Brightness at Varying Distances LabImage by Borb CC license.docx

Brightness at Varying Distances Lab
Image by Borb CC license: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-
square_law#/media/File:Inverse_square_law.svg
Purpose: In this lab, you will look at how light leaving a star
“spreads out” and how this spreading can be used to determine
the brightness of the star at different distances. While the focus
of this lab is on light, your results will apply equally well to
sound and the loudness of sounds at varying distances.
Equipment: This lab uses the optics bench, a square of
aluminum foil sandwiched between two squares of paraffin wax,
a lens holder to hold the wax, three incandescent light bulbs of
equal wattage with bases, and three optics stands. The lab also
requires access to the internet and a ruler.
Let’s start this lab by introducing the basic question that we
want to answer.
Part 1: Introducing the Question
At the front of the class is an optics bench with two identical
light bulbs on opposite sides of a wax block. In the center of the
wax block is a piece of reflective foil. The foil ensures that
each side of the wax is only illuminated by one of the light
bulbs.
In a moment, the instructor will turn on the light bulbs and turn
off the overhead light.

1. How does the brightness of each side of the wax block
compare when the bulbs are both equal
distances from the wax?
a) Both sides of the wax are approximately the same
brightness
b) The left side of the wax is noticeably brighter
c) The right side of the wax is noticeably brighter
Your question for this experiment is: If we add a second
identical light bulb to the left side of the optics track, how far
must the two light bulbs be from the wax in order to make both
sides of the wax appear equally bright?
2. What is your prediction? If the single light bulb on the right
side is 20 cm from the wax, how
far away do you think the two light bulbs will need to be
from the wax in order to produce an
equal amount of brightness on their side of the wax?
Part 2: Computer Simulation
Open your internet browser and go to the online Flux Simulator
at
http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/stellarprops/lightdete
ctor.html. The simulation shows two light bulbs and two light

sensors. The number on the sensors can be considered a
numerical value of the brightness at that location. Take a few
minutes to play around with the controls and see what you can
do to increase and decrease the brightness readings.
3*. Set the wattage of the top bulb to 50 and use the simulation
and your calculator to fill in the
table below. For columns 3 and 4, note that B1 is always
3.979.
Distance from bulb
Brightness Value
B1/R
B1/R2
R = 1.0
B1 = 3.979
R = 2.0
B =
R = 3.0
B =
R = 4.0
B =
R = 5.0
B =

*Note that in the last column, only R is squared, B1 is not being
squared.
4. The brightness value at R = 2.0 is:
a) approximately half of the brightness value at R = 1.0
b) significantly more than half of the brightness value at R =
1.0
c) significantly less than half of the brightness value at R =
1.0
Your answer to Question 4 tells us that the brightness does not
decrease linearly with distance. The brightness decreases faster
than linearly.
5*. Use your table to determine which equation below best
represents the brightness at different
distances.
6*. Let’s try out our equation. Calculate what you think B
would be at a distance of R = 2.3.
Show your work.
Move the sensor in the simulation to R = 2.3 and check that you
get the same result as from your calculation above.
7*. Calculate what you think the brightness value would be at R
= 7.0. Show your work.

8*. Based on your results so far, make another prediction about
the opening question. Do you
think the two light bulbs will need to be:
a) less than 40 cm from the wax block
b) approximately 40 cm from the wax block
c) more than 40 cm from the wax block
9*. Discuss your answer above with the instructor and obtain
his/her initials indicating that you
have considered how your results above relate to our
opening question.
Let’s try to model our opening question is the simulation. Set
the top bulb to 50 Watts and the bottom bulb to 25 Watts. Try to
use the simulation to answer our opening question.
10*. Describe how you used the simulation to answer our
opening question. Where did you
move each object? What values are you comparing?

11*. Based on your simulation results: If a single bulb is 20 cm
from the wax block, what
distance from the wax block should the two bulbs be in
order to produce equal brightness on
the wax?
12. Compare your answer for Question 11 with another group.
Do your answers agree? Did you
do the same thing in the simulation to determine your
answers?
**Once everyone is ready, the instructor will turn off the
classroom lights and demonstrate the two bulbs vs. one bulb
arrangement either confirming or contradicting your answer
above.
Let’s use our new understanding of brightness at varying
distances to think about what the Sun would look like from
other planets. To help us answer these questions, let’s go back
and notice a pattern in your results from the simulation. Use the
results in your table above to fill in the following table:
R = 2.0 (twice as far away)
B/B1 =
1/22 =
R = 3.0 (three times as far away)

B/B1 =
1/32 =
R = 4.0 (four times as far away)
B/B1 =
1/42 =
R = 5.0 (five times as far away)
B/B1 =
1/52 =
This table shows us that if an object is three times farther away,
it will appear approximately
1/32 = 1/9th as bright. If an object is five times farther away, it
will appear approximately
1/52 = 1/25th as bright. And so on. This pattern even works for
moving objects closer. If an object is half as far away, it will
appear times as bright. Use this pattern of reasoning to answer
the next two questions.
13*. Neptune is 30 times farther from the Sun than the Earth.
How would the brightness of the
Sun viewed from Neptune compare to the brightness of the
Sun viewed from Earth? Your
answer should be a numerical value (1/2 as bright, 1/40 as
bright, something like that).
14*. Mercury is 4/10 as far from the Sun as the Earth. How
would the brightness of the Sun

viewed from Mercury compare to the brightness of the Sun
viewed from Earth? Your
answer should be a numerical value.
Why 1/r2?
Why does the brightness behave this way; why is the equation B
= B1/r2? It is because we live in a three-dimensional world.
Imagine turning the bulb on for a millisecond and then turning
it off again. During the millisecond that the bulb is on, it emits
a flash of light in all directions. As the light leaves the bulb, it
spreads out in all directions like an explosion. As the flash of
light travels outward in all directions, the light (electromagnetic
energy) becomes spread over the surface of a sphere. As the
light moves farther away from the bulb, the sphere and its
surface get larger causing the light energy to be more spread out
meaning less of the total light hits your eye or the wax block.
The surface area of a sphere is given by 4r2. This is where the
r2 in our brightness equation comes from. If we lived in a two-
dimensional world, then the light would spread out over the
surface of a circle and the equation would be B = B1/r. If we
lived in a four-dimensional world, then the light would spread
over the surface of a hypersphere and the equation would be
B = B1/r3. You could say that our experiment today proved that
we live in a three-dimensional world. (Or at least a world with

three dimensions large enough to be noticed.)
Part 2: Using Apparent Brightness to Estimate Stellar
Distances*
The apparent brightness of different celestial objects can vary
significantly, by many orders of magnitude. In order to have
smaller values and ranges of values to work with, astronomers
classify the apparent brightness of stars, planets, and other
celestial objects by a number called ‘apparent magnitude’. This
system was introduced about 2000 years ago with the
astronomer Hipparchus gave the brightest appearing stars a
value of 1. Stars that appeared somewhat dimmer were given
apparent magnitude values of 2 and so on so that the larger the
apparent magnitude, the dimmer the star appears. In the mid
19th century the apparent magnitude system was revised on a
more systematic basis. As a result, we now have apparent
magnitude values of zero and even negative values for stars that
appear very bright.
You know from the first part of this lab, that the apparent
brightness of a star depends on both its distance from us and its
wattage. The tables on the following page give some helpful
apparent magnitude and wattage values.

*Based on Using Apparent Brightness to Estimate Stellar
Distances from The Universe in Your Hands
Apparent Magnitude
Object
-26.7
Sun
-12.5
Full Moon
-2.5
Jupiter (at its brightest)
-1.5
Sirius (brightest star)
6.5
Limit with unaided eye on darkest night
13.0
Limit with 8-inch telescope
24.0
Limit with 200-inch telescope
28.0
Limit with Hubble Space Telescope
Wattage
Object
Watts
Sun
Watts
Trinity atom-bomb test
200 Watts
Light bulb
1 Watt
Candle
Watts
Firefly (lightning bug)

On the last page of this activity is a nomogram. The nomogram
is a chart that allows you to convert between wattage, apparent
magnitude, and distance using a ruler rather than an equation.
As long as you know two out of the three quantities (wattage,
apparent magnitude, and distance) you can use a ruler to
connect the two quantities you do know and read off the value
of the third unknown quantity.
1. Use the nomogram and the apparent magnitude and wattage
values above to determine the
distance to the Sun. Check your result with the instructor.
2*. What would be the apparent magnitude of a 200 Watt light
bulb if it were 100 m from you?
3*. What astronomical object has approximately the same
apparent magnitude as the light bulb
in Question 2?
4*. How far would you have to be from a burning candle for it
to be barely visible to the
unaided eye? (It’s surprisingly far.)
5. The distance in question 4 is surely much larger than you
would have guessed. Offer two
possible explanations for why the value in 4 is so
surprisingly large.

