This document provides a sample student research paper on women's perceptions of beauty magazines. The paper analyzes previous studies that found some women enjoy magazines for entertainment or advice, while others find them degrading. The present study surveys women in their late teens and early twenties to determine if they like, dislike or feel neutral about beauty magazines, and why. It also examines how frequently these women read such magazines. The paper follows APA style guidelines and includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, and conclusion section.

1. CASE STUDY
Student Samples of Case Studies
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Sample One:
Basic Psychiatric Case
Study
Sample Two:
Social Sciences
Questionnaire Survey
Research Paper
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Introduction
The samples below are papers by students, unless specifically noted. They
are examples of "A" level undergraduate writing or entry-level professional
work. To get a better idea of how this type of paper is written, you will
want to look at all the samples. Then compare the samples to each other and
to what the "Basics" part of this chapter says.
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permission in writing to have their work included
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authors. Other than showing it on this website, none should be used without
the explicit permission of the author.
If you do not have time to read every sample below, word for word, then use a
form of skim reading: read the entire introduction and conclusion paragraph
of a sample, and then read just the first and last sentence of all the other
paragraphs in the sample. This method of skimming often provides an
understanding of the basic contents and of the paper's form or
structure. Another method of faster reading is to choose just one or two of
the samples that are most like the paper you will be required to write; then
read, either fully or using skim reading as described here.
Unless otherwise noted, sample papers do not necessarily meet all
requirements an individual instructor or professional supervisor may have:
ask your instructor or supervisor. In addition, the samples single spaced to
save room; however, a proper manuscript given to an instructor or supervisor
normally should be double spaced with margins set at or close to 1" unless
another format has been requested.

2. Sample One: Basic Psychiatric Case Study
SPECIAL NOTES: This sample case study uses the "Patient-Symptoms-Plan"
structure of organization and is a type of paper meant more for reporting on
or studying an individual patient or client. It is written in APA style and
is modeled after a fictional episode--with names changed and all actual
dialogue from the show removed--on the once-popular television drama ER.
The structure this paper uses is
Brief Introduction
PATIENT/CLIENT
SYMPTOMS/PROBLEM(S) & DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT PLAN (Components, Applicaton, Results/Prognosis)
Brief Conclusion
---
Laleh Yaghoubi
EngC 3014 - Jewell
Section 10
Case Study Draft III
Case study: Erectile dysfunction from torture
by Laleh Yaghoubi
The following is a case study of a male client, Mubilajeh, suffering
from a sexual disorder (impotence). Erectile disorder, the inability to have
an erection or maintain one, is currently the most common sexual disorder
among men (Hyde 468). One result of erectile disorder is that the man cannot
engage in sexual intercourse. For many men, including this individual,
psychological reactions to erectile disorder may be severe: embarrassment,
depression, and anxiety. The client was diagnosed and given an assessment
with the goal of determining the factors. Through a process of discovery,
the client's history finally revealed that the impotence was actually a
result of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caused by a past
experience. People with PTSD fear re-experiencing a traumatic event and
sometimes are unable to remember certain aspects (Barlow 138). However,
through psychoanalytic therapy, this client illustrates a successful
recovery.
Patient
This section presents a brief patient assessment, including a case
history of the client considered in the study. Mubilajeh, thin proportioned
and nearly seven feet tall, is a thirty-year-old African male originally
from Nigeria. He is a peaceful and proud African man. He has been married
to his wife, Zhane, for nine years, and they hope to have children very soon.

