Cetemin explotacion minas introduccion a la mineria

MAYUCI_HHMØA L @L
MAYUCI_HHMØA L @L
DMAOUÄL
DMAOUÄL
OW[@CYLHMØA IO DMALX
OW[@CYLHMØA IO DMALX
Xleor, Xleor glhor, Xleor sor
Xleor, Xleor glhor, Xleor sor

YLE@L IO
YLE@L IO

HCAYOAMICX
HCAYOAMICX
M.
M. GMXYCUML
GMXYCUML IO
IO @L
@L DMAOUML
DMAOUML [OU_LAL
[OU_LAL ................................................................. ?
................................................................. ?
MM.
MM. MAIMHLICUOX
MAIMHLICUOX OHCACDMHCX
OHCACDMHCX
...........................................................................
........................................................................... =
=
MMM.
MMM. L[CUYOX
L[CUYOX IO
IO @L
@L MAI_XYUML
MAI_XYUML DMAOUL
DMAOUL
................................................................
................................................................ <=
<=
MR
MR.
. HCAHO[YCX
HCAHO[YCX EÌXMHCX
EÌXMHCX IO
IO FOC@CFÄL
FOC@CFÄL ................................................................ 5?
................................................................ 5?
R
R.
. F@CXLUMC
F@CXLUMC IO
IO YOUDMAC
YOUDMACX
X FOC@ØFMHCX
FOC@ØFMHCX ]
] DMAOUCX
DMAOUCX

............................................
............................................ 88
88
RM.
RM. OYL[
OYL[LX
LX IO@
IO@ [UCHOXC
[UCHOXC [UCI_HYMRC
[UCI_HYMRC
.................................................................
................................................................. 9<
9<
RMM.
RMM. HMH@CX
HMH@CX EÌXMHCX
EÌXMHCX IO
IO @LX
@LX C[OULHMCAO
C[OULHMCAOX
X DMAOULX
DMAOULX .............................................. 96
.............................................. 96
RMMM.
RMMM. @L
@L [OUBCUL
[OUBCULHMØA
HMØA .......................................................................................... 9=
.......................................................................................... 9=
MW. RC@LI_UL
MW. RC@LI_UL
.....................................................................................................
..................................................................................................... ?8
?8
W.
W. LHLUUOC I
LHLUUOC IO DL
O DLYOUML@OX
YOUML@OX

................................................................................
................................................................................ ?6
?6
WM.
WM. HCAYUC@ ]XCX
HCAYUC@ ]XCXYOAMDMOAYC IO UC
YOAMDMOAYC IO UCHLX
HLX
.............................................................
............................................................. 28
28
WMM.
WMM. ROAYM@LHMØA IO DMALX
ROAYM@LHMØA IO DMALX
..................................................................................
.................................................................................. 26
26
WMMM.
WMMM. DÍYCICX IO OW[
DÍYCICX IO OW[@CY
@CYLHMØA
LHMØA

.............................................................................
............................................................................. 2=
2=