6*. How far would you have had to be from the Trinity atom
bomb test for it to have had the
same apparent magnitude as the Sun?
7*. The distance from Earth to Sirius is about 9 light years
(l.y.). What is the wattage of Sirius?
8*. How far would you have to be from Sirius for it to appear as
bright as the Sun?
Howard Community College - ASTR 114Page 8
Howard Community College - ASTR 114Page 7
72
Factors Influencing Social Sustainable in Small and Medium-

Sized Enterprises in India: A Case Study of Food Industry of
India
Contents
5Acknowledgement
7Executive summary
8CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
8Background of the Study
10Food Industry of India
10Aims and Objectives
13Research Questions
14Research Rationale
16CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
23Importance of Small Business for a Country’s Economy
23Small Business Management
24Appropriate Business Plan
24Technology
24Customer’s loyalty
25Employee’s Loyalty
25Internal and External Environment Analysis
27Conceptual Framework
28Literature Gap
28Chapter Summary
30CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
30Introduction
30Research Philosophy
31Research Approach
33Research Strategy
33Time Horizon
34Selection of Participants
35Data Collection Methods
41Ethical Consideration
43Data Analysis
47Reliability and Validity
48Chapter Summary
50Introduction

50Administrative Capability
52Enlisting and Training
53Marketing
55Work Capacity
55Monetary Integration
58Government Support Policies
59Innovation and Technology
62CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION
62Impact of Current Policies on Social Sustainability
64Key Achievement Factors
67Chapter 6 Conclusion
72References
79Appendix
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSAcknowledgement
I would like to thank my sincere gratitude to my supportive
supervisor for the continuous support and guidance that he
provided me during the writing of this report. I would also like
to thank the librarian for the provision of relevant academic
sources without which, this research would have been a pipe
dream.
DECLARATION
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STATEMENTExecutive
summary
There are various aspects of the modern business, which can be
an important part in the process of attaining sustainability and
competitive advantage within the business. One of the keys in
this context would be the social sustainability of the business.
Social sustainability serves as a key factor for business
competitiveness especially for the SMEs where the proper

connection with the community is deemed extremely important
for attaining business success. As per the research of Trufil &
Hunter (2012), social sustainability in SMEs mainly seeks to
improve on the innovation capacity of the companies. This facts
informed this research paper and thus sort to answer the main
research question; which factors that are driving social
sustainability in small and medium-sized enterprises in India in
context of the food industry of the nation This research paper
through a case study approach collected data using, semi-
structured interviews, observations and literature review on the
state of food industry SMEs in India. The findings showed that
technology, government policies, external and internal work
dynamics and environment drive social sustainability in India’s
food industry.CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Background of
the Study
In the contemporary era of business, it is important for
companies to operate in a manner that can enable them to be
more comprehensive in the competitive environment. There are
various aspects of the modern business, which can be an
important part in the process of attaining sustainability and
competitive advantage within the business. One of the keys in
this context would be the social sustainability of the business.
Correspondingly, this particular research focus has been mainly
on analyzing and examining the impact of social sustainability
within the SME sector in India. For this particular research
study, the focus has mainly been considered towards analyzing
and understanding the factors driving social sustainability in
small and medium-sized enterprises in India in context of the
food industry of the nation. As per the research of Popovic & et.
al. (2017) social sustainability in business mainly refers to the
concept of the work process of business units towards
developing products and structures which not only meet the
present demands of the community, but can also serve as a key
proponent in terms of supporting the future generation. In a
similar context, the views of Ajmal & et al. (2017) has argued

that social sustainability is one of the major way forward for
modern business towards attaining overall business
sustainability. The study has defined social sustainability to be
the process or the approach through which companies seek to
identify the impact of the business on the community or the
customers both positively and negatively. Social sustainability
serves as a key factor for business competitiveness especially
for the SMEs where the proper connection with the community
is deemed extremely important for attaining business success.
As per the research of Trufil & Hunter (2012), social
sustainability in SMEs mainly seeks to improve on the
innovation capacity of the companies. This can further comprise
of improvising or utilizing the optimum use of natural resources
towards increasing the productivity resulting in better value for
money for the customers regarding goods and services used. In
this regard, Ciemleja & Lace (2014) has also argued that there
are mainly three dimensions of sustainability for SMEs
including social, economic and ecological sustainability. The
study has also argued that social sustainability is directly
relevant to social environments in which companies operate.
The social capital of SMEs is regarded to be an important
element for this social development. Sava & et al. (2011), has
also argued that promoting social responsibility is crucial for
assuring a sustainable performance of the business, especially
for the SMEs. It is also regarded as a part of the CSR of the
business where the focus is on positively contributing towards
the society. Social sustainability means adding value to the
services that are provided to the key statehooders of the SMEs
such as government, environment, customers, shareholders, and
others. In this study, the focus has been mainly on analyzing the
factors that influence social sustainability among the SMEs in
India within the Food industry. As per the research of Jayeola
(2015), one of the major factors is the financial performance of
the business that links with social sustainability. It has been
noted that financial performance of the business of SMEs
determines their approach towards the environment. It mainly

imbibes the scale of operations of the business to improve on
the social performance of the business. Agreeing to the views of
Jayeola (2015), Hosseininia & Ramezani (2016) has extended
discussion on the factors influencing the social sustainability of
the SMEs in the food industry of India. The study has discussed
that some of the factors comprise of the environmental and the
social elements. The environment factors comprise of setting up
the standards for dealing with environmental issues effectively,
setting standards for workplace and moving into the recycling
of waste for the better of the environment among others. On the
other hand, the social factors would comprise of getting social
support from the community on a consistent basis, customer
orientation and staff training among others. This study will
focus on elaborating on these factors by collecting data that is
specifically relevant to the Indian food industry.
Food Industry of India
The food industry of India has been on a constant boom in the
recent times. As per the data of IBEF (2017), the food industry
of India has been depicting a considerable fluctuation trend and
has poised to be with high growth prospects in recent years. It
has a major contribution to the global food trade each year. The
sector is further deemed to be highly productive and profitable
with a current valuation of US$ 39.71 billion with a
compounded annual growth of around 11%. Food and grocery
comprise 31% of the overall share of consumption of customers
in this particular market. Regarding food and grocery, India is
the sixth largest market in the world. It is forecasted that by the
end of the year 2020, the market is expected to reach a figure of
around US$ 894.98 billion.
Aims and Objectives
The prime aim of this particular research study is to analyze the
factors that influence the social sustainability of SMEs of India
especially in the context of the food industry.

SMEs have proven to be heavily dependent on the business
ecosystem in comparison to large companies. Due to their
internal constraints, it makes them more vulnerable to the
market failures, policy inefficiencies and inconsistencies.
Enation of structural reforms on SMEs is targeted to foster
innovation, sustain a culture of business dynamism, promote
skills development, increase the ease to access of finance and
enable an easy access to the available public markets.
In the Indian Economy, SMEs play an integral role in the
development as the key drivers of growth. SMEs are key
players in the sectors such as Manufacturing, Infrastructure,
Service industries, Food processing, Packaging, Chemicals and
IT which have proven to be the most dynamic engines of growth
in the Indian economy in the recent years. SMEs include self-
funded proprietary firms, private self-help groups, Khadi,
village, and Coir industries that provide huge employment
opportunities and ensure that there is industrialization in the
regions that are not highly developed. The number of SMEs in
India is estimated as 42.50 million that is a proportion of 95%
of the total industrial units in the country. In terms of
employment opportunities, it employs about 106 Million that is
a 40% proportion of the total workforce in India. In terms of the
output, SMEs contribute a total of 45% of the total Indian
Manufacturing output and 45% of the total exports. The Indian
food processing Industry is recognized as having an immense
potential to transform the Indian Economy through large-scale
food manufacture that will benefit both the customers as well as
create broad employment opportunities and exports thus
increasing the GDP and the National Income of the country
(Wiese, 2014).Increased Urbanization in India comes with a
high demand for processed food, which shows that the future of
SMEs in the food industry is promising. Other factors of
consideration for SMEs in the food sector are the increased
expansion of the middle class as well as the growing health
awareness and the evolving consumer trends and demands.

An analysis of the differences between the small scale and
large-scale businesses reveal that large-scale firms in all the
sectors face different opportunities and challenges in
comparison to the small-scale firms. Despite the fact that the
small scale firms are more flexible in their ability to adapt to
the changes in the market trends, larger firms have the benefits
of a quality economies of scale which put them at a higher
political advantage and a better access to government credits,
contracts and licenses. However, a consideration of these
factors of size, the government has provisioned different
regulatory and development arrangements in India. This is
because the development of Small and Medium enterprises is
significant factors of employment, innovation, economic growth
and equity,(Wiese, 2014).In India, the Micro, Small and
Medium enterprises development Act 2006 subsequently merged
into the Ministry of small scale industries and the Ministry of
Agro and Rural industries in May 2007 which formed the
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium enterprises in order to
address the challenges affecting the SMEs. This paper sought
to investigate how such initiatives favour the growth and social
sustainability of SMEs and if they create a channel for
innovation. Likewise, the study aimed at investigating other
enacted policies, the implications they have on SMEs towards
adoption and the impact of such policies to the community.
Social sustainability in SMEs is dependent on several factors.
SME development must take into consideration a cross cutting
strategy in that its success depends on the ability of the
government to implement sound macroeconomic policies, the
ability of the stakeholders to develop a conducive
microeconomic business environments and the ingrained ability
of the SME in implementing a competitive operating practice
and align its business practices, (Zhou, 2009). The success of
the SMEs is founded on the ability to align and integrate into
the broader National Development Strategy for instance,
poverty eradication or sustained development of the rural areas.
This research aimed at investigating whether such factors