3. At the age of fourteen, Mubilajeh's father passed away, which left
his mother alone to raise six children. Mubilajeh was the oldest of the six
children. After his father's death, Mubilajeh felt obligated as "man of the
house" to financially support his family. These difficult times forced him
to quit school, and he found a full-time job at a neighborhood
library. Mubilajeh had always been an excellent student in school; he
especially missed writing his creative stories. Mubilajeh found his job
extremely boring; therefore, he kept himself occupied reading anything he
found interesting in the library to pass time. Mubilajeh returned back to
school when his brothers were old enough to work and help financially support
the rest of the family. This allowed all three of them to work and attend
school. Mubilajeh eagerly continued and completed his education at a local
university.
In Nigeria, Mubilajeh became a well-known professional writer and an
engineer. He later published a very controversial story that stirred
considerable political debate. The Nigerian government felt the story could
provide a cause for starting a revolution and threatened Mubilajeh, so he and
his wife escaped to the United States. They moved
to Philadelphia approximately four years ago and live in a one-bedroom
apartment a mile from Mubilajeh's place of employment. Mubilajeh is a hard-
working janitor in the emergency services department at St. John's hospital.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
This section presents a description of the Mubilajeh's problems and
their diagnosis. His complaints presented a list of symptoms associated with
a particular kind of sexual disorder, erectile dysfunction (impotence). This
has been a very embarrassing and stressful problem for him and has put a
strain on his relationship with his wife, Zhane. Zhane has been sympathetic
but she is very worried about him.
Mubilajeh was feeling sharp pains in his lower back and proceeded to
see a doctor at his place of work. During his medical office examination,
the attending physician, Dr. Dahl, noticed twenty enormous burn scars all
over Mubilajeh's back. Though healed through time, the scars still felt
rough like the bark of a tree. Dr. Dahl asked Mubilajeh, "How did you get
those?" However, Mubilajeh didn't want to talk about it. 'We don't have to
talk about it, but I am rather concerned about that possible hernia," replied
Dr. Dahl. After x-rays and further tests Dr. Dahl revisited with Mubilajeh
and determined that surgery was urgently necessary.
After Mubilajeh's surgery, Dr. Dahl reported the successful results
to Zhane. Dr. Dahl, concerned about further possible problems with
Mubilajeh's health, asked Zhane how Mubilajeh got the severe scars on his
back. Zhane explained that due to the controversial story that Mubilajeh
published, a group of soldiers came to their house and captured him. That
same night, the soldiers returned and raped Zhane. After several weeks the
soldiers released Mubilajeh. Barely alive, he finally returned home. He had
broken bones, severe burns, and bruises. Zhane explained that she never told
Mubilajeh of her rape by the soldiers. Also, Zhane volunteered to share that
she and Mubilajeh had been experiencing intimacy problems. During his routine
patient check-up, Dr. Dahl consulted with Mubilajeh about the information
Zhane had shared with him. Mubilajeh confessed that he had been experiencing
impotency.

4. During a standard room check/preparation one day, Nurse Elliot walked
in and found Mubilajeh in the comer of an examination room. The room was in
disarray. Mubilajeh had blood all over his hands and shirt. Nurse Elliot not
only found surgical scissors in his hands, but also saw Zhane lying
unconscious on the floor in front of him. Security was called and Mubilajeh
was arrested. When Zhane finally became conscious from her coma, she
explained that after shamefully confessing to Mubilajeh of her rape, she
repeatedly struck herself with the surgical scissors. Mubilajeh was only
trying to stop her. "He felt responsible for what happened to me. I felt
ashamed, like I could never please him again," stated Zhane. Mubilajeh was
temporarily released.
Due to illegal entry into the United States , the immigration office
demanded to hear Mubilajeh's whole story in court. Otherwise, Mubilajeh and
his wife would be forced to leave the country. However, Mubilajeh could not
remember anything from the incident. It was diagnosed that Mubilajeh was
suffering from a posttraumatic stress disorder.
Plan
This section presents the treatment plan that was used for dealing
with the client's problem. Also, this section will describe the results and
outcome of how that process was applied. This plan took into consideration
the severity of Mubilajeh's disorder with regard to his resistance to
treatment.
COMPONENTS [Type of Therapy Chosen ]
From a psychological point of view, most clinicians agree that
victims of PTSD should face the original trauma in order to develop effective
coping procedures and thus overcome the debilitating effects of the
disorder. In psychoanalytic therapy, reliving emotional trauma to relieve
emotional suffering is called catharsis (Barlow 144). The trick, of course,
is in arranging the re-exposure so that it will be therapeutic rather than
traumatic once again. A traumatic event is difficult to recreate, and very
few therapists want to try. Therefore, imaginal exposure, in which the
content of the trauma and the emotions involved with it are worked through
systematically, may be used.
Another complication is that trauma victims often repress their
memories of the event. This happens automatically and unconsciously. On
occasion, with treatment, the memories flood back and the patient very
dramatically relives the episode. Although this may be very frightening to
both patient and therapist, it is therapeutic if handled appropriately.
APPLICATION [of Therapy to This Patient]
Given Mubilajeh's resistance to seek professional help, Dr. Dahl
attempted to find another strategy for treatment. Mubilajeh was still
reluctant to seek psychological therapy, but he was beginning to feel more
comfortable discussing his problems with Dr. Dahl. As a result, Dr. Dahl
spontaneously decided to share a personal experience with Mubilajeh in which
he suffered memory loss caused by PTSD from a traumatic incident.
He explained the gruesome details of a viscous attack. "Afterwards,
all I could think of was 'why didn't I do anything?"' explained Dr. Dahl.

