means "Great Bay of Shells"
or "Great Shellfish Bay" in the language of the Algonquian Native Americans ("Oyster History").
This translation is appropriate and accurate to anyone familiar with the Chesapeake Bay and its rich
history of oysters. The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States with over 150
rivers and streams flow into its basin. It measures roughly 200 miles in length, 3.4 to 35 miles in
width and stretches across six states. The bay is home to over 2,700 plant and animal species,
making it one of the most complex and productive estuary systems in the world ("Facts and
Figures"). However, one species of animal stands out above the rest in its value and legacy to the
Chesapeake region: the eastern oyster. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today's eastern oysters range from 3 to 5 inches in length, sometimes as much as 8 inches, although
the oysters present during the colonization of the New World were documented to grow much larger
("Oyster History"). Oysters have many great characteristics in regard to their utility for humans as
well as wildlife. The build ups of oyster bars, reefs, and beds provide habitat for many aquatic
lifeforms and the filtration capabilities they possess is quite remarkable; as filter feeders, oysters
feed on phytoplankton and small organisms while removing nutrients from the waters the inhabit,
leaving them clear and pristine; just one oyster can filter more than 50 gallons in a day ("Oyster
History"). Alas, it was a palatable constitution that made the eastern oyster so popular, creating an
extensive economy based on its harvest. Unfortunately, this considerable popularity would
ultimately bring the oyster's

The Blue Estuaries Summary
In Julia Alvarez's poem "On Not Shoplifting Louise Bogan's The Blue Estuaries", the poet uses
poetic devices to conveys the speaker's discovery of a poem that catches her attention so much that
she feels a rush of excitement that wants to hold on to as long as she can. She discovers about
herself how captivated she can be from a poem and how she would even stoplift to keep the rush.
The exciting tone is revealed through the entrancement of the girl.The smooth, calming imagery
shows how impacted she was by the poem and how uncertain she was about her situation. The
selection of detail shows how the book was unique and how she eventually saw who she was
becoming. The tone of the passage begins as a calm environment. The girl was surprised ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The speaker focuses on the fact that this book ordinary with all the writing covering the front and
back of the book, taking away from its true value. The speakers says, "Your book surprised me on
the bookstore shelf "(1) showing that this book is unique, catching her eye. She continues in saying
"no blurbs by the big boys on the back; no sassy, big–haired picture to complicate the achievement;
no mentors musing over how they had discovered you had it in you before you knew you had it in
you" (3–10). This provides further evidence that this book is special to the girl. Another important
part of this poem is how the girl discovers a different part of herself. When she starts to read, she
feels a new energy, "your poems were stirring my own poems" (23). This new feeling that she is
feeling cause her to ponder stealing the book. The girl "wanted to own this moment, my breath came
quickly, thinking it over" (38–39). Her quick breath shows that this would be the first time to steal
anything from how worked up over it she was. As the rush started dissipate the girl held the book
before her "as if it was something else, a mirror reflecting back, someone I was becoming" (46–49).
Here as the girl is looking at the book her realizes who she was becoming, a thief, and decides not to
take the

Chesapeake Bay Population Growth
Chesapeake Bay population growth many different species of plants in the watershed that it come
from freshwater flow (Magnien 1992). The one species plant found in Chesapeake is Cattails plant;
often it found specie in northern North America a variety in wetlands habitats like lake or river. (Bo
Zhang 2010). Soil is mineral and organic fragment with water. The plants need all of these to
healthy growth. When the space of ground between soil and water if these are quantity low or high
the concentration of water for the plants. The research to compare Cattails in two different locations;
one location had dry soil and second location had wet soil. This research to find which one is
quantity for Cattails growth in dry or wet soils. The hypothesis