?
?
Xleor, Xleor Glhor, Xleor Xor
Oa o` Lafuc [orþ: `l Dmaoräl, ac cestlato sor mahmpmoato y ruimdoatlrml, l`hlazø lvlahos scrproaioatos y actl
Oa o` Lafuc [orþ: `l Dmaoräl, ac cestlato sor mahmpmoato y ruimdoatlrml, l`hlazø lvlahos scrproaioatos y actl-
-
eòs hca prchoscs io `ldmalic y busmøa io dotlòs oa l`fuacs hlscs lua ioshcachmics.
eòs hca prchoscs io `ldmalic y busmøa io dotlòs oa l`fuacs hlscs lua ioshcachmics.
@l oxp`ctlhmøa io` crc y `l p`ltl chuplrca `ls proboroahmls io oatcahos plrl `l hcabohhmøa io cenotcs io imsa
@l oxp`ctlhmøa io` crc y `l p`ltl chuplrca `ls proboroahmls io oatcahos plrl `l hcabohhmøa io cenotcs io imsa -
-
hmøa io `l aceòzl, sädec`cs ro`mfmcscs p`lahgls craldoatlòs y vlnm``ls io usc icdíshc.
hmøa io `l aceòzl, sädec`cs ro`mfmcscs p`lahgls craldoatlòs y vlnm``ls io usc icdíshc.
Hcachmorca smstodls io lòlhmcaos y cetuvmorca o` ercaho, porc ac so
Hcachmorca smstodls io lòlhmcaos y cetuvmorca o` ercaho, porc ac so u`mzlrca o` gmorrc hcdc dotl` smac `ls
u`mzlrca o` gmorrc hcdc dotl` smac `ls hul
hul-
-
`milios hc`crlatos quo uslrca oa
`milios hc`crlatos quo uslrca oa toxòräl y horìdmhl.
toxòräl y horìdmhl.
O` gcdero io Hguqumhldltl ‘ Hgmò
O` gcdero io Hguqumhldltl ‘ Hgmò
Huorpc dcdmhlic io` «Gcdero io
Huorpc dcdmhlic io` «Gcdero io
Hceroº. Hguqumhldltl, Hgmò
Hceroº. Hguqumhldltl, Hgmò
O@ GCDEUO IO HCEUO
O@ GCDEUO IO HCEUO HG__MHLDLY
HG__MHLDLYL - HGM@O
L - HGM@O
O` ostuimc io `ls
O` ostuimc io `ls dmals lafuls rovo`l quo `l
dmals lafuls rovo`l quo `l `lecr smhl io oxtrlhhmøa io` dmaorl` so
`lecr smhl io oxtrlhhmøa io` dmaorl` so gmzc eìsmhldoato hca dlr
gmzc eìsmhldoato hca dlr-
-
``cs y pmhcs io pmoirl, `c quo so puoio ioiuhmr pcr `ls guo``ls
``cs y pmhcs io pmoirl, `c quo so puoio ioiuhmr pcr `ls guo``ls io puatcs oa `cs durcs quo hcrrospcaioa l dlrhls
io puatcs oa `cs durcs quo hcrrospcaioa l dlrhls
ionlils pcr mastrudoatcs io pmoirl. [lrl hcachor ua pchc dìs lhorhl io ostl tlrol os mdpcrtlato robormrso l`
ionlils pcr mastrudoatcs io pmoirl. [lrl hcachor ua pchc dìs lhorhl io ostl tlrol os mdpcrtlato robormrso l`
tosdcamc io` Gcdero io Hcero, gl``lic oa o`
tosdcamc io` Gcdero io Hcero, gl``lic oa o` iosmortc io Ltlhldl, l` acrto io Hgmò.
iosmortc io Ltlhldl, l` acrto io Hgmò.
Oa <7==,
Oa <7==, oa Hguqumhldltl y dìs prohmsldoato oa `l
oa Hguqumhldltl y dìs prohmsldoato oa `l dmal ``ldlil Uostlurlicrl, so oahcatrø oa duy euoa ostlic
dmal ``ldlil Uostlurlicrl, so oahcatrø oa duy euoa ostlic
io hcasorvlhmøa o` huorpc dcdmhlic y `cs mastrudoatcs io ua dmaorc quo durmø dmoatrls trlelnlel ual votl.
io hcasorvlhmøa o` huorpc dcdmhlic y `cs mastrudoatcs io ua dmaorc quo durmø dmoatrls trlelnlel ual votl.
Ostcs rostcs buorca bohglics glhml 2;; i.H. y lhtul`doato so oahuoatrla oa o` Dusoc io Gmstcrml Alturl` io Auovl
Ostcs rostcs buorca bohglics glhml 2;; i.H. y lhtul`doato so oahuoatrla oa o` Dusoc io Gmstcrml Alturl` io Auovl
]crj. O` gl``lzfc os duy rmhc oa mabcrdlhmøa scero `ls hlrlhtorästmhls y hcaimhmcaos io` trlelnc dmaorc. Uovmso
]crj. O` gl``lzfc os duy rmhc oa mabcrdlhmøa scero `ls hlrlhtorästmhls y hcaimhmcaos io` trlelnc dmaorc. Uovmso -
-
dcs hca Hlrhoic l`fuacs iotl`òs io` dmsdc>
dcs hca Hlrhoic l`fuacs iotl`òs io` dmsdc>
‐Churrmø ua iorrudeo dmoatrls trlelnlel oa ua schlvøa ac duy l`tc, hca osplhmc plrl lrrlstrlrso y trlelnlr io
‐Churrmø ua iorrudeo dmoatrls trlelnlel oa ua schlvøa ac duy l`tc, hca osplhmc plrl lrrlstrlrso y trlelnlr io
hcstlic. Ioe
hcstlic. Ioeäl lprcvohglr `ls frmotls alturlòs plrl uemhlr o` dmaorl` io hcero y
äl lprcvohglr `ls frmotls alturlòs plrl uemhlr o` dmaorl` io hcero y cetoaor `ls hcahoatrlhmcaos. Xo
cetoaor `ls hcahoatrlhmcaos. Xo
oahcatrlr
oahcatrlrca tcils sus
ca tcils sus gorrldmoatls hcasmstoa
gorrldmoatls hcasmstoatos oa> hultrc dlr``cs
tos oa> hultrc dlr``cs oadlaflics, ua lzliøa hca
oadlaflics, ua lzliøa hca gcnl io pmoirl
gcnl io pmoirl
y `l dlamnl quoerlil, ua lzliøa io
y `l dlamnl quoerlil, ua lzliøa io dliorl c rlstrm``c (l` hul` ò bl`tl o`
dliorl c rlstrm``c (l` hul` ò bl`tl o` dlafc), ics pl`mtcs io dliorl, ual ec`sl
dlafc), ics pl`mtcs io dliorl, ual ec`sl
io huorc hruic io ``ldl, hultrc hostcs oa ospmrl` mahcdpòtcs, brlfdoatcs io hostoräl y ual hcrrol io huorc—
io huorc hruic io ``ldl, hultrc hostcs oa ospmrl` mahcdpòtcs, brlfdoatcs io hostoräl y ual hcrrol io huorc—
Oa hulatc l `l tíhamhl io
Oa hulatc l `l tíhamhl io oxtrlhhmøa, o` Gcdero io Hcero ioemø uslr o` dlr``c hca
oxtrlhhmøa, o` Gcdero io Hcero ioemø uslr o` dlr``c hca ldels dlacs y l
ldels dlacs y l ual imstlahml
ual imstlahml
ioto
iotordmali
rdmalil. [lrl rcdpor y soòhhm
l. [lrl rcdpor y soòhhmcalr o`
calr o` dmaorl` osto dmao
dmaorl` osto dmaorc ioemø usl
rc ioemø uslr dlrtm``
r dlrtm``cs sma
cs sma dlafc, porhu
dlafc, porhutcro
tcros quo
s quo
pu`vormzlräla lquo``ls pcrhmcaos io rchl quo ac ò smrvmorla. @l imboroahml io posc oatro `cs dlr``cs ac oadla
pu`vormzlräla lquo``ls pcrhmcaos io rchl quo ac ò smrvmorla. @l imboroahml io posc oatro `cs dlr``cs ac oadla -
-
flics sufmoro quo o` dmaorc `cs u`mzlel iopoaimoaic io `l iurozl io `l rchl y io` tldlüc l` quo í` quoräl roiuhmr
flics sufmoro quo o` dmaorc `cs u`mzlel iopoaimoaic io `l iurozl io `l rchl y io` tldlüc l` quo í` quoräl roiuhmr
o` dltorml`. Yc
o` dltorml`. Ycics `cs dlr``cs
ics `cs dlr``cs orla io laiosmtl, plrhml`doato pu`mics y `l
orla io laiosmtl, plrhml`doato pu`mics y `l bcrdl io l`fuacs io o``cs
bcrdl io l`fuacs io o``cs `mforldoat
`mforldoato
o
dcimhlil doimlato ual tcshl porhusmøa. @l pl`l, lzliøa c rlstrm``c io dliorl puic sorvmr plrl rohcfor o` dm
dcimhlil doimlato ual tcshl porhusmøa. @l pl`l, lzliøa c rlstrm``c io dliorl puic sorvmr plrl rohcfor o` dm -
-
GMXYCUML IO @L DMAOUÄL
GMXYCUML IO @L DMAOUÄL [OU_LAL
[OU_LAL
M
M
HL[ÄY_@C
HL[ÄY_@C
<
< @L DMAOUÄL OA O@ LAYMF_C [OUÞ
@L DMAOUÄL OA O@ LAYMF_C [OUÞ
O` prmdor dmaorc oa @lac Ldírmhl
O` prmdor dmaorc oa @lac Ldírmhl