5. "You can't . . .you can't do anything. You're helpless," replied
Mubilajeh. All of a sudden, Mubilajeh remembered what happened to him. He
recalled his eyes tightly blindfolded, the unbearable smell of smoke, the
excruciating pain of being hung by his hands, and the metal irons burning
into his skin. He hopelessly wondered if he would ever taste Zhane's sweet
lips again or smell the scent of her perfume.
Results/Outcome
This section presents the results of the treatment plan used in the
study. After hearing all of the details, the courts agreed to allow
Mubilajeh and Zhane to remain in the United States . Due to the
psychoanalytic therapy process used by Dr. Dahl, our diagnosis of Mubilajeh's
PTSD showed itself to be valid. Dr. Dahl's strategy was successful and
Mubilajeh was able to remember
r the details of his traumatic experience.
Cognitive, Behavioral and Couple Therapy later used in the treatment
process also provided successful results. Mubilajeh learned to overcome the
fear and horror of his past traumatic experience. The anxiety caused by
these emotions was gradually overcome, as was the sexual disorder.
Conclusion
The author hopes that the case study presented here has communicated
some of the issues and concerns associated with Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder. The author also hopes to show the damaging effects that patients
may suffer as a result of this disorder. Such individuals are often doubly
handicapped. Our hypothesis that Mubilajeh's sexual disorder was actually a
result of PTSD caused by a past experience proved to be valid. Mubilajeh was
not only suffering from severe psychological problems caused by PTSD, but
psychological problems from his sexual disorder as well. With a helpful,
caring doctor and a therapeutic treatment program he was able successfully
recover.
References
Barlow, D., & Durand, M. (1999). Abnormal Psychology: Anxiety
Disorders (pp. 138-144). New York: State University of New York.
Hyde, J., & DeLarnater, I. (1997). Understanding Human Sexuality:
Sexual Disorders (pp. 468-49 1). Madison: University of Wisconsin.

6. Sample Two: Social Sciences Questionnaire Survey
Research Paper
SPECIAL NOTES: This paper is written in APA style. It was written as a final
research paper for two classes at once: advanced composition and a sociology
class. It is an excellent example of junior-level introductory social
sciences writing using original research with a survey-and-interview
methodology. The structure this paper uses is
Brief Introduction
BACKGROUND
PRESENT STUDY (Sample, Instrument, Analysis)
FINDINGS
CONCLUSIONS
Brief Conclusion
Regarding APA bibliographies, in some versions of APA style, hanging indents
are used; while in others, paragraph indents are used. This paper uses
paragraph indents as requested by the companion sociology instructor.
---
University of Minnesota
EngC 3014 -- Jewell
Final "Interview" Research Paper
Copyright Christine Hetcher
Women and Beauty Magazines
by Christine Hetcher
Beauty magazines, such as Cosmopolitan, Glamour, and Marie
Claire, are widely read by women throughout America . What do women actually
think of these magazines? Do they feel the magazines are helpful, degrading,
or simply something to read? This paper is a survey interview to determine
what women in their late teens and early twenties think about beauty
magazines in Americatoday. The purpose of this study is to determine whether
women like or dislike beauty magazines, why they like or dislike them, and
how frequently women read beauty magazines.
Background
This section reviews the previous studies conducted on the
effects of women’s magazines. Magazines specifically written for women have
been in circulation for over sixty years, discussing whatever issues were
relevant to women at the time (Moskowitz, 1996). Some of the earlier
magazines focused on a war-time rebellion of feminism. Moskowitz (1996)
conducted a study about the effects of war-time magazines and said, “Women’s
magazines of the Cold War era remain symbols of antifeminism” (p.
66). Moskowitz (1996) found that many women liked the articles because many
magazines discussed important issues to them, such as stress, emotionalism,
and feminism (p.66). Moskowitz (1996) said, “recognition of emotional
tension was common for women’s magazines” (p.67). This recognition