The Chesapeake Bay
Scene in Fig. 1.1., the Chesapeake Bay is substantial in size; at roughly 64,000 miles, it contains
roughly fifty rivers and thousands of streams and creeks. It encompasses parts of 6 states, including
all of Washington, DC. The Chesapeake Bay is what is known as a watershed, an area that
contributes to the drainage to a water body, stream, river, lake or ocean. Rainwater that falls within
the 64,000 square miles that is the Chesapeake Bay will subsequently travel through many streams
and rivers, eventually making its way into the largest estuary system in the United States.
The Estuary System
An estuary system is "the resulting collisions of sweet and salt–fresh river water flowing seaward
and ocean water inland." It is an aquatic system where salt and freshwater are constantly mixing. An
estuary system is one of most active systems of the planet; it is a hybrid system that contains the
best and worst qualities of the ocean, river, and lake systems it conglomerates. Estuaries are unique
in nature because of their ability to be the most productive ecosystem on the entire planet; humans
have attempted and failed to reach the productivity that estuaries naturally grant. There productivity
lies it the constant change that occurs from the conflicting flows of fresh and ocean water. Ocean
and freshwater are measured largely based on salinity, or the level of parts of salt per thousand.
Ocean water usually has around 35 parts per thousands of salt water, while freshwater

Chesapeake Bay Research Paper
Waterways are a crucial part of transportation, food and income for many people. The Chesapeake
Bay provides hundreds of people with jobs, habitats for a wide variety of animals and transportation
for goods. Since John Smith sailed to America and upon entering the Bay said "Within is a country
that may have the prerogative over the most pleasant places known, for large and pleasant navigable
rivers, heaven and earth never agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation" (John Smith) the
Bay has been an integral part of life in the United States. Recently overfishing, invasive species and
runoff have led to the declining health of the Bay. Sustainable solutions should and are being
implemented to ensure the long lasting health of the Chesapeake ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Smart planning and using green technologies can reduce the impact that urbanization and growing
populations puts on the Bay. Pervious paving surfaces reduce the amount of runoff going into the
Bay. There are many benefits to using pervious concrete, "these benefits are achieved with the use of
an innovative design. Pervious pavement, also referred to as porous or permeable pavement, is
actually a system consisting of an open–graded surface layer of concrete, asphalt, or pavers,
typically placed over an open–graded aggregate base layer. The pavement structure has a large
percentage of void spaces allowing water to permeate through the surface and base at a rate
comparable to that of a grass lawn" (Broviak). Strict stormwater control measures have recently
been passed in states surrounding the Chesapeake's watershed, including Maryland, and many
require a certain amount of green space or use of green technologies in construction. In addition to
the growing use of pervious pavement techniques, other types of stormwater management
techniques are gaining popularity. In a thesis paper from University of Maryland, Wilson discusses
alternative ways to engineer for the Bay; "By using technologies such as cisterns, green roofs, and
constructed wetlands, the built environment can be designed to decrease our need for expensive
water purifying infrastructure and preserve the health of fragile estuary ecosystems such as the
Chesapeake Bay." Rain gardens are a viable alternative to storm drains to deal with runoff from
impervious areas. A rain garden captures water that would usually run into a storm drain and
eventually be discharged into a river and allows it to infiltrate into the ground and for
evapotranspiration to occur. In a study done to evaluate how effective rain gardens are at capturing
and reducing runoff results were

The Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Nowadays, people stay away from analyzing how their actions impact the environment producing
long lasting consequences. The opportunity to act is right where anyone stands and the closest one to
this area is known as the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Therefore, the amount of nutrients going into
the Chesapeake Bay should be reduced since the use of fertilizers has increased dramatically over
time causing water pollution and the death of many species.
The Chesapeake Bay Watershed is the largest one in the Atlantic Seaboard of North America; it
covers 64,000 square miles of the United States, starting from the bottom of New York and flowing
all the way to the Atlantic Ocean in Virginia. It encompasses the entire District of Columbia and
parts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(3)
Even though, fertilizers are needed to supply essential nutrients to the growth of plants; an excess of
them is one of the major issues contributing to pollution in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.
Fertilizers are mainly composed of two elements: nitrogen and phosphorus.(4) Throughout the
years, millions of pounds of this nutrients are applied all around the Chesapeake Bay Watershed;
everything not absorbed by the soil or taken up by plants eventually reaches the Chesapeake Bay
through storm–water runoff. This nutrients end up creating algae blooms in the water, which reduce
the amount of sunlight available to underwater grasses; not allowing plants to photosynthesize and
produce the food they need to survive. Algae then decomposes creating dead zones killing fish and
other species since oxygen is needed for any organism to live. (5) Building additional vegetation
areas to create green filters is a solution that will decrease the amount of pollutants in the
Chesapeake Bay Watershed. This will be effective given the fact that soil has the ability of breaking
down nutrients into harmless substances and plants are able to facilitate the process of water
infiltrating back into the ground and stopping storm–water runoff. Thus, more green areas will be
able to retain and control the amount of pollutants going into the bay. This