Dlaul` io`
Dlaul` io` Ostuimlat
Ostuimlato
o
2
2
aorl` io` suo`c quo ual voz rctc y soòhhmcalic so dol oa `ls hlalstls. O` rostc io `cs mastrudoatcs oa dliorl
aorl` io` suo`c quo ual voz rctc y soòhhmcalic so dol oa `ls hlalstls. O` rostc io `cs mastrudoatcs oa dliorl
sca uacs pl`mtcs l`lrflics quo sorvmräla hcdc huüls oa `cs
sca uacs pl`mtcs l`lrflics quo sorvmräla hcdc huüls oa `cs durcs io `l votl y pcior lsä rodcvor `l rchl. @l ec`sl
durcs io `l votl y pcior lsä rodcvor `l rchl. @l ec`sl
io huorc y `cs hultrc hostcs emoa puimorca toaor `l buahmøa io trlaspcrtlr o` dltorml` io` matormcr io` schlvøa l`
io huorc y `cs hultrc hostcs emoa puimorca toaor `l buahmøa io trlaspcrtlr o` dltorml` io` matormcr io` schlvøa l`
oxtormcr: ual tíhamhl quo plroho gleorso dlatoamic iurlato smf`cs buo `l io trlaspcrtlr o` dmaorl` oa o` slhc io
oxtormcr: ual tíhamhl quo plroho gleorso dlatoamic iurlato smf`cs buo `l io trlaspcrtlr o` dmaorl` oa o` slhc io
huorc, l `ls osplìls, scstoamic l
huorc, l `ls osplìls, scstoamic l `l hleozl hca ual hcrrol c hmatl.— (Ioacdmalil ‐hlplhg
`l hleozl hca ual hcrrol c hmatl.— (Ioacdmalil ‐hlplhgc—).
c—).
Iurlato tros smf`cs io hc`caml `l
Iurlato tros smf`cs io hc`caml `l dmaoräl so hcahrotø l `l
dmaoräl so hcahrotø l `l
oxp`ctlhmøa io` crc, `l p`ltl y o` lzcfuo, y oa doacr oshl`l
oxp`ctlhmøa io` crc, `l p`ltl y o` lzcfuo, y oa doacr oshl`l
o` hcero, o` ostlüc y o`
o` hcero, o` ostlüc y o` p`cdc.
p`cdc.
@ls dmals hcastmtuäla
@ls dmals hcastmtuäla prcpmoili io `l hcrcal ospl
prcpmoili io `l hcrcal ospl-
-
üc`l, quo ctcrflel hcahosmcaos l `cs sþeimtcs poamasu
üc`l, quo ctcrflel hcahosmcaos l `cs sþeimtcs poamasu-
-
`lros l hldemc io ual plrto io `cs dmaorlòs cetoamics
`lros l hldemc io ual plrto io `cs dmaorlòs cetoamics
y o` hcdprcdmsc io trlelnlr`ls mamatorrudpmil
y o` hcdprcdmsc io trlelnlr`ls mamatorrudpmil-
-
doato
doato elnc po
elnc poalio p
alio porio
orior `lhc
r `lhcahos
ahosmøa.O`
møa.O` sms
smstodl
todl io
io trl
trl-
-
elnc orl magudlac pcrquo so elslel oa o` usc leusmvc
elnc orl magudlac pcrquo so elslel oa o` usc leusmvc
io `ls dmtls.
io `ls dmtls.
Oa ostl ípchl, `l prmahmpl` prciuhhmøa dmaorl oa vl`cr orl
Oa ostl ípchl, `l prmahmpl` prciuhhmøa dmaorl oa vl`cr orl
io [`ltl, sofumil io` Crc.
io [`ltl, sofumil io` Crc.
@ls prmahmplòs zcals io prciuhhmøa io p`ltl, buorca
@ls prmahmplòs zcals io prciuhhmøa io p`ltl, buorca
oa prmdor ùflr [ctcsä (iosio <?87) oa `l lhtul` Ec
oa prmdor ùflr [ctcsä (iosio <?87) oa `l lhtul` Ec-
-
`mvml, `l hlaili io p`ltl quo so prciunc oa [ctcsä os
`mvml, `l hlaili io p`ltl quo so prciunc oa [ctcsä os
madoasl. Xofuäla Hly``cdl (Lroqumpl), Hlstrcvmrroyal
madoasl. Xofuäla Hly``cdl (Lroqumpl), Hlstrcvmrroyal
(Gulahlvo`mhl) @lyh
(Gulahlvo`mhl) @lyhlhctl (puac) Gulrchgmrä (_aml)
lhctl (puac) Gulrchgmrä (_aml) Hla
Hla-
-
tl (@mdl), Gulatlnlyl (horhl io Mqumquo lgcrl Hgmò).
tl (@mdl), Gulatlnlyl (horhl io Mqumquo lgcrl Hgmò).
Horrc io [lshc so ioshuermr oa
Horrc io [lshc so ioshuermr oa <2<5 o
<2<5 o madoimltldoat
madoimltldoato
o
so hcavmrtmø oa `l prmahmpl` prciuhtcrl io p`ltl
so hcavmrtmø oa `l prmahmpl` prciuhtcrl io p`ltl
oa `c quo os gcy torrmtcrmc porulac. Iospuís so
oa `c quo os gcy torrmtcrmc porulac. Iospuís so
ioshuermø Gul`flych (Hlnldlrhl) oa <627. Oa tcics os
ioshuermø Gul`flych (Hlnldlrhl) oa <627. Oa tcics os-
-
tcs ùflros so oahuoatrla rumals io `ls lafuls
tcs ùflros so oahuoatrla rumals io `ls lafuls p`latls
p`latls
dotl`þrfmhls.
dotl`þrfmhls.
L
L y
y I
I>
> [
[c
cz
zc
cs
s L
L y
y H
H>
> F
Fl
l`
ò
or
rm
ml
ls
s O
O>
> Y
Yu
ua
ao
o`
` B
B>
> E
Ec
ch
hl
l i
io
o Y
Yþ
þa
ao
o`
`
Xo oxp`ctø frla hlaili io dorhurmc, io `l
Xo oxp`ctø frla hlaili io dorhurmc, io `l dmal Xlatl
dmal Xlatl
Eìrelrl, horhl io Gulahlvo`mhl, quo
Eìrelrl, horhl io Gulahlvo`mhl, quo orl mdproshmaimeò
orl mdproshmaimeò
plrl o` dítcic io ldl`fldlhmøa io `l p`ltl. O` iíhmt
plrl o` dítcic io ldl`fldlhmøa io `l p`ltl. O` iíhmt
io dorhurmc so mdpcrtlel io Ourcpl io Mirml oa Gua
io dorhurmc so mdpcrtlel io Ourcpl io Mirml oa Gua-
-
fräl y io L`dlioa oa Osplül.
fräl y io L`dlioa oa Osplül.
Iurlato `l hc`caml so oxp`ctø duy pchc hcero, o` hcero
Iurlato `l hc`caml so oxp`ctø duy pchc hcero, o` hcero
aohoslrmc so trläl io Hgmò, io `l rofmøa io Hcpmlpø plrl
aohoslrmc so trläl io Hgmò, io `l rofmøa io Hcpmlpø plrl
blermhlr lrdls y gorrldmoatls io ercaho. Ac so
blermhlr lrdls y gorrldmoatls io ercaho. Ac so prciunc
prciunc
gmorrc oa `l hc`caml.
gmorrc oa `l hc`caml.
Oa o` [orþ so uslela dc`macs io pmoirl, so hcastruäl
Oa o` [orþ so uslela dc`macs io pmoirl, so hcastruäl
ua durc hmrhu`lr io uacs 5dts io imìdotrc y so pcaäl
ua durc hmrhu`lr io uacs 5dts io imìdotrc y so pcaäl
ual pmoirl hmrhu`lr oa o` pmsc y so glhäla rctlr scero o`
ual pmoirl hmrhu`lr oa o` pmsc y so glhäla rctlr scero o`
pmsc ics ruoils io pmoirl io doacr imìdotrc uamils
pmsc ics ruoils io pmoirl io doacr imìdotrc uamils
pcr ua ono gcrmzcatl` quo ostlel l su voz uamic l ua ono
pcr ua ono gcrmzcatl` quo ostlel l su voz uamic l ua ono
vorhl` quo plslel l ua sofuaic pmsc icaio so ò glhml
vorhl` quo plslel l ua sofuaic pmsc icaio so ò glhml
ilr vuo`tls hca lhídm`ls. L vohos o` ono vorhl` elnlel l
ilr vuo`tls hca lhídm`ls. L vohos o` ono vorhl` elnlel l
ua søtlac icaio so pcaäl ual ruoil gmirìu`mhl quo orl
ua søtlac icaio so pcaäl ual ruoil gmirìu`mhl quo orl
dcvmil pcr ual lhoquml quo plslel pcr osto søtlac.
dcvmil pcr ual lhoquml quo plslel pcr osto søtlac.
@l dmaoräl porulal oa `l hc`caml y o` `cs prmahmpmcs io `l
@l dmaoräl porulal oa `l hc`caml y o` `cs prmahmpmcs io `l
ropþe`mhl buo osoahml`doato io p`ltl
ropþe`mhl buo osoahml`doato io p`ltl
[orþ hcatø, oa su dcdoatc, hca `l dmal io p`ltl dìs
[orþ hcatø, oa su dcdoatc, hca `l dmal io p`ltl dìs
frlaio io` duaic ‐[ctcsä—
frlaio io` duaic ‐[ctcsä—
5
5 @L DMAOUÄL OA @L HC@CAML
@L DMAOUÄL OA @L HC@CAML