7. “presented a whole new genre of articles that gave housewives the freedom to
interpret their own states of mind” (Moskowitz, 1996, p. 74). This freedom
was an important issue of the early thirties and forties.
Today, most women’s magazines focus on five basic concepts:
health, career, personal well-being, fashion, and, of course, sex. Some
articles from a recent Cosmopolitan were “Freaky Flow? Your Most Pressing
Period Problems Ever,” “Cosmo’s Hot New Sex Position,” and “Ten Hollywood
Haircuts to Copy Right Now” (Beland, Gotthardt, & Kemp, 1999, p. 250-
278). Such cover stories would have been shocking in the conservative war
era sixty years ago, but are now expected in the liberal nineties.
Only recently have psychologists and women’s studies enthusiasts
begun to wonder what effects magazines with such articles may have on
women. McCracken (1993) found that some women enjoy reading these articles
because they “like to imagine that they can be like the women in the magazine
-- beautiful, successful, etc.” (p. 6). Other women read beauty magazines
simply for entertainment. One woman stated, “[The articles] are fun to laugh
at because they are so far-fetched,” while another said, “I like to look at
the fashions even though no one I know dresses like that and I know I never
could” (McCracken, 1993, p. 7). Other women read the magazines because they
feel that the advice is helpful and informative (McCracken, 1993, p.
6). McCracken (1993) stated, “Many readers experience a pseudo sense of
community; the advice columns aid them with their problems and help assure
them that other women experience similar difficulties (p. 6).
While some women find beauty magazines entertaining and helpful,
others find them appalling and degrading. McCracken (1993) stated,
“Disillusionment can occur when the magazine’s ideal world does not
correspond to real life” (p.7). The contents of beauty magazines offend some
women because the magazines “encourage insecurities, heighten gender
stereotypes, and urge redefining definitions of self-through consumer goods”
(McCracken, 1993, p. 9).
Although much research has been done on women’s opinions of
beauty magazines, the results have been inconclusive as to whether more women
like the magazines and read them regularly or whether more women dislike the
magazines and never read them. In the research reported here, I interviewed
young women in order to determine which factors cause the opposing viewpoints
of liking or disliking beauty magazines. I attempted to discover why women
chose to read or refused to read these magazines. I expected to find a
higher percentage of women who liked beauty magazines and regularly read them
than those who disliked beauty magazines and never read them.
Present Study
The next section discusses the present study. It explains how
the sample was chosen, describes the instrument used, and analyzes the
results. This study focused on young women’s opinions of popular women’s
magazines and why women liked to read them or refused to read them.
SAMPLE
The sample used for this study consisted of twenty young women
between the ages of nineteen to twenty-five. The women interviewed were
randomly selected from students attending
the University of Minnesota at noon on three separate days: Monday, Tuesday,

8. and Thursday. The students filled out questionnaires distributed to them
while they were engaging in various activities. The activities they were
engaging in were either sitting in Coffman Union, walking on campus, waiting
for a bus, studying at a library, eating lunch, playing a sport on the lawn,
or waiting for a class. First, the women were asked if they were between the
ages of nineteen to twenty-five. If they fit the age group, then they were
asked to immediately answer a questionnaire and return it to me upon
completion.
INSTRUMENT
The instrument used was a questionnaire consisting of six
questions. The six questions focused on how often the women read beauty
magazines, what they thought of the contents, on what they thought the
magazines should change or increase focus, how beneficial the magazines were
to them, how often they take the advice given in the magazines, and which
magazines (if any) was their favorite including the reason why it was their
favorite. The format of the questions consisted of both a nominal scale and
an ordinal scale of answers according to their responses.
The following are the questions from the questionnaire
administered:
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. How many times per month do you read beauty magazines?
3 or more, 2, 1, Less than 1, Never
2. How do you feel about the contents of beauty magazines?
Strongly approve Approve, Neutral or no opinion, Disapprove, Strongly
disapprove
3. Which are do you think beauty magazines should emphasize more?
Nothing (magazines put good emphasis on all areas), Health, Sex,
Career, Fashion, Personal well being, No opinion
4. How beneficial do you think beauty magazines are?
Very beneficial, Slightly beneficial, Not at all beneficial, Slightly
harmful, Very harmful, No opinion
5. How often do you take the advice or tips given in beauty magazines?
Very often, Frequently, Rarely, Never, No opinion
6. Which beauty magazine is your favorite?
Cosmopolitan, Vogue, Elle, Marie Claire, Glamour, None
Why? _________________________________
_________________________________
ANALYSIS
In order to determine the results of this study, the answers were
tabulated and then statistically computed. This computation found the
relative frequency, or the percentages, of each response to each question.