promote or hinder social sustainability. Among the study’s
objective, was to investigate how social sustainability creates
an opportunity for the SMEs towards aligning its strategies and
integration towards the National Development Strategy.
Dialogue and partnerships between stakeholders is an integral
part of development within the SMEs. For instance, the
integration of the Public, Private and the civil society may
promote the ownership of some of the SMEs strategies making
them more implementable and more sustainable. According to,
(Zhou, 2009), enhancing Women’s capability to participate in
the SME development is also a significant factor of
consideration because women contribute an important share in
in the private sector and contribute a lot towards poverty
eradication. Gender is an important factor of consideration
when aligning SME development strategies and programs. Such
a significant factor should be investigated in Social
Sustainability to determine whether any strategies or factors are
aligned with gender and the success of the outcomes.
Legal, Regulatory and Administrative environments are a key
determinant of Social Sustainability of SMEs, (Wallen and
Fraenkel, 2001). The rules influence the investment decisions,
the opportunities and rewards available to the economic actors.
The Governments majorly focus on raising the revenues earned
from the taxes, protection and observation of the rule of law,
protection of health and safety of the consumers, labour laws
that focus on ensuring fair wages for all the employees. In
addition, SMEs only thrive with the presence of a simple,
transparent and low compliance cost tax system, which is
operational and fair for investment. Likewise, business
licensing is a factor of consideration of the sustainability of the
SMEs in conjunction with financial sector regulations in regards
to banking, leasing and insurance,(Wallen and Fraenkel, 2001).
Likewise, information asymmetry is a significant factor
undermining sustainability in SMEs, which determines the
financial stability and credibility of their sustainability

strategies. Correspondingly, the key objectives to be
accomplished in this study will be the following: (1) Analysis
of the importance of social sustainability to ensure overall
sustainability of SMEs, (2) Illustrating the impact of social
sustainability upon the SMEs in the food sector of India (3)
Examining the factors influencing the social sustainability of
SMEs in the Indian food industry
Research Questions
1. What are the factors that drive social sustainability in the
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in India in context of the
food industry?
2. What impact does changes in current policies, rules and
regulations of SME firms have on Social and Environmental
Sustainability??
3. What are the key achievement factors, including the part of
the administration and different partners, in advancing
maintainable SME improvement in India?Research Rationale
Social sustainability mainly acts as am approach of a particular
business unit towards the environment or the society or the
community altogether. It mainly seeks to ensure maximum
utilization of the natural resource towards business operations
so that maximum value can be added to the products and
services delivered to the people or the community. It has been
noted that companies are often attributed high financial cost to
attain environmental sustainability. As per the research of
Markku (2004), the current society expects a practically perfect
approach from the business units towards the society and the
environment. This aspect further assures that approach of
companies towards the environment and the society forms the
core of business operations. In a similar context, Eccles et al.
(2013) have determined that there is a consistent relationship
amid sustainability and firm’s performance, which further
implies that business units need to be more lenient towards

social sustainability. There has been a wide range of research
conducted regarding the importance of social sustainability and
regarding the operations of the companies about getting
comprehensively sustainable business operations.
Correspondingly, it is worth to conduct this research study,
which is specific to the Indian food industry and the SMEs in
this sector. This is because research conducted on this topic, is
inadequate which further acts as a motivation for conducting
this research study.
1.50. Research Structure
Six different chapters that have been discussed in brief
hereunder would conduct this research.
Chapter 1 Introduction: In this chapter, the focus has been
mainly on setting the tone of the research through providing a
brief background of the topic along with determining the aims
and objectives to be accomplished in the later stage. The
chapter also provides an understanding of the significance or
motivation of conducting this research study.
Chapter 2 Literature Review: This chapter of the study is
mainly focused on reviewing past papers relevant to the topic,
that is., the factors influencing social sustainability among the
SMEs within the Indian food industry. This will provide a
preliminary understanding of the topic, which will further assist
regarding the results of the study.
Chapter 3 Methodology: In this chapter of the study, the focus
would be mainly on justifying the methods selected for
conducting this research study based on the topic selected.
Chapter 4 Results: This section of the study has been focused
mainly on presenting the findings of the study collected from
various sources.

Chapter 5 Discussion: This chapter of the study has been mainly
being mainly focused towards discussing the findings of the
study based on the collected data in chapter 4. This will also
focus on accomplishing the objectives of the study.
Chapter 6 Conclusion: This chapter of the study has been
focused towards answering the research question based on the
collected data throughout the research study.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.10. Introduction to the Literature Review
The aim of this literature review is to examine the existing
secondary sources in order to investigate the relationship
between social sustainability in the Small and Medium sized
Enterprises. This will entail investigating both the internal
structures such as the business practices and the external factors
such as the government policies which influence SMEs ability
to integrate measures that promote social sustainability. In an
attempt to answer the research questions, the literature review
will be divided in sections that explain the background of
SMEs, the significance of Social Sustainability in the SMEs,
Factors undermining SMEs in the food industry in India,
policies and regulations and the reasons that contribute to the
failure of implementation of socially sustainable strategies in
the existing literature.
2.11. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are considered as a
backbone of economic growth in all the countries because they
account for 80% of the global economic growth. In accordance
to a research done in India, 95% of the industrial units, which is
an estimate of 3.4 million, are in the small-scale sector with a
40% value addition in the manufacturing sector. These
enterprises contribute to 35% of the total Indian Exports. In
such a setting, it reveals that SMEs are fundamentally important
to the economy of India. Their immense potential to generate

employment opportunities, bolster the level of exports and bring
a flexible environment into India’s business environment is a
factor of strength, which must include ways of promoting
sustainability.
Hosseininia & Ramezani (2016) refers SMEs to be employment
multiplier mainly in the manufacturing and food industry. SMEs
are creating a competitive environment and driving economic
force that positively influences business and economy. Kot
(2018) that job creations in small sectors are less cost-effective
than in large business sector because it is more capital intensive
argues it. However, large companies offer stability,
compensation along with benefits that are more than the SMEs.
Consequently, SMEs are innovative and provides a high share of
effectiveness regarding investments. SMEs are growing and are
becoming relevant regarding investors and customer approach
that leads to sustainability and development of the economy.
Kour (2015) that growth of the economy that is based upon
innovation would be sustainable as it is linked with business
activities and technological advancement states it.
Furthermore, it is believed by Pachouri & Sharma (2016) that
SMEs usually plays a pivotal role in positively influencing the
economy by creating jobs, producing augmented new services to
ensure new innovation of products. The private employment
sctor across the globe is more because of the increase in the
SMEs sectors. Rakesh (2014) that SMEs are classified into two
types that include stability oriented and Growth oriented further
argues it. The name determines that stability oriented does not
intend to growth but tends to progress the family business by
providing moderate needs. On the other hand, growth-oriented
SMEs are usually small and are effective to explore new
opportunities for new opportunities and technologies. The
sustainability of the SMEs is based upon various aspects that
include effective sustainability policies, market environment,
opportunities, and infrastructure along with the human skills. In

the views of Sommer (2017), national policies are effective for
the growth of the SMEs, as they tend to provide policies for
scaling up SME funding opportunities that positive influences
the macroeconomic stability regarding sustainable economic
growth. The SME sector enhances the financial accessibility
leading to growth regarding the global economy.
2.12. SMEs and their commitment to sustainability
In spite of the significant role played by SMEs in the economy,
research has proven that they seem to be laggard on the subject
of commitment to sustainability (EC, 2012, Revell et all, 2010).
Several factors have been credited to this fact by different
authors. For example, a review done by del Brio and Junquera
(2003) highlighted nine distinct characteristics of SMEs which
explain the existing discrepancies in Social and Environmental
strategies. This includes factors such as financial resources,
organizational structures, the management style, Production
capabilities, the level of innovation, Human resources training.
Likewise, Hillary (2004) also outlined four major internal
barriers to the SMEs in their steps towards implementation of
sustainability, which includes factors such as insufficient
resources, implementation barriers, failure to understand the
benefits and an addition of the organization’s culture. The
correlative idea of both Hillary(2004) and del Brio and
Junquera(2003) is that SMEs have diverse circumstances and
competencies which are generally different from the large
companies which explains the discrepancies between large
companies and SMEs in terms of sustainability. Commitment to
sustainability is a significant factor of consideration because
sustainability is a pivotal factor to the organizational processes
and procedures such as the Management Philosophy, Quality
product decisions, the competitiveness of the SME and strategic
planning in line with the market economy.
2.13. The Impact Of Market Orientation Towards A
Commitment To Sustainability