Matrciuhhmøa l `l Dmaoräl
6
6
@l odlahmplhmøa plrl`mzø frla plrto io `l lhvmili dmaorl pcr bl`tl io dlac io cerl, yl quo `l dlycräl io `cs
@l odlahmplhmøa plrl`mzø frla plrto io `l lhvmili dmaorl pcr bl`tl io dlac io cerl, yl quo `l dlycräl io `cs
glemtlatos so oahcatrlela bcrdlaic plrto
glemtlatos so oahcatrlela bcrdlaic plrto io` onírhmtc `meortlicr
io` onírhmtc `meortlicr.
.
Yordmalil `l Fuorrl io `l Maiopoaioahml `l dmaoräl buo rohcerìaicso y prcatc l`hlazø auovcs mdpu`scs quo so
Yordmalil `l Fuorrl io `l Maiopoaioahml `l dmaoräl buo rohcerìaicso y prcatc l`hlazø auovcs mdpu`scs quo so
p`lsdlrca hca `l buailhmøa io `l Oshuo`l io Mafoamorcs oa <762 (gcy _AM) y `l prcdu`flhmøa, oa <766, io `l @oy
p`lsdlrca hca `l buailhmøa io `l Oshuo`l io Mafoamorcs oa <762 (gcy _AM) y `l prcdu`flhmøa, oa <766, io `l @oy
Uobcrdlt
Uobcrdltcrml io `ls
crml io `ls Crioalazls io Dmaoräl.
Crioalazls io Dmaoräl.
O` prmdor Høimfc io Dmaoräl Uopue`mhlac so imc oa <=;<.
O` prmdor Høimfc io Dmaoräl Uopue`mhlac so imc oa <=;<.
L aos io` smf`c MWW (<7=7) so ioshuermorca frlaios iopøsmtcs io hcero oa o` dmsdc Horrc io [lsoc y tldemía
L aos io` smf`c MWW (<7=7) so ioshuermorca frlaios iopøsmtcs io hcero oa o` dmsdc Horrc io [lsoc y tldemía
horhl io l``ä oa Hc`qumnmrhl, y so mamhmc oa ostl `l dmaoräl io` hcero. O` prohmc io` hcero mdpu`sø `l dmaoräl io osto
horhl io l``ä oa Hc`qumnmrhl, y so mamhmc oa ostl `l dmaoräl io` hcero. O` prohmc io` hcero mdpu`sø `l dmaoräl io osto
dotl` oa ctrls prcvmahmls, ospohml`doato oa
dotl` oa ctrls prcvmahmls, ospohml`doato oa `hl.
`hl.
Xc`c so oxp`ctlela l` hcdmoazc `cs dmaorlòs io l`tl òy, quo pciäla buaimrso imrohtldoato. ] so ostleòhmorca
Xc`c so oxp`ctlela l` hcdmoazc `cs dmaorlòs io l`tl òy, quo pciäla buaimrso imrohtldoato. ] so ostleòhmorca
duhgls buaimhmcaos, `ls dìs
duhgls buaimhmcaos, `ls dìs mdpcrtlatos oa Ymaylgulrh
mdpcrtlatos oa Ymaylgulrhc (Horrc io [lshc) ùflr tldemía hcachmic hcdc Xdo`tor
c (Horrc io [lshc) ùflr tldemía hcachmic hcdc Xdo`tor
icaio gly oacrdos rumals io ostls mastl`lhmcaos.
icaio gly oacrdos rumals io ostls mastl`lhmcaos.
Oa vmstl quo oa o` [orþ gleäl hcero dozh`lic hca zmah, y hca p`cdc, y toaäl l`tc hcatoamic io p`ltl @l buaimhmøa tldemía
Oa vmstl quo oa o` [orþ gleäl hcero dozh`lic hca zmah, y hca p`cdc, y toaäl l`tc hcatoamic io p`ltl @l buaimhmøa tldemía
so ldp`äl l ostcs dmaorlòs dmxtcs y so prciuhäla uals dltls (dozh`l io dotlòs y su`burcs io dotlòs) hca Hcero,
so ldp`äl l ostcs dmaorlòs dmxtcs y so prciuhäla uals dltls (dozh`l io dotlòs y su`burcs io dotlòs) hca Hcero,
[`cdc, ^mah y [`ltl. Ostc iurø glstl dìs c doacs <=5;.
[`cdc, ^mah y [`ltl. Ostc iurø glstl dìs c doacs <=5;.
]l iosio <=<9 so gleäla hcdoazlic l uslr `cs dítcics io hcahoatrlhmøa pcr ctlhmøa, ostc rovcùhmcac `l ma
]l iosio <=<9 so gleäla hcdoazlic l uslr `cs dítcics io hcahoatrlhmøa pcr ctlhmøa, ostc rovcùhmcac `l ma-
-
iustrml y frliul`doato tcils `ls dmals licptlrca osto smstodl quo so usl glstl gcy. [rovml `l dc`moail al, `l
iustrml y frliul`doato tcils `ls dmals licptlrca osto smstodl quo so usl glstl gcy. [rovml `l dc`moail al, `l
b`ctlhmøa pordmtmø soplrlr `cs dmaorlòs y hcahoatrlics pcr prciuhtcs oa dmaorlòs (su`burcs) hcahoatrlics
b`ctlhmøa pordmtmø soplrlr `cs dmaorlòs y hcahoatrlics pcr prciuhtcs oa dmaorlòs (su`burcs) hcahoatrlics
io [`cdc-[`ltl, Hcero y io ^mah.
io [`cdc-[`ltl, Hcero y io ^mah.
Oa <=55 so malufurø `l buaimhmøa io `l Crcyl, l` hcdmoazc sc`c plrl dmaorlòs io hcero, ldp`mìaicso suhosmvl