9. Here are the relative frequency charts and histograms for each
question:
1. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Times Beauty Magazines were read per
month:
Frequency Rel. Freq.
Never 6 0.30
less than one 0 0.00
1 5 0.25
2 6 0.30
3 or more 3 0.15
Total 20 1.00

10. 2. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Opinion of Contents of Beauty Magazines:
Frequency Rel. Freq.
strongly approve 4 0.20
approve 9 0.45
neutral (no opinion) 3 0.15
disapprove 1 0.05
strongly disapprove 3 0.15
Total 20 1.00

11. 3. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Opinion of Contents of Beauty Magazines:
Frequency Rel. Freq.
nothing 5 0.25
health 2 0.10
sex 3 0.15
career 2 0.10
fashion 2 0.10
personal well being 3 0.15
neutral (no opinion) 3 0.15
Total 20 1.00

12. 4. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Opinion of Benefit of Magazines:
Frequency Rel. Freq.
very beneficial 3 0.15
slightly beneficial 8 0.40
not beneficial 2 0.10
slightly harmful 1 0.05
harmful 3 0.15
neutral (no opinion) 3 0.15
Total 20 1.00

13. 5. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Advice Taken from Magazines:
Frequency Rel. Freq.
very frequently 2 0.10
frequently 7 0.35
rarely 4 0.20
never 4 0.20
neutral (no opinion) 3 0.15
Total 20 1.00

14. 6. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Favorite Magazines:
Frequency Rel. Freq.
Cosmopolitan 8 0.40
Glamour 4 0.20
Vogue 1 0.05
Marie Claire 1 0.05
Elle 0 0.00
no favorite 3 0.15
don't read beauty mag.s 3 0.15
Total 20 1.00

15. The responses to the “Why” portion of question six will not be listed
here due to the fact that they are personally written responses.
Findings
This section examines and discusses the results to the
questionnaire. In order to effectively understand the information found
through the results, this section is broken into six categories in accordance
with the six questions from the questionnaire. These six categories are how
frequently the magazines are read by women in this age group, the opinions of
the contents of the magazines, the opinions of which areas should be
emphasized more by the magazines, how frequently women take advice from the
magazines, the opinions of the beneficiallity of magazines, and finally,
which magazine was listed as the common favorite and why.
FREQUENCY OF READING MAGAZINES
The first area of the results is how frequently the women
surveyed read beauty magazines. The results to this area found that most
women (55%) read the magazines once or twice a month. When the results are
broken down according to each response they show that 15% of the women
interviewed read beauty magazines three times a month or more, 30% read them
twice a month, 25% read them once a month, and 00 % read them less than once
a month. 30% of women surveyed never read beauty magazines.
.OPINIONS OF THE CONTENTS
The second area of the results is the women’s opinions of the
contents of beauty magazines. The results to this area found that most women
interviewed (65%) either approved or strongly approved of the
contents. These results broken down show that 20% strongly approved, 45%
approved, 15% were neutral or had no opinion, 5% disapproved, and 15% greatly
disapproved.
AREAS NEEDING MORE EMPHASIS
The third area of results is which areas the women felt needed
more emphasis. Overall, most women (60%) felt that one area needed more
emphasis, but the results differed as to which area should be
emphasized. While 25% felt nothing should be changed, 10% felt the magazines
should put more emphasis on health, 15% felt the magazines should put more
emphasis on sex, 10% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on career,
10% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on fashion, and 15% felt the
magazines should put more emphasis on personal well-being. 15% of the women
interviewed had no opinion.
FREQUENCY OF ADVICE TAKEN
The fourth area of results is how often women take the advice
given in beauty magazines. Most women (45%) frequently or very frequently
took advice from beauty magazines. The results show that 10% of women
interviewed take the advice given in magazines very frequently and 35% take
it frequently. However, 20% of women interviewed rarely take the advice
given and 20% never take it. 15% of the women interviewed were neutral or
had no opinion.