The Waste Disposal Of The Chesapeake Bay
As humanity continues to prosper agriculturally, industrially, and in population, companies, as well
as local communities, have obsessively used the Ocean to toss their waste without consequences.
The formation of dead zones has been intensified by the increase runoff of fertilizers and the
burning of fossil fuels. Enhanced primary production causes algae to bloom at a constant rate
creating a layer near the surface. This layer acts as a roof to vegetation below resulting in a lack of
oxygen which organisms use to live. According to Robert Diaz and Rutger Rosenberg, "Dead zones
have now been reported from more than 400 systems, affecting a total area of more than 245,000
square kilometers, and are probably a key stressor on marine ecosystems." Specifically, the
Chesapeake Bay has been polluted to the point where areas have now been uninhabitable to marine
life. Although waste disposal is a difficult issue to solve, polluting bodies of water endangers the
marine life, environment, and health of organisms. While the Earth's surface is seventy percent
covered in water, countries are reliant on the Ocean's vegetation, marine life and resources. By
eliminating those factors from coastal countries, many communities will suffer economically and
culturally. Specifically, countries that catch, sell or eat seafood will have to exchange their lifestyle
to meet their need for food and money in order to survive. Ultimately, drinking water is not obtained
through salt water from oceans

Arguedas Strong Estuaries And Rivers
Using serious streams Arguedas's function gotten to a wide ls supply. That fresh entirely builds up
the particular lyrical potentialities that will put within Arguedas' writing right from the start.
Offering the particular report on the perspective of your introverted teenager identity, to some extent
autobiographical, that narrative of inside exam offers on the other hand, coming from their very first
collection, any distressing manifestation upon truth, about the characteristics with the Andean planet
as well as relations using westernized significant. On the list of worth of Strong Estuaries and rivers
is usually their accomplishment of any substantial penetration of uniformity between your a couple
of facets of the writing. Intended for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their ideal of integration, any almost all fervent 1, as it originates within his / her fragmented
interiority, is usually hopeless to be able to disappointment. To participate on the planet just isn't to
reside within tranquility; it's precisely the complete opposite, to be able to internalize the particular
situations of truth. This can be a difficult training that will Strong Estuaries and rivers chronicles. In
contrast, so that you can catch the particular two times movement of convergence as well as
distribution, or even unity as well as disharmony, that fresh develops any dense as well as wonderful
a symbol process that will wonderfully retells certain native myths and gives them clean living. With
this regard the particular fresh characteristics as being a spectacular lyrical operation. Strong
Estuaries and rivers just isn't the key function of Arguedas; it's on the other hand, undeniably, the
prettiest as well as