Oa <=55 so malufurø `l buaimhmøa io `l Crcyl, l` hcdmoazc sc`c plrl dmaorlòs io hcero, ldp`mìaicso suhosmvl-
-
doato, plslaic ùofc tldemía l roalr `cs dotlòs.
doato, plslaic ùofc tldemía l roalr `cs dotlòs.
Oa <=?; so imhtø o` Høimfc io Dmaoräl, frla dctcr o mdpu`scr io `l dmaoräl y oa <==5 hca `l auovl @oy io [rcdc
Oa <=?; so imhtø o` Høimfc io Dmaoräl, frla dctcr o mdpu`scr io `l dmaoräl y oa <==5 hca `l auovl @oy io [rcdc-
-
hmøa io `ls
hmøa io `ls Mavorsmcaos oa Dmaoräl, o`
Mavorsmcaos oa Dmaoräl, o` hrohmdmoatc io osto sohtcr gl smic
hrohmdmoatc io osto sohtcr gl smic ospohtlhu`lr
ospohtlhu`lr.
.
@ls roaoräls io Hcero io M`c y `l io ^mah io Hlnldlrqum``l (@mdl) so malufurlrca oa `l iíhlil io <=7;.
@ls roaoräls io Hcero io M`c y `l io ^mah io Hlnldlrqum``l (@mdl) so malufurlrca oa `l iíhlil io <=7;.
8.< HUCAC@CFÄL DMAOUL OA O@ [OUÞ
8.< HUCAC@CFÄL DMAOUL OA O@ [OUÞ
<?9; @cs Gordlacs Brlahmshc, Fcazl`c y Goralaic [mzlrrc hcasmfuoa `l uemhlhmøa io `l dmal io p`ltl io [lrhc
<?9; @cs Gordlacs Brlahmshc, Fcazl`c y Goralaic [mzlrrc hcasmfuoa `l uemhlhmøa io `l dmal io p`ltl io [lrhc
oa o` L`tc [orþ, pcr mabcrdlhmøa io l`fuacs maiäfoals oa <?9;. <?9? Xo ioshueroa dmals crc y p`ltl oa vlrmls
oa o` L`tc [orþ, pcr mabcrdlhmøa io l`fuacs maiäfoals oa <?9;. <?9? Xo ioshueroa dmals crc y p`ltl oa vlrmls
rofmcaos io` [orþ.
rofmcaos io` [orþ.
<?9?
<?9?> OM maiäfoal Gul``pl ioshuero `l dmal io [ctcsä.
> OM maiäfoal Gul``pl ioshuero `l dmal io [ctcsä.
<?22
<?22> O` maiäfoal Alvmahcpl ioshuero `l
> O` maiäfoal Alvmahcpl ioshuero `l dmal io dorhurmc io Xlatl Eìrelrl oa Gulahlvo`mhl.
dmal io dorhurmc io Xlatl Eìrelrl oa Gulahlvo`mhl.
<28;
<28;> O` maiäfoal Xlalfc Gulrm-Hlphgl ioshuero `l
> O` maiäfoal Xlalfc Gulrm-Hlphgl ioshuero `l dmal io Horrc io [lshc.
dmal io Horrc io [lshc.
<75; - <759
<75; - <759> Xo prciuho ual ioh`malhmøa oa
> Xo prciuho ual ioh`malhmøa oa `l lhvmili dmaorl iormvlil io `ls
`l lhvmili dmaorl iormvlil io `ls fuorrls io `l maiopoaioahml.
fuorrls io `l maiopoaioahml.
<79;
<79;> O` [orþ mafrosl l` dorhlic matoralhmcal` hca `l oxpcrtlhmøa io` fulac io `ls ms`ls. O` Xl`mtro io Ylrlplhì,
> O` [orþ mafrosl l` dorhlic matoralhmcal` hca `l oxpcrtlhmøa io` fulac io `ls ms`ls. O` Xl`mtro io Ylrlplhì,
ioshuemortc l prmahmpmcs io` smf`c
ioshuemortc l prmahmpmcs io` smf`c WMW y huyl prciuhhmøa oa
WMW y huyl prciuhhmøa oa poquoül oshl`l hcdmoazl oa <78;, prcduovo o` matorís
poquoül oshl`l hcdmoazl oa <78;, prcduovo o` matorís
oa `l Fuorrl io` [lhähc.
oa `l Fuorrl io` [lhähc.
<76<
<76<> Xo mamhml `l
> Xo mamhml `l orl io `cs borrchlrrmòs, Lroqumpl - Dc`moaic: `cs prmdorcs 62 Jd. io`
orl io `cs borrchlrrmòs, Lroqumpl - Dc`moaic: `cs prmdorcs 62 Jd. io` Hl``lc-@l Crcyl, y oa <76?
Hl``lc-@l Crcyl, y oa <76?
`òfl glstl Hgm`hl. Oa <768 o` M`c Dcquoful y oa <769 Lroqumpl - [uac. .
`òfl glstl Hgm`hl. Oa <768 o` M`c Dcquoful y oa <769 Lroqumpl - [uac. .
<=;<
<=;<> _a smaimhltc alahmorc io Auovl ]crj hcdpr
> _a smaimhltc alahmorc io Auovl ]crj hcdprl o` 7;% io
l o` 7;% io `ls dmals io Horrc io [lshc, bcrdlaic `l Horrc io
`ls dmals io Horrc io [lshc, bcrdlaic `l Horrc io
[lsoc Hcppor Hcrpcrlca
[lsoc Hcppor Hcrpcrlca
O` smf`c WW so hlrlhtormzl pcr doncrlr `cs prchoimdmoatcs dmaorcs y `l matoasmbmhlhmøa io `cs trlelncs io prcspoh
O` smf`c WW so hlrlhtormzl pcr doncrlr `cs prchoimdmoatcs dmaorcs y `l matoasmbmhlhmøa io `cs trlelncs io prcspoh -
-
hmøa y
hmøa y oxp`crlhmøa io frlaios ylhmdmoatcs.
oxp`crlhmøa io frlaios ylhmdmoatcs.
8
8 @L DMAOUÄL OA @L UO[ÞE@MHL
@L DMAOUÄL OA @L UO[ÞE@MHL