Market orientation refers to the ability of the organization to
implement and adapt the marketing concept (Kohli and
Jowarsky, 1990). Market orientation is often viewed as the
most dominant managerial concept (Goldman and Grinstein,
2010). Kohli and Jowarsky (1990) continue to argue that Market
Orientation is the ability of the organization to develop a
certain form of market intelligence, which pertains to the
current and future customer’s needs, which is disseminated
across all the departments that respond to the outline. Different
researchers have proven different facts about Market
Orientation as a limiting factor of SMEs commitment to
sustainability. Oakley (2011) explains that a Market Oriented
SME is Customer focused, coordinates and plans its activities in
a way that shows focus and commitment to the community and
is focused externally. The two researchers continue to expound
that customer focus is the extent in which the organization sees
its business as creating utility to their customers by putting the
needs of the customers first. Coordination and planning are the
processes through which the organization structures and aligns
the businesses process with an integration of sustainability
where the entire organization remain focused on their marketing
concept. Crittenden et all (2011) and Gonzalez Benito (2008)
both distinctly approach Market Orientation as a possible
predictor of commitment to sustainability amongst SME
companies. They argue that if their customers and external
society demand for social and environmental sustainability,
then the Market Oriented SMEs because of their market
Intelligence and sensitivity to their customer’s needs, they will
respond accordingly. Likewise, the concept that customer’s and
stakeholder’s pressures trigger SMEs to develop sustainability
measures has been adopted by different authors and has also
received support from other researchers. Kammer (2009)
expounds that SMEs tend to focus on sustainability if they see it
is a way to deliver benefits to their customers. In conclusion,
on the factor of market orientation, commitment to social
sustainability is a function of the focus on the customers that is

only evident in Market Oriented Firms. In the context of,
Storey, (2016), it can be stated that a small business
organization should organize a market research programme to
determine the actual market demands regarding their products.
Moreover, appropriate market research helps an organization to
determine the position of the competitors in the market, which
helps them to take an upright decision to compete with the
competitors in a stipulated gesture.
2.14. The Influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation in
commitment to sustainability
Stakeholders play an integral role in determining the
commitment of an organization towards sustainability.
However, there are situations where the customers make little
requests towards sustainability. Customers may not know ahead
what are their sustainability needs or the constantly changing
non- linear environmental and social problems (Heikkurinen and
Bonnedal, 2013). This shows that without the involvement if
the customers or other stakeholders, Market oriented firms take
to initiatives to invest in sustainability. Sustainability does not
necessarily flow from the customers or stakeholders but also on
the Entrepreneurial Orientation, which sustains sustainability.
Entrepreneurial Orientation has three components that entail
pro-activeness, Innovation and risk taking. For instance, risk
taking may include factors such as investing in new
sustainability measures, which may include untested
environmental technologies. Innovation and pro-activeness
means that the organization is dynamic towards finding
opportunities in the market and developing new sustainable
business ventures. In this aspect, the corporation views
sustainability as a source of competitive advantage where there
is a combination of entrepreneurial innovation with sustainable
business practices. Aragon Correa et al (2008) showed that pro-
activeness is connected to sustainable innovative practices in
SME contexts. Through the research by Menguc and Ozanne

(2005), it is evident that the higher the level of EO, through
flexibility, foresightedness and the ability to innovate gives
SMEs a resource through which they see opportunities and work
out sustainability strategically.
2.15. Importance of Management values on Commitment to
sustainability
. In comparison to larger organizations, SMEs are classified by
a flatter and less formalized organizational structure. Likewise,
this fact in conjunction with the ownership of the organization
indicates that ownership, control and operations are in the hands
of a small team of individuals. The attitudes, knowledge and
orientation of the manager play an integral role towards
sustainability (Cassells and Lewis, 2011: Kearins et all, 2010.
Due to the nature and operation of the SMEs, the set of the
individuals have the potential to influence the strategies and
culture of the individual organization. There are many
indicators in literature, which give evidence that managers hold
a positive attitude and driving force towards sustainability of
the organization. For instance in a research done in 220 SMEs
in the UK where 82% agreed that sustainability and
environmental issues were a high management priority while
70% disagreed with the statement that the business managers
cannot be expected to manage social issues(Revell et all,2010)
Such results are reinforced by other qualitative studies that
highlight that the manager’s attitude and values are important
for commitment to sustainability in the SME group. Kearins et
all 2010 highlighted the significance of values in the interviews
with visionary small enterprises. The nature of the managerial
values was important to the direction of the company. Likewise,
Parry 2012 expounds on the significance of personal and ethical
beliefs of the managers. In this study, all the managers who
were interviewed said that their ethical and moral orientation
was a key factor to develop more sustainable environment
friendly practices.

2.16. Promotional policies for SMEs in the Indian government
The relevance of SMEs is being recognized globally, and it is
vital to coordinate activities by setting new development goals
for greater positioning and goals. Soini & Veseli (2011) that
policymakers showed positivity and increased interest towards
the development of SMEs as it is noted that SME acts as a key
driver for change regarding national and international growth
believe it.
India has continuously evolved as an extensive institutional
network with time for the growth of the SMEs. Such a network
extends from a national, State to the District levels. The
different institutions include Small Industries Development
Organization, Small Industries Service Institutes (SISIs), and
National Small Industries Corporations, National Institute of
Small Industries Extension Training, Small Industries
Development Corporation and State Financial Corporation and
District Industries Centres. Such institutions assist the SMEs
across several functions that may include Marketing, Importing,
and exporting, adopting and technological challenges. The
detailed explanation of the functions includes:
1. Small Industries Development bank of India implements
quality schemes that are aimed at technological development
and advancement of SMEs (Subrahmanya, 1999).
2. SISIs also organize workshops on the ISO-9000 certifications
to create awareness on quality.
3. The government plays an integral role towards marketing of
the SMIs products by organizing international exhibitions and
sponsoring different delegations from different SMI sectors to
various countries to benchmark on international opportunities.
The government also relays pertinent information that is related
to available sales opportunities on the international markets

(Subrahmanya, 1999).
4. National Awards for Quality Products are given to the
outstanding small-scale units in order to encourage SMEs to
produce quality goods (Subrahmanya,1999).. Importance of
Small Business for a Country’s Economy
According to the viewpoint of Storey (2016), it can be stated
that every business organization has gravely impacted on the
country’s economy. Whereas, the economic factors such as
unemployment rate, GDP growth, interest, inflation rate are the
major factors, which has gravely impacted on the performance
of a small and medium size food providing business
organization. By, it can be stated that a small and medium size
business organization should take adequate initiatives to earn a
large amount of revenue.
By Edmiston, (2007), It has been identified that the large
business firms are depending upon the small companies because
required raw materials and other resources generally provided
by the small firms. However, large companies are controlling
the economy of a country, but maintenance of large companies
fully depends upon small companies. Apart from this, certain
times small food providing companies are alliancing with big
companies with the purpose of providing reasonable workforce
and support. It helps large companies to perform better within
the market. Through this of an organizations economy of a
country is stabilizing properly, which has generally developed
its work activity with the help of small companies. By this
discussion mentioned above, it can be asserted that without the
small company is large firms are not operating their business
properly. Based on the context it can be claimed that the
economy of a country fully depends upon the small food
industries, which can be considered as for the importance of
small business for the country’s economy.
Small Business Management

According to the viewpoint of Johnson, (2018), it can be stated
that the key personnel of every business organization are
responsible for managing the business-orientated aspects to run
their business operating efficiently. In the case of small
business management, they should make adequate managerial
plans to accomplish their pre-determined goals. To manage the
performance of a small food providing business organization,
the key personnel of an organization should look after the
underlined aspects:
Appropriate Business Plan
According to the perception of, Goodman, Bamford, and
Saynor, (2016), it can be argued that an appropriate business
plan is one of the essential key components of the internal
business process. An appropriate business plan helps a business
organization to sustain in the competitive market scenario. In
the context of, Scarborough, (2016), an appropriate business
plan helps an organization to manufacture cost-effective
products. By, Hatten, (2015), the management of a small food
providing organization should take adequate strategies to
maintain the internal and external environment of a business
organization. Moreover, strategies help an organization to build
an upright relationship with their stakeholders to improve their
goodwill.
Technology
According to the viewpoint of, Schaper and et al., (2014), it can
be stated that advanced technology helps an organization to
accomplish their organizational objectives very easily.
Moreover, it can be identified that the small food providing
business organization should adopt effective technology at least
once in every two years to manufacture innovative products,
which helps to survive in the competitive market. Whereas, in
the context, Burns, (2016), it can be stated that the higher
authorities of a business organization should implement

advanced technology in their business operation such as
recruitment process, training, and development process,
manufacturing process as the changes occur, etc. to run their
business effectively.
Customer’s loyalty
By, Drucker, (2014), it can be stated that customer’s loyalty is
one of the important aspects of every business success.
Moreover, the higher authorities of a business organization
should implement certain initiatives to get customer’s loyalty.
According to the viewpoint of, Indris and Primiana, (2015), it
can be identified that a business organization should provide
premium quality products and services to customers who are
regulars so that to make them stay. Keeping loyal customers
also involves giving royalty products such as bonuses and gifts.
The act of rewarding royal customers convinces the customers
to bring others and thus helps the venture to expand its market.
Employee’s Loyalty
According to the viewpoint of, Brunswicker and Vanhaverbeke,
(2015), it can be stated that employee loyalty has greatly
influenced the performance of a business organization.
Moreover, the top-level management of a small and medium
size food providing companies should take certain employee
motivational plans to get employee’s loyalty. By above
discussion, it can be stated that the small food company should
focus on the rice mills contraction because of rice the main food
of Indian. Moreover, it is an adequate decision for the small
food company owner to start their business in this field.
Internal and External Environment Analysis
In accordance to Johnson, (2015), it can be stated that the small
and medium-sized food providing business organization should
provide premium quality products towards their target market
customers to satisfy the utility of their customers. On the other
hand, the higher authorities should take upright pricing policies

to market their products in the operating market of India.
According to the viewpoint of, Park and Ghauri, (2015), it can
be stated that an upright pricing policy of a small business
organization has immensely increased their business revenue as
well as their organizational performance. Moreover, it can be
identified that the upright organizational environment is one of
the strengths of a small business organization. According to the
viewpoint of, Brunswicker and Vanhaverbeke, (2015), it can be
argued that the government support is considered as one of the
opportunities of a small food providing business enterprise. On
the other hand, it can be argued that the increasing numbers of
competitors, economic and political instability are the major
threat factors of a small business organization. . In the context
of, Storey, (2016), it can be asserted that the technology is one
of the vital elements of every business organization, which
helps an organization try to manufacture premium quality
products towards their target market customers. Moreover,
advanced technology helps an organization to deliver the right
number of products at the right place. Hence, a small business
organization should use advanced upright technology in their
manufacturing units to innovate their products as per the
demand of the customers. Similarly, it can also be argued that a
small business organization should use an appropriate e-
commerce channel to attract large numbers of customers
towards their products.
According to the perception of, Indris and Primiana, (2015),
external analysis which helps a business organization to analyse
their external environment to take appropriate decision to
resolve the external issues efficiently. In the context, Johnson,
(2015), it can be determined that the government regulations,
policies have gravely affected the organizational performance of
a small business organization. Moreover, change in the
government legislation has also impacted the performance of a
small business enterprise. According to the viewpoint of, Indris
and Primiana, (2015), it can be stated that taxation policies of

