7. Types
presupposition
There are 6 types of presupposition in Semantics
Existential presupposition (tiền giả định tồn tại)
Factual presupposition (tiền giả định hàm thực)
Lexical presupposition (tiền giả định từ vựng)
Structural presupposition (tiền giả định cấu trúc)
Non-factual presupposition (tiền giả định hàm hư)
Counter-factual presupposition (tiền giả định phản hàm thực)
Of
8. 1.2.1 Existential presupposition (tiền giả định tồn tại)
Existential presupposition assumes the existence
of the entities (thực thể) named
Ex:
I have a computer and a cell phone in my room
The computer and the cell phone of mine exist
My friend’s house is very beautiful
My friend has a beautiful house (the house exists)
9. 1.2.2. Factual presupposition (tiền giả định hàm thực)
Factual presupposition assumes some things to be fact
To recognize with verbs as know, be aware of, be glad,
realize…
Ex:
My mother know my weaknesses
My weaknesses are known by my mom
I’m pleasant that my presentation was good
My presentation was presented well
10. 1.2.3 Lexical presupposition (tiền giả định từ vựng)
Lexical presupposition the use of some words
conventionally assumes the understood meaning
Ex:
He is a good singer in my community
He sang before. He has a good voice
He gives up play the piano in high school
He used to play the piano
11. 1.2.4. Structural presupposition (tiền giả định cấu trúc)
Structural presupposition the use of some structures
assume something to be true
Ex:
When did you take The First Vows in The Society Of Jesus?
You took The First Vows already
The cake was delicious. Where did you buy it?
You bought the cake
12. 1.2.5. Non-factual presupposition (tiền giả định hàm hư)
Non-factual presupposition one that is assumed
not to be true
To recognize with verbs as dream, imagine,
pretend,…
Ex:
I wished that I got married
I had no a wife
I imagined I war a master in Social Work
I was not a master. I only a bachelor of Social Work
13. 1.2.6. Counter-factual presupposition
(tiền giả định phản hàm thực)
Counter-factual presupposition what is presupposed
is not only not true, but is the opposite of what
is true (Contrary to facts)
Ex:
If you were me, you would do it better
You are not me
If I were a supper hero, I would save the world
I am only a normally man.
15. 2.1 Entailment
• A logical relation between propositions
• A sentence (meaning) A entails B (A ||- B) if whenever A is true,
then B must also be true.
• Entailment is a very strong kind of implication
Ex1: My close friend and I watched football match together last night
I watched football match
My close friend watched football match too
Ex2: I am a bachelor
I am unmarried
16. 2.2 Inference
• An assumption or conclusion that is rationally and logically made,
based on the given facts or circumstances.
• An inference is based off of facts, so the reasoning for the
conclusion is often logical.
EX1:
A: Have you seen my Yule?
B: Yeah, It is on the desk
Inference is any additional information use by the listener to connect
what is said to what must be meant
17. Exercise: Where is presupposition,
entailment or inference?
1. Mary’s brother bought three horses
Presuppositions:
Mary exists
Mary has a brother
Mary has only one brother
Entailments:
Mary’s brother bought three horses
18. Exercise: Give a possible presupposition for the
following utterances
1. I wish I were a supper hero
Non-Factual Presupposition
2. Where did you buy that candy?
Structural Presupposition
3. Where did you eat Beef Noodle?
Structural Presupposition
19. 4. My father gave up cigarette
Lexical Presupposition
5. You are win again
Lexical Presupposition
6. If I were God, I would kill him
Counter-factual presupposition
7. Wow! Your cat is so cute
Existential presupposition
Exercise: Give a possible presupposition for the
following utterances (Cont-)