7
7
ACYLX>
ACYLX>

=
=
O` vl`cr tctl` io `l
O` vl`cr tctl` io `l prciuhhmøa hcrrmoato io emoaos y sorvmhmcs
prciuhhmøa hcrrmoato io emoaos y sorvmhmcs alòs ioatrc io` torrmtcrmc alhmcal` iurlato ua
alòs ioatrc io` torrmtcrmc alhmcal` iurlato ua
poräcic io odpc quo foaorl`doato os ua trmdostro c ua lüc. ]l quo ual ohcacdäl prciuho frla aþdorc
poräcic io odpc quo foaorl`doato os ua trmdostro c ua lüc. ]l quo ual ohcacdäl prciuho frla aþdorc
io emoaos, o` [ME os `l
io emoaos, o` [ME os `l sudl io tlòs oòdoatcs oa ual sc`l ostliäshl io `l prciuhhmøa f`cel` io
sudl io tlòs oòdoatcs oa ual sc`l ostliäshl io `l prciuhhmøa f`cel` io `cs emoaos
`cs emoaos
y sorvmhmcs doahmcalics
y sorvmhmcs doahmcalics
@ls rosorvls matoralhmcalòs aotls ostìa bcrdlils pcr `cs lhvcs oxtoracs quo ostìa elnc
@ls rosorvls matoralhmcalòs aotls ostìa bcrdlils pcr `cs lhvcs oxtoracs quo ostìa elnc hcatrc` io` Elahc Hoa
hcatrc` io` Elahc Hoa-
-
trl` io Uosorvl. Ostcs lhvcs sca io
trl` io Uosorvl. Ostcs lhvcs sca io imspcamem`mili madoimltl y puoioa sor
imspcamem`mili madoimltl y puoioa sor uslics plrl alahmlr plfcs l`
uslics plrl alahmlr plfcs l` oxtormcr
oxtormcr,
,
pcr onodp`c, `cs plfcs pcr mdpcrtlhmcaos. @ls rosorvls matoralhmcalòs tldemía puoioa sor u`mzlils pcr o` Elahc
pcr onodp`c, `cs plfcs pcr mdpcrtlhmcaos. @ls rosorvls matoralhmcalòs tldemía puoioa sor u`mzlils pcr o` Elahc
Hoatrl` io Uosorvl plrl matorvoamr oa o` dorhlic hldemlrmc y ioboaior `l tlsl io hldemc hulaic o``c sol aohoslrmc.
Hoatrl` io Uosorvl plrl matorvoamr oa o` dorhlic hldemlrmc y ioboaior `l tlsl io hldemc hulaic o``c sol aohoslrmc.
@l lhudu`lhmøa io rosorvls matoralhmcalòs os o`
@l lhudu`lhmøa io rosorvls matoralhmcalòs os o` rosu`tlic io `ls trlaslhhmcaos quo ua
rosu`tlic io `ls trlaslhhmcaos quo ua pläs rol`mzl hca o`
pläs rol`mzl hca o` oxtormcr
oxtormcr.
.
@ls trlaslhhmcaos quo prciuhoa mafroscs io imvmsls oatro ctrls sca, `ls oxpcrtlhmcaos, `cs hríimtcs io elahcs ox
@ls trlaslhhmcaos quo prciuhoa mafroscs io imvmsls oatro ctrls sca, `ls oxpcrtlhmcaos, `cs hríimtcs io elahcs ox-
-
trlanorcs, `lstrlasbor
trlanorcs, `lstrlasboroahmlsgohglspcr
oahmlsgohglspcr porulacsoa oòxtormcr
porulacsoa oòxtormcr, y`l
, y`l mavorsmøa oxtr
mavorsmøa oxtrlanorloa o`pläs.
lanorloa o`pläs. @lsquo foaorla
@lsquo foaorla
ofroscs io imvmsls sca `ls
ofroscs io imvmsls sca `ls mdpcrtlhmcaos, `cs plfcs io matorosos io `ls iouils hcatrläils oa o`
mdpcrtlhmcaos, `cs plfcs io matorosos io `ls iouils hcatrläils oa o` oxtormcr
oxtormcr, y `cs
, y `cs fmrcs
fmrcs
io porulacs iosio o` matormcr glhml o` oxtormcr, oatro ctrls. Hulaic `cs mafroscs sca dlycros quo `cs ofroscs so
io porulacs iosio o` matormcr glhml o` oxtormcr, oatro ctrls. Hulaic `cs mafroscs sca dlycros quo `cs ofroscs so
lhudu`la rosorvls matoralhmcalòs.
lhudu`la rosorvls matoralhmcalòs.
MAIMHLICUOX
MAIMHLICUOX OHCACDMH
OHCACDMHCX
CX
MM
MM
HL[ÄY_@C
HL[ÄY_@C
[rciuhtc erutc matorac> 5;;5 L 5;<?
[rciuhtc erutc matorac> 5;;5 L 5;<?
5.< UOXOURLXMAYOUALHMCAL@OXAOYLX(DM@@CAOXIOIØ@LUOXLDOUMHLACX)
5.< UOXOURLXMAYOUALHMCAL@OXAOYLX(DM@@CAOXIOIØ@LUOXLDOUMHLACX)
@ls UMA ostìa hcdpuostls pcr> toaoahmls oa crc y p`ltl, em`òtos y dcaoils oxtrlanorcs, iopøsmtcs y horhlics io
@ls UMA ostìa hcdpuostls pcr> toaoahmls oa crc y p`ltl, em`òtos y dcaoils oxtrlanorcs, iopøsmtcs y horhlics io
iopøsmtc io imvmsls pcr poräcics ac
iopøsmtc io imvmsls pcr poräcics ac dlycros l =; iäls, tu`cs odmics pcr
dlycros l =; iäls, tu`cs odmics pcr crflamsdcs matoralhmcalòs, lhopt
crflamsdcs matoralhmcalòs, lhoptlhmc
lhmc-
-
aos elahlrmls ospohmlòs ac dlycros l =;
aos elahlrmls ospohmlòs ac dlycros l =; iäls, oatro ctrcs.
iäls, oatro ctrcs.
@ls UMA hcatrmeuyoa l `l
@ls UMA hcatrmeuyoa l `l ostlem`mzlhmøa ohcaødmhl y alahmorl io` pläs io bcrdl quo
ostlem`mzlhmøa ohcaødmhl y alahmorl io` pläs io bcrdl quo flrlazla ual rosorvl imspc
flrlazla ual rosorvl imspc-
-
ameò io imvmsls plrl oabroatlr pcsmeòs sgchjs oxtoracs todpcrlòs c ua ovoatul` rorc dlsmvc io iopøsmtcs oa
ameò io imvmsls plrl oabroatlr pcsmeòs sgchjs oxtoracs todpcrlòs c ua ovoatul` rorc dlsmvc io iopøsmtcs oa
dcaoil oxtrlanorl io` smstodl
dcaoil oxtrlanorl io` smstodl alahmorc.
alahmorc.
<
< [UCI_HYC EU_YC MAYOUAC
[UCI_HYC EU_YC MAYOUAC
5
5 UOXOURLX MAYOUALHMCAL@OX AOYLX
UOXOURLX MAYOUALHMCAL@OX AOYLX