India, change in the taxation policies may affect the business of
a small enterprise. Moreover, the inflation rate, economic
instability, unemployment rate, interest rate, GDP growth and
FDI growth are the most important economic factor that
influences the business operations. By, Drucker, (2014), the
management of a small business organization should focus on
their product’s quality, because of the increased changes in
consumer preferences and a higher preference for healthy
lifestyles. Hence, the management should try to provide healthy
hygienic products towards their target market customers to
satisfy their increasing needs
In accordance to the internal and external analysis as explained,
the following conceptual framework will give six of the most
significant factors that influence sustainability in the
organization.
It can be identified that there are several factors which have
influenced the organizational sustainability. An appropriate
business plan, sufficient budget is essential for every
organization to run their business properly. An appropriate
market research is required for every small business
organization to determine the actual market demand. On the
other hand, quality products, skilled employees, and appropriate
work environment are essential for every business organization,
which helps an organization to sustain in the competitive market
environment. Literature Gap
Based on the discussion above, it has been identified that the
particular research project has an upright aim to determine the
factors, which has influenced the sustainability of a small and
medium-sized business organization. This portion of the
particular research project has also deliberated internal and
external business environment appropriately. Moreover,
organizational location, upright managerial power has also

positively influenced the sustainability of a business
organization, which is not deliberated here properly. Hence, it
can be considered as the literature gap of this particular
research project.
Chapter Summary
Based on the discussion mentioned above, it can be stated that
small and medium-size business organization plays an upright
role in a country’s economic growth. Moreover, it has greatly
impacted on the economy of a country by providing an
opportunity of jobs towards the unemployed countrymen.
Moreover, it can also be identified that key personnel of every
business organization are responsible for managing the
business-orientated aspects to run their business operation
efficiently. An appropriate business plan, strategies,
technology, skilled employee, customers are required for every
small and medium-sized business enterprise to manage their
organizational performance. In this section, it has also been
discussed about the internal and external market environment,
which helps the higher authorities of a small-medium size food
providing business organization to take adequate initiatives to
mitigate internal and external market environment. Grounded on
the different aspect, it can be concluded that an appropriate
business plan, sufficient monetary budget is primarily required
for every business organization to run their business properly.
Moreover, appropriate market research is required for every
business organization to understand the actual market demand.
It can also be stated that the higher authorities of a small and
medium size business organization should look after their
products quality to satisfy their target market customers,
(Wallen and Fraenkel, 2001). Moreover, the skilled employees,
friendly and healthy work environment are the key element of
every business success, which helps an organization to sustain
in the competitive market scenario.
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIntroduction

The segment specified above has clarified in regards to Factors
Influencing social maintainability in Small and Medium-Sized
Enterprises in India. In such manner, this part will clarify in
insight concerning explore procedure, inquire about a plan,
investigate approach, testing system and research rationality.
Besides, this segment will likewise have information
accumulation strategies systems and information examination
that has been utilised to gather the appropriate information and
distribute the target of the exploration. This area discusses the
examination perspective; investigate strategy and logic got in
the examination with a particular ultimate objective to answer
the investigation question: Which factors that drive social
maintainability in little and medium-sized ventures in India in
the setting of the nourishment business of the country? It shows
the technique of thinking for picking the emotional research. A
proper examination arrangement was arrived at by utilising
diverse data gathering strategies, fusing into significance
interviews, record review and discernment, in order to give a
triangulation of data sources and through appreciation of the
cases. The unit of examination of the examination was cleared
up, and the choice of the illustration was intentionally
considered.
Research Philosophy
The first layer of research onion is the research philosophy. It is
belief regarding the understanding of the realism in the
research, and hence it determines the manner data should be
gathered, analyzed and used. There are many kinds of research
philosophies which help to understand the reality in research
namely positivism, interpretivism, logic. Positivism aides in
delivering laws, which speak with the social world by the
perception of the truth. This logic controls the truth with
various varieties to shape an association with the distinctive
components of the social world. Then again, Interpretivist fight
is checked on through emotional elucidation and intercession

concerning reality which helps in understanding reality in more
noteworthy expands (Crossan, 2003). Sober mindedness is the
mix of positivism and interpretivism which is utilised when
both subjective and amounts strategies are utilised. An
investigation perspective includes a course of action of
assumptions concerning mysticism, epistemology and method
interpretivism looks human and social associations that help
delivers the honest to goodness experience of wonders. In such
a way, human experience is basic to make the illustrations of
exercises and reality. Interpretive examinations can incite more
vital perception about the wonders in a specific setting with a
particular true objective to explore and illuminate the
associations between factors (Soini, and Veseli, , 2011). This
examination is an exploratory examination of the current
condition of Indian SMEs as for corporate sensibility, its key
accomplishment components and its key challenges. It is seen as
that interpretivism is the most reasonable approach for this
examination, which intends to explore the components that
drive social and ecological manageability of Indian SMEs. The
examination searches for an all-around understanding of the real
experience of SME proprietor executives of the different
behaviour by which SMEs realise practical practices. It
moreover hopes to discover how the SMEs in the sustenance
division is driven by and to social and natural supportability.
Here, the analyst will give centre around interpretive reasoning
as this examination depends on the emotional approach of
information accumulation strategies that incorporates
perceptions and meetings.Research Approach
The exploration approach is named as an arrangement or a
methodology that have steps for presumptions to accomplish
detail of the information gathering, elucidation and
investigation (Richie and Lewis, 2003). This exploration is
intended to recognise for Factors Influencing Social Sustainable
in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in India. The
examination approach is isolated into three kinds to be specific

subjective, quantitative and blended research approaches. The
subjective approach takes the utilisation of hypotheses and
emotional writing to feature the discoveries. Then again, a
quantitative research approach helps in concentrating on the
numerical information by making a profundity examination of
information and aides in accomplishing the more noteworthy
outcomes. The blended research approach will utilise both
subjective and quantitative way to deal with accomplish the
required outcomes (Richie and Lewis, 2003). This exploration
think about has made the utilisation of the subjective research
technique to comprehend for Factors Influencing Social
Sustainable in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in India in
an advantageous way. An abstract approach is seen as the most
fitting for this investigation since it engages through and
through the perception of social and ecological maintainability
of SMEs. Exploratory emotional research deals with another
wonder that is near nothing or ineffectually understood and is
used in a condition where there is little research on the subject.
While using a few picked individuals, emotional research is a
more conceivable method to approach a reasonable number of
individuals to explore a reasonably new locale of learning
(Soini, and Veseli, , 2011). Using a general methodology, the
master is drawn in with made by social event data and the
examiner can before long watch the certifiable conditions and
conditions that contain accurate information, for instance,
manners, suppositions and sentiments of the illustration. An
abstract approach is 'an extraordinary wellspring of particularly
grounded, rich depictions and elucidations of strategies which is
most likely going to help the researcher with moving beyond
initial starts to make or redesign figured framework'. Also,
emotional data are shown in words as scenes or stories that are
clear, imperative, have an exceptional effect and are influencing
researchers, for instance, plan makers. As the inspiration
driving this examination is to build cognisance of 'lived
understanding' inside a social setting, emotional systems help
research 'perceptions, assumptions, prejudgments,

presuppositions' of the all-inclusive community included
(Scuotto, Santoro, Bresciani. and Giudice, 2017). Subjective
research is utilised in this exploration as human components of
social and characteristic sciences have been engaged in a more
prominent way, and the different hypothetical information is
likewise assessed in this examination think about.Research
Strategy
A Case Study Design
A proper examination has been picked in light of the way that it
'investigates a contemporary contemplate of all around and
inside its bona fide setting. Sensible SME change is a creating
issue in the written work of a business organisation. Using
logical examination arrangement like this gives the all-around
cognisance of how the Indian SME sustenance section looks for
after social and ecological supportability. A case is described as
an eccentricity, portrayed by a breaking point (Scuotto, Santoro,
Bresciani. and Giudice, 2017). The SME zone, restricted by the
money related setting of India's sustenance industry in which
there has been a passionate addition in the number and pledge to
the economy and the predictable honest to goodness change has
been proceeding to update their consistent execution, is such a
case. In any case, a far-reaching single case is not continually
possible to look for after because of limited significance and
substance. Much of the time, along these lines, each case
includes more than one embedded case. In the back and forth
movement investigate setting, all SMEs under idea address the
SME zone of India with everything taken into account from a
viable change point of view. This examination reviewed 10
SMEs looked over a couple of endeavours and with varied sizes.
Time Horizon
Time has an essential role in setting as well as organising of the
timeframe in a research study. The time horizon highlights the
timeframe that helps in setting the time duration that has been