Essay On Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem
The ecosystem i will be talking about is the Aquatic Ecosystem. A bay called the Chesapeake Bay.
The Chesapeake Bay is located near Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, and Delaware. There are
Mammals in the Bay. Larger creatures that thrive in the Bay are bottlenose dolphins, which are
plentiful in deeper waters but can also be found near harbors. Water mammals share the watershed
with the on–land animals such as river otters, the white–tailed and sika deer, bobcats, marsh rabbits,
muskrat, and red fox. Also In the Chesapeake Bay there are oyster reefs were there are oysters, mud
crabs, and small fishes. There are also submerged aquatic vegetation were you would see seahorses,
blue crabs, and other fish live. The abiotic factors that help my ecosystem survive are Oxygen,
plants, animals, temperature, soil, and water. The chesapeake bay which is located near Maryland,
Virginia, New Jersey, and Delaware has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of those things are Fishing, Pollution, Eutrophication, introduced species, ocean acidification,
and anything else that humans put in the water can affect that ecosystem.
One thing we take from this ecosystem that is common is fishes according to an article titled Human
Impacts on Marine Environments it states " Humans living near the coast have probably always used
the ocean as a source of food. However, with advances in fishing equipment, larger ships and new
tracking technologies, many fish stocks around the world have reduced significantly." which means
that there is less and less everyday.
We add pollution to the water which is something else affecting our water or aquatic ecosystem like
for example in an article it states "Our oceans have long been used as an intentional dumping ground
for all sorts of waste including sewage, industrial run–off and chemicals." when we throw anything
like oil spills, bioaccumulation, and etc can all affect the pollution.

Summary Of On Not Stealing The Blue Estuaries
Throughout Julia Alvarez's, On Not Stealing the Blue Estuaries, the speaker makes a self discovery
about herself and what it is she is going to do with her life after this moment. This poem is an
unearthing for the speaker and is full of other discoveries about what it is she finds she is destined
for. The author uses imagery, figurative language and selection of detail in order to describe her
discoveries, which to her is discovering that she wants to be a write poetry. As this poem begins the
speaker is wandering around a bookstore and comes upon a book, which captivates her attention,
which she uses imagery to describe, "Your book surprised me on the bookstore shelf–swans gliding
on a blue black lake." As readers continue the poem, she describes the book with more imagery,
putting a clear picture of the book, making readers imagine what it is the book looks like, "the swans
posed on a placid lake. "Blurred ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a matter of fact, when she first sees the book she uses much detail when she says, "the swans
posed on a placid lake, your name blurred underwater sinking to the bottom" she uses much detail to
just describe the font cover of the book. The speaker continues to describe the cover of the book and
the swans which cover it, "the swans posed on the cover, their question–mark necks arced over.."
here she illustrated a picture of what the swans necks looked like to her, "the swans dipped their
alphabet necks." The speaker was able to use much detail when describing not only the book, but
when she was writing she uses much detail to describe her discovery of love of writing, "I could
almost feel the blue waters drawn into the tip of my pen." Here the speaker uses much detail in
describing how it is the author feels about the book. Here discoveries are very well conveyed by the
persuasive selection of detail describing what it is she was destined to

Water Pollution In The Movie : Poisoned Water
Poisoned Waters, the movie, touches upon many important things that are brought up when there is
water pollution. In the movie, at the beginning, it shows how often many people are affected by the
pollution. Many people lose their jobs due to the pollution not allowing them to fish for the amount
of fish, oysters, or crabs that were available a mere 10 years ago. Billions of dollars are easily lost
due to this decrease in production within the industry. The bay that was shown during the movie,
Chesapeake Bay, is one of the largest estuaries in the United States. This bay is very susceptible to
becoming a dead zone due to all the nitrogen and phosphorus is being brought into the bay from
farming. A dead zone does not allow or oxygen to be produced due to all the algae that are present,
and once an animal is in a trapped within a dead zone, it is only a matter of time. But this isn't just a
problem here in the United States, this is a problem that is happening all over the world. This issue
presented further affects the economy on a local scale but on a global scale.
Apart from the Chesapeake Bay not being a source for as much food as it was previously, the
estuary is also not as grandiose as it used to be. This brings down tourism which will affect the
amount of money that is being brought into the surrounding cities. And all of the resources it
provides as a place for people to swim, to catch food, to enjoy, etc., could be lost if we don't do
anything to try to make a

The Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act
The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. It is located on the eastern seaboard,
with the upper portion of the bay in Maryland and the lower portion in Virginia. The Chesapeake
Bay is vital to the ecology and economy of both Virginia and Maryland. There are more than one–
hundred–fifty rivers that flow into the bay. Within the Chesapeake Bay, there are around 2,700
species that live there. Needless to say, this is a very important ecosystem that needs to be protected.
The Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act does just that. The Virginia General Assembly enacted the
Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act in 1988 in an effort to promote "the general welfare of the people
of the commonwealth." The act is effective in 84 different localities throughout Virginia. This act
was designed to have a positive impact on water quality of the bay itself, and also water throughout
Virginia that feed into the bay. Along with improving water quality, it was designed to still allow
reasonable development to continue taking place. The act is designed around the theory that land
can be used and developed in a way that minimizes negative impacts on water quality. There is a
balance between state and local economic interests and water quality that is implemented by a
cooperative partnership between the state and Tidewater local government. This partnership helps
reduce and prevent nonpoint source pollution. The Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act is an extension
of the public trust

Maine: An Environmental Analysis
species of tree found in the area, Wabanaki were able to catch fish brought to them by the rivers.
Another example of this would be birch bark from which tribes were able to create cooking utensils,
or animal skins that were used as weather proof clothing, or even birch bark canoes. All of these
items, fashioned directly from natural resources that surrounded them, distinguished the connection
Wabanaki had to the landscape of Maine. That is to say it makes the Wabanaki a part of their
landscape through their human need for the trees to create tools; tools that they rely on to continue
living within the environment and perpetuate their work as part of, and in a respect for, their
environment. How might humans be working as the arms of Maine ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Years of looking at a tree and seeing a photosynthesizing plant and returning to our air–conditioned
homes, has lead us to feeling that we are separate, even fundamentally different from our natural
landscapes. When taking the chance to consider Maine as more then a place, to consider it a her,
then the once 2–dimensional landscape becomes three dimensional as all the systems and processes
of ecosystems also act as the organs of a human would. Trees center this landscape for Maine by
working as her physical and spiritual heart, acting as the connection between all of the natural non–
living systems, and the rest of the body. That remaining piece of the body being the humans in the
landscape, the arbiter of action for the entire entity. As this concept expands, it encompasses all parts
of our world, and placing us humans at the head of an evolving story. One that only we can control,
and one that will decide whether Maine, as well as our planet will continue living with a beating
heart or will slowly wither

Chesapeake Bay And The Bay
About 18 thousand years ago, glacial sheets from the last ice age begin to melt (Chesapeake Bay
Program n.d.). As the glaciers melted the large volume of water began to raise sea levels. The rising
seas levels engulfed the coast and flooded the Susquehanna river ("Geological History" n.d.). Once
the seas levels have risen, the temperatures continued to rise changing the landscape. So "oak,
maple, hickory, and other hardwood species started to appear" (Chesapeake Bay Program n.d.).
Once the temperature increases even more hardwood forests and wetlands are created. As even more
of the glaciers melt it floods the Susquehanna river more and it even floods the Potomac, James, and
York rivers pouring into the Atlantic Ocean creating the Bay's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Bay is fed by 48 major rivers and 100 small tributaries draining a 64,000 square mile basin
("Geological History" n.d.). The Bay has a width of four miles near Aberdeen, Maryland to thirty
miles near Cape Charles, Virginia (Chesapeake Bay Program n.d.). The average depth of the bay is
21 feet with troughs as deep as 174 feet deep (Chesapeake Bay Program n.d.). The main rivers of the
Chesapeake Bay is the Susquehanna, Potomac, James, Rappahannock, Chester, Nanticoke, Patuxent,
and the Choptank rivers (Sprague et al 2000). The main rivers of the Chesapeake Bay watershed
send about 51 billion gallons of freshwater into the Bay each day (Chesapeake Bay Program n.d.).
These rivers are homes to many fish, amphibians, invertebrates, and other animals. Not only do
aquatic animals live in these rivers, plenty of aquatic plants live there too (Chesapeake Bay Program
n.d.). There are many factors that could affect the health of the Chesapeake Bay including litter,
debris, sediment pollution, chemical contaminants, and any man made objects (Chesapeake Bay
Program n.d.). Any litter and debris will work its way up to the Bay from the rivers and smother any
grass beds along with bottom dwelling creators and add chemical contaminants to the water. Any
excess nutrients that come from urban runoff or vehicle emissions will cause harmful algae to grow
which blocks sunlight and does not allow plants to grow due to low oxygen dead zones