Dlaul` io`
Ostuimlato
o
<;
<;
MAB@LHMØA LA_L@
MAB@LHMØA LA_L@
Os `l pírimil io` pcior liqumsmvc io` imaorc oa ua iotordmalic pormcic. Iohmdcs quo gly malhmøa hulaic
Os `l pírimil io` pcior liqumsmvc io` imaorc oa ua iotordmalic pormcic. Iohmdcs quo gly malhmøa hulaic
sueoa `cs prohmcs oa foaorl`. @l malhmøa so dmio foaorl`doato pcr `l tlsl io ludoatc io` äaimho io prohmcs io
sueoa `cs prohmcs oa foaorl`. @l malhmøa so dmio foaorl`doato pcr `l tlsl io ludoatc io` äaimho io prohmcs io
hcasudc, quo os ua äaimho io`
hcasudc, quo os ua äaimho io` hcstc io `l hostl io emoaos quo hcdprl o`
hcstc io `l hostl io emoaos quo hcdprl o` hcasudmicr pmhc.
hcasudmicr pmhc.
O` EHU, pcr doimc io `ls UMA, oao hcdc cenovc prmdcriml` flrlazlr `l `mqumioz io imvmsls matoralhmcalòs: y,
O` EHU, pcr doimc io `ls UMA, oao hcdc cenovc prmdcriml` flrlazlr `l `mqumioz io imvmsls matoralhmcalòs: y,
ùofc, dlxmdmzlr o` roaimdmoatc io `ls dmsdls.
ùofc, dlxmdmzlr o` roaimdmoatc io `ls dmsdls.
Uosorvls matoralhmcalòs
Uosorvls matoralhmcalòs
[orþ> Uosorvls matoralhmcalòs Aotls
[orþ> Uosorvls matoralhmcalòs Aotls

<<
<<
Mastutc Alhmcal` io Ostliäshl o Mabcrdìhl (MAOM).
Mastutc Alhmcal` io Ostliäshl o Mabcrdìhl (MAOM).
Malhmøa <=7; - 5;<? vlrmlhmøa oa %
Malhmøa <=7; - 5;<? vlrmlhmøa oa %
Ovc`uhmøa io `ls oxpcrtlhmcaos dmaorls dotì`mhls / _X$ dm``caos
Ovc`uhmøa io `ls oxpcrtlhmcaos dmaorls dotì`mhls / _X$ dm``caos

Dlaul` io`
Ostuimlato
o
<5
<5

[rciuhhmøa
[rciuhhmøa io
io Hcero
Hcero

<8
<8

[rciuhhmøa
[rciuhhmøa io
io Crc
Crc

[rciuhhmøa
[rciuhhmøa io
io [`cdc
[`cdc

Dlaul` io`
Ostuimlato
o
<9
<9

[rciuhhmøa
[rciuhhmøa io
io [`ltl
[`ltl

<?
<?

[rciuhhmøa
[rciuhhmøa io
io ^mah
^mah

Hczlhmc
Hczlhmcaos, pcr
aos, pcr prmahmplòs do
prmahmplòs dotlòs
tlòs

Dlaul` io`
Ostuimlato
o
<2
<2
]lalhchgl
]lalhchgl
Gcrmzcato
Gcrmzcato
Dlrsl
Dlrsl
Gulrøa
Gulrøa
O` Erchl`
O` Erchl`
Dm`pc y Ltlhchgl
Dm`pc y Ltlhchgl
Rchìa(Lailyhglful)
Rchìa(Lailyhglful)
Rc`hìa (Horrc io [lshc)
Rc`hìa (Horrc io [lshc)
Xla Mfalhmc io Dcrchchgl
Xla Mfalhmc io Dcrchchgl
Hcrcal
Hcrcal
Latlpmto
Latlpmto
Dmasur
Dmasur
X[HH (Hulncao)
X[HH (Hulncao)
X[HH(Ycquopl`l)
X[HH(Ycquopl`l)
EG[Em``mtca
EG[Em``mtca
(Ymatlyl)
(Ymatlyl)
Euoalvoaturl
Euoalvoaturl
(Nu`hla`)
(Nu`hla`)
Ico Uua
Ico Uua (Hcermzl)
(Hcermzl)
Ico Uua
Ico Uua (Uoaory cb Crcyl)
(Uoaory cb Crcyl)
[ciorcsl
[ciorcsl
[la Ldormhla
[la Ldormhla
Latldmal
Latldmal
Elrrmhj([mormal)
Elrrmhj([mormal)
Xlatl @umsl
Xlatl @umsl
Mshlyhruz
Mshlyhruz
]lu`mylhu
]lu`mylhu
Xgcuflaf
Xgcuflaf
Lrhltl
Lrhltl
Horrc Rorio
Horrc Rorio
Ulurl
Ulurl
Euoalvoaturl (_hguhhglhul)
Euoalvoaturl (_hguhhglhul)
Uoaory cb Hlnldlrqum``l
Uoaory cb Hlnldlrqum``l
[lvm`hl lai Hcaiostle`o
[lvm`hl lai Hcaiostle`o
Uoaorml io Buasur
Uoaorml io Buasur
MavorsmcaosDmaorlsio`Xur
MavorsmcaosDmaorlsio`Xur
Euoalvoaturl(Crhcpldpl)
Euoalvoaturl(Crhcpldpl)
X[HH ( Uoaory cb M`c)
X[HH ( Uoaory cb M`c)
<
< HOAYUCX DMAOUCX OA O@ [OUÞ
HOAYUCX DMAOUCX OA O@ [OUÞ