separated to conduct a research study and achieve the desired
results. It is termed as important components as it assists in the
competition of research work in time. Time horizon is divided
into two types namely cross-sectional and longitudinal (Kothari,
2004). This research study will make the use of cross-sectional
time horizon to understand the research topic. The use of the
time horizon helps in minimising the time required to finish this
research work.
Selection of Participants
The choice of individuals is necessary, as this can affect the
eventual outcomes of the examination. An illustration should be
unequivocally associated with the characteristics of the people
and research resources, for instance, time, money and
versatility. SMEs related with this examination were picked
purposively to fulfil particular conditions in the investigation.
Purposive reviewing helps get learning into the critical phase.
Besides, the pro attempted to pull the illustrations progressively
to ensure every possible interpretation was utilised to the point
when an immersion point was come to, (Schaper, Volery,
Weber, and Gibson, 2014). This examination is a country based
research setting, and consequently included the essentialness of
zone for looking at. The illustration choice must be enlightening
individuals who hold senior positions in the organisations and
enterprises that they run. Supportable headway and corporate
sensibility are an as of late rising issue for both government
methodologies and associations' strategy. It is more brilliant to
lead the examination in significant urban networks where there
is a high thickness of endeavours fitting in with current laws
and thought to be among the first to hold the call towards
reasonability of SMEs.
Characterising the breaking points to portray cases is
fundamental for achieving the investigation targets, given the
cut-off purposes of time and means (Schaper, Volery, Weber,

and Gibson, 2014). Past research demonstrates that the capital
of India was constantly 'among the major regions to apply new
models for the innovative and socially sustainable SMEs.
Furthermore, New Delhi shows the characteristics of generous
urban regions in the country, with the second greatest number of
SMEs and productive money-related activities. Since time is
running short and resource obliges in MSc research, all cases
inquired about were arranged in New Delhi centred for the
examination for their colossal pledge to the Indian economy. As
necessities are, in the providing food area, a touch of cooking
wander is portrayed as any relationship with someplace in the
scope of 5 and 70 specialists; those with someplace in the scope
of 70 and 150 delegates are medium associations. In the
nourishment generation section, small-scale undertakings are
those with someplace in the scope of 1 and ten individuals, and
those having 10 to 60 specialists are medium sustenance
creation ventures. Ventures included started from different sorts
of money-related activities, for instance, sustenance generation,
handling, cooking, discount stores and nourishment retailers
. Three industry specialists from SME-related affiliations were
moreover open for semi-organised meetings. Typical groupings
for picking sensible individuals are status and part in an
affiliation. SME CEOs were chosen for the interviews as far as
it matters for them in the firm since they can give illuminating
responses and to expand human perspectives on the issues in
practices, feelings and emotions through meetings. Past
examinations suggest a more appropriate concentration for
individuals in thinking about SMEs is proprietor’s senior
executives, who understand the firms’ environment systems and
firm gathering of supportability. Despite SMEs’ CEOs, senior
and SME industry government delegates were also involved in
the interviews to get different wellsprings of information. Data
Collection Methods
A decent contextual investigation needs to fuse various
wellsprings of data. This investigation utilised various

procedures to gather information and proof to address the
exploration questions incorporating into profundity interviews,
report audit and perception
· Sampling
Sampling is termed as one of the convenient ways of selecting
the respondents who are capable of giving responses in this
research study. The samples that will get selected will have
enough knowledge regarding the research topic, and thus, it will
increase the effectiveness of the research (Biggam, 2008
Snowball sampling technique will be used in this research study
to make the research study successful. Small and medium
Enterprise which is present in India will be taken into
consideration wherein total 10 organizations will be randomly
selected to conduct the research. Moreover, these interviews
will adopt 1 employee per organization which means a total of
10 employees will be interviewed in this research study. The
employees, supervisors as well as managers who work at the
highest level will be interviewed. Those respondents who are
not reached will be contacted with a phone call. All the
responses collected will be recorded for further research. The
findings, which will be collected from the sample, will help the
researcher to understand regarding Factors Influencing Social
Sustainable in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in India.
This research will be conducted using the primary sources and
to achieve a proper result, both close-ended, and the open-ended
question will be prepared for the interview. This research
interviews will have ten questions, which will be regarding the
Sized Enterprises in India that also affect the employee’s
performances in their workplace. The question will be related to
social sustainability regarding the industry and about the
company altogether. The close-ended questions will be helpful
in answering the question of research directly (Boyce & Neale,

2006). The interview question will be well structured and will
be related to the research to achieve the objective of the
research in an effective manner.
When choosing the sample, the non- probability approach and
purposive sampling were selected. This means that the sample
was not selected through random sampling because some
managers were more likely to be chosen than others were. Not
every individual in the total population of the SMEs has equal
chances of being included in the study. By the use of snowball
sampling, the researcher identifies ten owner managers of the
SMEs as the most appropriate to be included in this study and
able to gain a deeper understanding of the situation of SMEs
sustainability in the food industry of India. The most
appropriate owner-managers were selected based on the
following criteria:
1. Those who have a minimum of 10 years working experience
2. Those who have a managing director, board chairman and
technical manager.
· Semi-Structured Interviews
Essential information was gathered through semi-organised
individual meetings and open finished inquiries with ten
supervisors of SMEs in sustenance industry keeping in mind the
end goal to get a more profound comprehension of the
circumstance of SMEs supportability in India. A semi-organised
meeting shares of an agenda of issues and relevant issues that
the specialist asks amid the meeting to discover the appropriate
response. Semi-organized meetings are the quantitative strategy
for the investigation. The primary objective of utilising the
semi-organised meetings was to urge the interviewees to openly
talk about their particular assessments on the social variables
impacting SMEs developments towards manageability.

The impact of social manageability can be better comprehended
when respondents are asked in regards to the exploration
questions. This examination will meet different workers of
SMEs to accomplish data concerning the impacts caused by
maintainability in their organisations. Along these lines, met
assumes a crucial part in accomplishing legitimate information
and data about the exploration and aides in assessing the
encounters of the respondents.
The meetings included chief executive officers , business
managers and specialists in SMEs inside the sustenance
business in India. The paper has significantly used the European
Union meaning of SMEs, which characterises little and medium
estimated endeavours as those with fewer than 50 and 250
workers separately. In this particular research, SMEs with fewer
than 250 workers were picked. Meetings are the basic strategy
for data aggregation for this specific research point. With
interviews, the expert can increment particular viewpoints of
individuals particularly included and can isolate the most
significant from the data also, using interviews for data
collection is reasonable where the wonder under examination is
up till now not knew. For a circumstance considered to look
into setup, interviews base on the examination subject and give
'saw causal inductions and elucidations'. Therefore, the
gathering method reveals the bona fide condition through the
point of view of particularly related individuals as for the issue
of sensible SME change. This investigation used to start to
finish gatherings, as these helped in the aggregation of rich data
and significant perception of the problem. It is like manner has
the upside of flexibility since it allows interviewees to give
their contemplations while also concentrating on the prepared
and specific subject Hence sorted out surveys with both closed
and open-ended questions, considered as 'sub-techniques', were
used in the midst of the gatherings. The use of composed
reviews with an open-completed request gets appropriate
information and enhances steadfast quality and authenticity
(Revell , Stokes and Chen, 2010). Thus, using data from surveys

in parallel with the extra information given in discussion with
the interviewees made it all the more convincing to direct data
and recognise the first subjects. Rating scales were used to
evaluate the noteworthiness of the issue investigated. As this is
theoretical research, the rating scales were made to around
recognise perspectives as opposed to assessing and taking a
gander at individuals' perceptions. A direct evaluating outline
was made with no trouble of choice by individuals. The rating
scales included having an important impact, having some
impact, having no impact and not observing the issue. Most of
the request were made deductively from the composition. In
such a way, questions were made given the frameworks of
sensible headway on microeconomic levels from various makers
concerning economic, social and natural supportability of firms.
The request was grouped into five segments:
i)
participant-specific general/measurement information;
ii)
the affiliation's specific information;
iii)
social-related issues and influencing components towards firms'
social practicality; and
iv)
Environmental-related issues and influencing components
towards firms' regular viability.
On account of making up for lost time with working schedules
of interviewees, the gatherings were driven when individuals
were open. The gatherings were held between 20th June and
15th August 2018. Each gathering took around 30-45 minutes.
In the midst of each gathering, the researcher watched the