Environmental Resources Of Port River Estuary
Introduction
An estuary is semi–enclosed bay where sea water mixes with freshwater. They are home to 70% of
the world's marine life. The port river estuary defines the areas of North Haven, outer harbour,
barker inlet, Torrens Island, the St Kilda mangroves and other areas near to the coastline. It is
located approximately 20km north west of the city of Adelaide. The following report will discuss the
environmental resources and humans have affected the local ecosystems.
Environmental Resources of the Port River Estuary
The Port River Estuary has a wide variety of natural resources. This is mainly due to its large size.
The Port River Estuary has a 346km2 catchment. In the catchment there are about 6.3km2 of salt
marshes, 7.2km2 of mudflat area and 17km2 of mangroves. The Port River Estuary supports the
growth of seagrass, some ground vegetation and many different varieties of fish. Some of the main
fish species that use the Estuary for a habitat are king gorge whiting, yellow–fin whiting and
southern sea garfish. The estuary also supports about 57 different species of waterbirds and some
dolphins. Due to the estuary's large size and access to the ocean, the vast majority of South
Australia's importing and exporting of cargo. Another resource of the estuary is the dolphin
sanctuary, which a large amount of the estuary. It was built to protect dolphins in the estuary from
human activity. The most obvious resource that is found in the Port River Estuary is water, salt and

Analysis Of The Poem ' Casting Into The Unknown ' By...
16 Reflection paper #2
I saw the glistening sunlight enhanced the silky fabric that cascaded the Earth around us, while the
frigid dew and vigorous winds dampened the air. Despite my pervious exposure to the Hudson River
during our first walking trip, standing in the dock allowed me to absorb the beautiful landscape and
gives me a different experience then looking at maps. I can only imagine what was going through
Harry Hudson's and Giovanni da Verrazzano's mind as they stumbled upon this estuary. The water
completely fascinates people, including myself, and like our assigned class reading "Casting into the
Unknown" by Marcelo Gleiser, the author alludes to the ocean as a representation of his collective
identity, sense of freedom and mystery. But most importantly, water is a symbol of a portal into the
unknown. After reading the article, I am able to relate it into our FBL activity and our class
discussion. In my opinion, the water in the Huston river, represents a portal into the past. The same
breathing taking sight I saw would've been similar to that sight in the 1800s. Although the water
way has significantly reduced over time, the Houston river is one of the physical connection that
bridged me to the past and see what it was like.
As we learned in class, the Lenapes were one of the native American tribes that were the first
settlers in New York. I want to be able to link the Lenape's way of life and how they survived off the
landscape. Historically, works of

The Ecosystem Of The Chesapeake Bay
The Ecosystem
Introduction to Basic Geography
Fig. 1.1
Scene in Fig. 1.1., the Chesapeake Bay is substantial in size; at roughly 64,000 miles, it contains
roughly fifty rivers and thousands of streams and creeks. It encompasses parts of 6 states, including
all of Washington, DC. The Chesapeake Bay is what is known as a watershed, an area that
contributes to the drainage to a water body, stream, river, lake or ocean. Rainwater that falls within
the 64,000 square miles that is the Chesapeake Bay will subsequently travel through many streams
and rivers, eventually making its way into the largest estuary system in the United States.
The Estuary System
An estuary system is "the resulting collisions of sweet and salt–fresh river water flowing seaward
and ocean water inland." It is an aquatic system where salt and freshwater are constantly mixing. An
estuary system is one of most active systems of the planet; it is a hybrid system that contains the
best and worst qualities of the ocean, river, and lake systems it conglomerates. Estuaries are unique
in nature because of their ability to be the most productive ecosystem on the entire planet; humans
have attempted and failed to reach the productivity that estuaries naturally grant. There productivity
lies it the constant change that occurs from the conflicting flows of fresh and ocean water. Ocean
and freshwater are measured largely based on salinity, or the level of parts of salt per thousand.
Ocean water usually

Estuaries Essay

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Estuaries Essay