16. BENEFIT
The fifth area of results is how beneficial women interviewed
felt beauty magazines are. While most women (55%) felt the magazines are
either very beneficial (10%) or slightly beneficial (40%), other women felt
the magazines are at least slightly harmful (5%) or harmful (15%). In this
area of results, 15% of women interviewed were neutral or had no opinion.
FAVORITE MAGAZINE
The final area of results to this study is which magazine women
choose as their favorite and why. Most women interviewed
choose Cosmopolitan as their favorite (40%) with Glamour a distant second
(20%). Both Vogue and Marie Claire received 5% of the votes each, and no
one chooseElle as their favorite. 15% of the women interviewed did not have
a favorite beauty magazine and 15% did not read beauty magazines.
Summarized Conclusions
This section provides a summary of the results found with final
conclusions about these results. The findings of this study show that most
women (70%) read beauty magazines often (once a month or more) and were
supportive of the contents of the magazines (65%). Most women (60%) felt the
magazine should put more emphasis on one certain area, but differed as to
which area. Only (25%) felt the magazines had a good balance of topic
emphasis. The reason most women gave for choosing Cosmopolitan as their
favorite was because it was “very hip” and “not afraid to discuss important
topics to women.” Also, most women (55%) felt that the magazines were
helpful to their daily life and frequently used the advice found in the
magazines (45%).
The results to this study lead to the conclusion that, despite
the fact that beauty magazines may seem frivolous to some, young women of
today use them as types of survival guides. Women look to them for advice in
their careers, health, personal well-being, fashion styles, and sex-lives.
Examining these results shows that women consider beauty magazines as they
would consider a friend; they go to them for advice, new ideas, and health
tips.
These results can be interpreted in two ways. The first
interpretation is that the magazines are a benefit to women because they give
them guidance and allow them to feel more secure in their lives. The second
interpretation is that women are so concerned with what is in “vogue” that
they feel they need to consult a magazine to guide them. This poses an
interesting question that will lead to another survey to determine how
dependent women are upon these magazines.
This survey interview asked young women about their opinions
towards beauty magazines. The purpose of this study was to determine why
women like or dislike beauty magazines and how frequently women read beauty
magazines. The results to this study supported the original hypothesis that
a higher percentage of women like beauty magazines and read regularly read
them than the percentage of women that disliked the magazines and refused to
read them. The results lead to the interpretation that beauty magazines are
well liked among women in the age group of nineteen to twenty-five because

17. they contain many topics found interesting by these women and because they
offer beneficial advice and tips.
-----
References
Beland, N. (1999). Ten Hollywood haircuts to copy right
now. Cosmopolitan, 226(4), 242-244.
Gotthardt, M. (199). Killer cramps? Freaky flow? Cosmopolitan, 226(4),
250-254.
Klemp, K. (1999). Introducing Cosmo’s hot new sex
position. Cosmopolitan, 226(4), 208-212.
McCracken, E. (1993). Decoding women’s magazines from Mademoiselle to
Ms. New York:St. Martin’s Press.
Moskowitz, E. (1996). It’s good to blow your top. Journal of Women’s
History, 8(3), 66-77.
-----
Additional Sources
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Cancian, F. (1998). Changing emotions norms in marriage: Love and anger
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Clark, R. (1987). Changing perceptions in sex and sexuality in
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Hermes, J. (1995). Reading women’s magazines. Cambridge , MA: Polity
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18. Higginbotham, A. (1996). Teen mags: How to get a guy, drop pounds, and
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York: Greenwood Press.
Kaiser, K. (1989). The new women’s magazines. Cambridge , MA: Polity
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Klassen, M. (1993). Men and women: Images of their relationships in
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Marek, J. (1995). Women editing modernism. Lexington , KY: University
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Miller, C. (1987). Who talks like a women’s magazine? Journal of
American Culture, 10, 1-9.
Nemeroff, C. (1994). From the Cleavers to the Clintons: Role choices
and body criterion as reflected in magazines content. International Journal
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Pinhas, L. (1999). The effects of the ideal female beauty on mood and
body satisfaction.International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25(2), 223-226.
Plous, S. (1997). Racial and gender biases in magazine
advertising. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(4), 627-644.
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