information given by the interviewee nearby a sound record.
The formal gathering started with a short individual
introduction of the examiner and the purpose behind the
examination. By then the examiner started getting some data
about the part and the affiliation where he/she was working.
This stage was to 'warm up' the gathering atmosphere and to
empower the interviewee to don't delay to talk. A game plan of
guideline separated inquiries regarding three regions of the
affiliation is down to earth change, including money-related,
social and natural estimations, was raised.
The deciphered data were masterminded by investigating the
request and assembling of individuals. Notwithstanding the way
that gatherings are profitable in social affair data, a couple of
issues ought to be recollected. The researcher found that a
considerable measure of time and incredible social aptitudes in
achieving potential interviewees already the gathering were
required. Likewise, it was critical to have awesome social
aptitudes in overseeing eye to eye interviews. Especially in the
investigation setting of India, where the dynamic framework is
bounteously focused on, these capacities were more basic to
prompt potential sources to appreciate the examination. This
issue is less trying while at the same time doing audits.
Regardless, benefits by doing meeting are fundamentally more
important than the troubles exhibited. For instance, also request
can be asked for that altogether clear up information given,
which isn't possible in an investigation overview. In like
manner, in this event, the specialist was proactive in focusing
on particular issues which required further understanding.
Additionally, interviews engaged the investigator in welcoming
the respondent's stresses through facial and verbal attitude,
which empowered the route toward cognizance and getting
learning.
· Direct Observations
Close by driving start to finish gatherings and considering

relating reports in SMEs and course of action records, this
examination also highlighted facilitate discernment as a basic
data gathering methodology. This is seen as an important
procedure in social science research. Observations have ideal
conditions in the way in which that the method can
contextualise, cover reality and give information into social
practices and goals. Besides, facilitate discernments 'can face
the expert with irregularities between what people have said in
the meet and nice dialogues and what they truly do',(Rakesh,
2014). Direct observation is a conventional framework for data
gathering; in any case, it moreover has a couple of drawbacks.
For example, the passer-by can cover particular spots. Data
assembled from this framework may be affected by social
components got from welcoming approaches or wrong events
that result in different points of view. Along these lines, by
perceiving this help of the methodology, experts can prevent
site impacts on the flawlessness of the data assembled. The
master, when invited, visited the generation lines and business
establishments to watch and have an easygoing relationship with
witnesses. Five gathering associations respected her to visit
their movement systems, and she acknowledged this open way
to obtain information and certifiable experience.
3.10. Limitation
This research study has used different steps to attain
effectiveness in a greater manner. However, there are plenty of
challenges and problems that are faced by the researcher while
doing the study of the research. The limitation that is
overviewed in this research study is the size of the sample as a
researcher could take fewer samples due to time constraints.
The employees of small and medium enterprise firms are
interviewed one by one, and thus, this process consumes more
amount of time that results in a limitation of this research study.
Paid sources are also another limitation in which the researchers
had to pay lots of money to collect the information in relation
with the research study. It is complicated for the researcher to
provide a huge amount of money in achieving information

regarding the research study; hence, researchers limit its
research, and thus, the quality of the research paper
deteriorates.
Ethical Consideration
Morals are considered as an essential thought, which is required
while directing the investigation of research. The moral thought
is utilised while gathering both essential and optional
information (Oliver, 2003). This exploration depends on Factors
Influencing Social Sustainable in Small and Medium-Sized
Enterprises in India, and accordingly, solid and scholarly sites
and sources are utilised to accomplish the optional information
and data. Then again, moral thought is additionally connected
amid the season of gathering the essential information wherein
none of the respondents was bothered. Also, the personality of
the talked with respondents was protected classified to keep
them from any sorts of issues. It is basic to think about good
issues to anchor the security and interests of individuals before
social affair data. Instructed consent is imperative for
productive data gathering. Individuals volunteer's character a
factor that prompts awesome quality, rich data, because of their
status to take an interest in and add to the investigation. A
couple of individuals invited to the interview were government
experts whose work and obligation were direct required with
practices relevant to this examination. Hence, individuals were
instructed about the possibility of dependability and trust with
the objective that they were sure about giving information.
Also, individuals were urged that they could report stresses over
insurance, mystery and lack of definition if they had any.
Simply masterminded names (not their bona fide ones) of taking
intrigue affiliations and individuals are referred to in formal
itemising, including the recommendation and any academic
appropriations. Characters of individuals remain known just to
the researcher and her boss. All interviewee profiles and
information were orchestrated to ensure security, mystery and

anonymity. A systematised sharing association was organised by
its financial activity and firm size, by then was portrayed in
numerical demand. The critical letter addresses an
organisation's size; the second addresses an association's
commercial development.
None of the respondents was compelled to take part in the
meeting session and furthermore none of the reactions was
adjusted in the entire research think about. The legitimacy of
information is named as the primary need for this examination
think about. The majority of the essential and auxiliary
information are investigated without making any predispositions
to look after morals. Moreover, this examination think about is
set up with more measures of centre and consideration, and
therefore neither written falsification nor mistakes will be
experienced in this exploration contemplate (Blaxter, Hughes
and Tight, 2006). This exploration had likewise given every one
of the respondents to offer reactions to the whole inquiry
adequately and effectively, and consequently, this examination
study can be named as a moral proposition.
Data Analysis
Information examination is the procedure, which is utilised to
comprehend the information assembled in a superior way
utilising diverse sources to accomplish development and
viability. This examination study will gather both essential and
optional information where the essential information will
accumulate by talking the respondents, and auxiliary
information will be gathered by investigating the writing
present in the writing audit section (Malhotra, 2010).
Information investigation procedures are thought about while
setting up comprehension of the different topics that have been
procured from the meetings directed with the objective
respondents. Information examination helps in dissecting all the
gathered information and accomplishing the discoveries out of
it. Both essential information and optional information have

been used in this investigation of research, so talk with results
and writing surveys have been examined in this examination.
The essential information will be dissected with the help of
local investigation strategies while optional information will be
broken down utilising writing audit strategy. The fundamental
rationale of this examination is to comprehend concerning the
Sized Enterprises in India. Accordingly, data should be broken
down more profoundly to accomplish precise and proper
outcomes (Malhotra, 2010). It is extremely basic to recognise
that essential information, which is gathered in the wake of
meeting the respondents, are taken without biasing them.
Different subjects will be used to break down the assembled
information in the wake of talking diverse workers of little and
medium venture firms. The distinctive feelings are accumulated
from the meetings to accomplish data concerning the
investigation of the examination. The topical examination will
be considered to elaborate on the information accumulated and
also investigating the same towards achieving the key research
goals in concern.
Data examination is guided by the investigation questions,
explore proposals and research framework. In this examination,
the topical examination was gotten for data examination, as this
is a method for recognising and declaring plans are ascending
out of coded data. Points may be both inductively made from
the rough information or deductively delivered from speculation
and past research. The topical examination is furthermore
related with deliberates in the overall population that
incorporate social inclusion in the investigated area. In
particular, topical examination revolves around individuals'
perceptions, feelings and experiences as the fundamental
inquiry of study. Despite the deductively made subjects from
the written work on corporate supportability, this system helped
the specialist remain open to themes from the rough information

that thusly created in the midst of the coding strategy. This
examination grasped the proposition for the coding method that
included five phases
i)
Familiarizing oneself with the data;
ii) Producing the fundamental codes;
iii)
Distinguishing subjects
iv) Constructing topical frameworks
v) Integration and comprehension.
Every subject contained subthemes, codes and referred to
content from elucidations, report review and discernment that
together clear up practices and perspectives that were
unmistakably ascending out of the disclosures. This was a tight
and solidly associated system to check the investigation result.
Finally, these subjects were deciphered to create the talk of
examination in conjunction with the diversion of the surviving
written work and business undertaking speculation and
institutional theory. The revelations were then inspected in
perspective of the examination proposals. A more point by point
presentation of the coding method results that created the
revelations from the observational examination with Indian
SMEs is displayed beneath:
Research question two: What impact do changes in current
policies, rules and regulations of SME firms have on Social
Sustainability?
Open codes for RQ 2
Open code
Properties

Examples of participants words
Responsible use
of non- renewable & renewable resources
Drivers for efficient use of
resources were cost and energy savings, and creating an
environmentally friendly workplace
There is wood-chip waste after producing the chopsticks, We
burn it to produce boiling water and use the hot water for the
raw material cleaning process,
Turn off the lights and air conditioners; the action is saving our
planet.
Reduce
emissions of water, air, noise
Firms tended to comply
with laws. Practices were unsystematic and informal due to
limited awareness and finance.
The warehouse is designed with an excellent ventilation system
so that we do not need to turn on all the fans and air
conditioners during our operation times. Besides, the warehouse
receives a right amount of natural light,
Reduce local environmental damage
Only a minority of firms
Focused on waste reduction and recycling to reduce costs.
Others neglected this issue.
, some kinds of tree leaves are used for entirely natural
colouring. This is an entirely natural colouring, no chemicals,
environmentally friendly, Gas, dust, waste water directly affect
businesses, increasing maintenance, reducing productivity,
incurring costs. Invest in waste treatment systems.
Table 1 Sample of coded data (Appendix B)Reliability and

Validity
This part attempts to illustrate look at frameworks for the
examination to fortify its enduring quality and authenticity.
Enduring quality and authenticity in exploring have been
discussed for the most part among researchers. One way to deal
with overhaul investigate reliability and authenticity is to keep
up a vital separation from subjectivity that shapes the
examination and effects the revelations .with a particular
ultimate objective to do this, the examiner intended
continuously to use formal and precise watching systems in data
get-together and examination. Likewise, the pro thought about
and reviewed her subjectivity to perceive any plausibility to
affect the investigation. The method to manage this issue was
reflexivity. Reflexivity in theoretical research is battled as a
way to deal with ensuring carefulness, (Rakesh, 2014).
Reflexivity is the sort of movement that incorporates the
examiner's essential reflection on what sorts of components
affect the examination masterminding, driving and evaluating.
Thusly, the investigator thought about such factors' part in
keeping up a vital separation from subjectivity in her
examination. An investigation diary and research notes were
used as mechanical assemblies for pondering the dominant piece
of the researcher. Another framework to redesign investigate
faithful quality and authenticity is triangulation. Triangulation
is portrayed as a method for using various data sources in an
examination to overhaul the trustworthiness and convincingness
of the investigation account,(Pachouri,and Sharma, 2016).
Triangulation empowers the investigator to upgrade the
accuracy of judgments by social event different sorts of data
bearing on a comparable ponder and reduces the impact of
potential inclinations that can exist in a singular procedure.
There are four sorts of triangulation: data triangulation,
operator triangulation, theoretical triangulation and
methodological triangulation. Having grasped abstract systems

for this exploratory examination, this examination has focused
on these, as takes after.
i) Triangulation of sources: data sources were settled from
various sources, including gatherings, recognition and report
examination. Moreover, converse with analysing was picked in
perspective of the impressive proximity and responsibility of
the budgetary undertakings for the country's economy (i.e.,
collecting and organisations) as masterminded by the GSO in
2013. At whatever point available, potential interviewees have
perused the most contributing ventures, for instance, materials
and pieces of attire, agrarian things, careful work, tourism, et
cetera. Besides, points of view of approach makers and
distinctive accomplices were similarly included to ensure the
unfaltering quality and authenticity of the examination
revelations.
ii) Investigator triangulation: the examination understudy drove
this investigation with her managers, who had unprecedented
insightful bent and general experience on a conservative
business organisation in making countries.
iii) Triangulation of examination: the examination would be
realised given logical investigation examination with 10 SMEs,
using topical examination from deductively and inductively
made subjects. This was to be offered through examination of
the current situation of the journey for Indian SME
reasonability.
iv) Triangulation of theory: The examination got diverse
sources in the composition on corporate viability organisation
and hypotheses that gave substitute perspectives in taking a
gander at and interpreting the data. They gave distinct points of
view that surveyed the present examination's results.
Chapter Summary

This segment has shown the reason for the picked investigate
technique and system. To get start to finish cognisance of a
creating wonder, it fought that theoretical research is the most
sensible approach since it examines how the works of corporate
sensibility in SMEs are conveying. Given the examination on
SME territory was coordinated thinking about the money related
setting of India, it along these lines utilised an embedded
single-case plot. Distinctive frameworks were used for data
gathering, consolidating into significance interviews, report
review and observations. Data were accumulated from different
wellsprings of information, including 10 SMEs from different
money related regions and of different sizes. Gatherings were in
like manner drove with five government procedure makers and
three industry operators to increment particular points of view
and to triangulate the data assembled from SMEs. The usage of
various wellsprings of the written work and theories on
corporate viability organisation gave interchange perspectives
in taking a gander at and interpreting data. This examination
moreover pondered moral issues to ensure individuals security,
grouping and mystery. The accompanying segment displays the
revelations, examination and exchange in association with the
investigation suggestions on SME money related
practicality.CHAPTER 4: RESULTSIntroduction
This section introduces respondents conclusions about natural
achievement factors influencing SME social supportability. The
natural elements are administrative ability, selecting and
preparing, organising, financial coordination, work limit,
government bolster approaches and innovation and
advancement.
Administrative Capability
The SME proprietors part was thought to be a crucial
achievement factor for firms social manageability. Six of the
ten SMEs detailed that the proprietor supervisor's part was
deciding social practices in the organisations. Two said that

they had some effect on actualising company's social duty. Just
four considered that they either had no part (three) or didn't
know (one) of their part, because their organisations had not
sorted out such exercises in the nearby network. Government
arrangement producers and industry agents shared a view that
administrative ability of SMEs' sole proprietors was the most
vital factor of coordinating firms' social practices.
The respondent likewise uncovered that keeping up a friendly
environment in the working environment prompted a decrease in
representatives' unnecessary pressure with the goal that they
were more gainful and focused on the organisation. The
respondents uncovered that they had the system in associating
workers to empower nearer connections and shared supporting.
Having an alternate perspective, a few interviewees said that the
administrator likewise required new inclusion and energy of
representatives in guaranteeing social advantages, for example,
investing time visiting debilitated individuals and guaranteeing
wage reasonableness among workers.
One respondent remarked that essential social duties, for
example, medical coverage, social protection and work security,
were controlled. Social duty at the nearby level, for example,
offering grants for good understudies and sorting out social
occasions, was not obligatory. These exercises were particularly
up to the individual qualities and inspiration for a social
obligation of the CEOs themselves.
As watched, aside from work benefits directed by law, most
social exercises of SMEs were sorted out through the initiative
of the directors. There was no confirmation of clear or critical
anticipates enhancing mental, social conditions or help to
neighbourhood networks. There was prove that proprietor
directors close to home choices drove social practices of firms.
In general, it is contended that proprietor directors assume
critical parts in deciding social practices in firms. Be that as it

may, this depends on the mindfulness and behaviors of these
proprietor administrators, who choose the degree to which
social practices can be effectively actualised or whether they
conform to laws at the base required commitment level.
A significant portion of the SMEs considered administrative
ability a crucial factor. Five featured this factor as huge.
Another five focused on that it had some effect. One expressed
that he did not view himself as in charge of ecological security.
The contribution from government authorities and industry
agents demonstrated that this issue was imperative to the
achievement of natural practice usage. As indicated by one
respondent, proprietor administrators quality made workers
more mindful of their vitality utilise. Thus, the majority of the
arrangement creators and industry delegates additionally
featured the part of proprietor administrators as noteworthy at
the firm level.
One of the respondents declared the part of proprietor
administrators was vital because their choices influenced firms
practices. Overall, directors mindfulness was vital for driving a
company's natural insurance heading. SME proprietors have
great information about the advantages of ecological practices
could assist firms in making appropriate plans.Enlisting and
Training
Most SME respondents thought about enlisting and preparing as
an essential factor for social manageability. 8 of 10 considered
enrolling and preparing as either noteworthy or having some
effect (seven) on social issues. Three did not see the part as
imperative, and two others did not know about the connection
amongst enrolling and preparing and social practices.
Government authorities and industry delegates underlined that
HR hones in enrolling and preparing could be critical to firms
achievement in actualising social practices. Featured that giving
preparing was an open door where SMEs and representatives
could trade sees. This was found to enable representatives to

build their pledge to the estimations of the social duty of the
organisation. Featured that the part of organisations was the
manner by which to pull in and hold qualified and gifted
workers, which was in truth a social obligation of SMEs in
creating nations, with a specific end goal to do greater business
and diminish neediness. Additionally, he demanded that,
consequently, the venture that paid enough and made reasonable
open doors for staff preparing, a medical coverage
administration and excellent working environment conditions
would draw in and keep up more prominent quantities of
fantastic representatives.
Also, discoveries uncover that, while most assembling
organisations just underlined 'work obligations and aptitudes',
benefits organisations considered that enrolling the 'right'
people for the firm was imperative and gave 'work notices' with
obligation data and individual prerequisites. Most respondents
said that, once the workers were enrolled, the organisation
would continuously teach and prepare them to coordinate with
the organisation's moral qualities. By and large, it tends to
contend that enrolling and preparing is an essential factor
adding to social supportability of SMEs.
Electing and preparing are viewed as having little impact. Just
four SMEs thought about this as critical. Interestingly, nine
respondents specified HR rehearses as having no effect since
they were restricted and unstructured. One SME did not know
about the nearness of this factor. Likewise, government
authorities and industry delegates did not view it as vast as an
exhibit. In benefit organisations, preparing for workers utilising
the web and programming to record.
Organization's deals rather than paper-based records were
accounted for not to be an issue since youngsters were
extremely acquainted with the web and programming these days.
As indicated by an archive survey, preparing for workers could
lessen future costs identified with natural tidy up, central
control and morals ruptures:

In general, preparing in SMEs is subsequently contended to be
casual and to get little consideration. It is additionally
contended that to draw in SMEs with natural manageability, it is
not just representatives yet additionally proprietor chiefs who
require preparing. Proprietor chiefs need to find out about
sustainable practices keeping in mind the end goal to be
aggressive in the worldwide market.
Marketing
Modern bunching and systems administration was thought to be
essential for SME social manageability. About portion of the
SMEs featured the essential part of this factor in encouraging
their social practices. In any case, of nine respondents, six did
not see it as imperative, and three didn't know about an effect.
Then again, government authorities and industry agents
considered modern Clustering and systems administration
assumed an essential part in firms social practices. In general, it
very well may be contended that SMEs take advantage of
grouping and systems administration keeping in mind the end
goal to all the more likely actualise their social practices. The
type of participation among SMEs in the mechanical territory in
executing support for the network in the neighbourhood SME
cooperative attitude. This sort of movement ought to be
supported with the goal that neighbourhood network framework
and value can be made strides.
The more significant part of SMEs, featured the part of current
bunching and systems administration as a very critical factor.
Six respondents saw organising as critical, and the other eight
thought about it as having some effect. Government authorities
and industry agents additionally expressed the significance of
this factor in encouraging SME ecological supportability.
A few respondents focused on that it required investment for all
porcelain and pottery organisations in the zone to change from

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