<6
<6

[UMAHM[L@O
[UMAHM[L@OX [UC
X [UC]OHYCX
]OHYCX DMAOUCX [OUÞ
DMAOUCX [OUÞ

Dlaul` io`
Ostuimlato
o
<7
<7
Ovcùhmøa io `ls mavorsmcaos dmaorls / _X$ dm``caos
Ovcùhmøa io `ls mavorsmcaos dmaorls / _X$ dm``caos
Mavorsmøa Dmaorl (Dm``caos io _X$)
Mavorsmøa Dmaorl (Dm``caos io _X$)
Buoato> Imrohhmøa io [rcdchmøa Dmaorl - Dmamstormc io Oaorfäl y
Buoato> Imrohhmøa io [rcdchmøa Dmaorl - Dmamstormc io Oaorfäl y Dmals. Ioh`lrlhmcaos Doasulòs OXYLDM
Dmals. Ioh`lrlhmcaos Doasulòs OXYLDMA
A
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(97%)
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<.6;7
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(86%)
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(2?%)
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(99%)
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6598
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(67%)
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@l @oy Foaorl` io Dmaoräl ostleòho ce`mflhmcaos l `cs tu`lros io hcahosmcaos dmaorls l` plfc io` Iorohgc io
@l @oy Foaorl` io Dmaoräl ostleòho ce`mflhmcaos l `cs tu`lros io hcahosmcaos dmaorls l` plfc io` Iorohgc io
Rmfoahml quo os oqumvlòato oa dcaoil alhmcal` l _.X. $ 8.;; pcr lüc y pcr gohtìrol ctcrflil c sc`mhmtlil. [lrl `cs
Rmfoahml quo os oqumvlòato oa dcaoil alhmcal` l _.X. $ 8.;; pcr lüc y pcr gohtìrol ctcrflil c sc`mhmtlil. [lrl `cs
poquoücs dmaorcs y plrl tu`lros io hcahosmcaos dmaorls ac dotì`mhls o` Iorohgc io Rmfoahml l plflr os _.X.$
poquoücs dmaorcs y plrl tu`lros io hcahosmcaos dmaorls ac dotì`mhls o` Iorohgc io Rmfoahml l plflr os _.X.$
<.;; pcr lüc y pcr gohtìrol ctcrflil c sc`mhmtlil. O` plfc pcr Iorohgc io Rmfoahml pcr lüc iosio (<==8 ‘ 5;;?)
<.;; pcr lüc y pcr gohtìrol ctcrflil c sc`mhmtlil. O` plfc pcr Iorohgc io Rmfoahml pcr lüc iosio (<==8 ‘ 5;;?)
lshoaimø l lprcxmdlildoato 57 dm``caos io iø`lros.
lshoaimø l lprcxmdlildoato 57 dm``caos io iø`lros.
O` dcatc tctl` io` Iorohgc io Rmfoahml so
O` dcatc tctl` io` Iorohgc io Rmfoahml so imstrmeuyo io `l smfumoato dlaorl
imstrmeuyo io `l smfumoato dlaorl
Uofmstrc io Dmaorml
Uofmstrc io Dmaorml
Dmamstormc io Oaorfml y DMals
Dmamstormc io Oaorfml y DMals
Mafoddot
Mafoddot
Fcemoracs @chlòs, [rcvmahmlòs y imstrmtlòs
Fcemoracs @chlòs, [rcvmahmlòs y imstrmtlòs
<?%
<?%
<?%
<?%
8;%
8;%
9;%
9;%
HLACA DMAOUC
HLACA DMAOUC
Ycils `ls odprosls dmaorls quo ceoaoa u`milios iurlato ua lüc plfla l` Ostlic o` mdpuostc l `l roatl (5?%
Ycils `ls odprosls dmaorls quo ceoaoa u`milios iurlato ua lüc plfla l` Ostlic o` mdpuostc l `l roatl (5?%
io `ls u`milios). Io osto dcatc rohluilic, o` ?;% so imstrmeuyo oa `cs fcemoracs rofmcalòs y `chlòs y so
io `ls u`milios). Io osto dcatc rohluilic, o` ?;% so imstrmeuyo oa `cs fcemoracs rofmcalòs y `chlòs y so
ioacdmal HLACA DMAOUC
ioacdmal HLACA DMAOUC
UOFL@ÄLX DMAOULX>
UOFL@ÄLX DMAOULX>
Oa osto oshoalrmc, iurlato o` lüc 5;;9 so lprcelrca `l @oy 575?7 io Uofl`äls Dmaorls y su rof`ldoatc (IX <?9-5;;9-
Oa osto oshoalrmc, iurlato o` lüc 5;;9 so lprcelrca `l @oy 575?7 io Uofl`äls Dmaorls y su rof`ldoatc (IX <?9-5;;9-
OB). Io lhuoric l imhgls acrdls `ls odprosls dmaorls ioeoa plflr rofl`äls io oatro <% y 8% io` vl`cr io sus voatls io
OB). Io lhuoric l imhgls acrdls `ls odprosls dmaorls ioeoa plflr rofl`äls io oatro <% y 8% io` vl`cr io sus voatls io
`cshcahoatrlicsc susoqumvlòatos, io lhuoricl`vcùdoa io `lsdms
`cshcahoatrlicsc susoqumvlòatos, io lhuoricl`vcùdoa io `lsdmsdls.Osua frlvldoa quo lbohtlpcrhoatul`doato
dls.Osua frlvldoa quo lbohtlpcrhoatul`doato
l` vl`cr erutc io `cs dmaorlòs oxtrläics, os ua mdpuostc l `l prciuhhmøa y ac scero `ls u`milios.
l` vl`cr erutc io `cs dmaorlòs oxtrläics, os ua mdpuostc l `l prciuhhmøa y ac scero `ls u`milios.
Hcdc lp`mhlhmøa io `cs l
Hcdc lp`mhlhmøa io `cs lpcrtos io `l maiustrml dmaorl l `
pcrtos io `l maiustrml dmaorl l `l ohcacdäl alhmcal`, rosc`vor o` smfumoato prceòdl>
l ohcacdäl alhmcal`, rosc`vor o` smfumoato prceòdl>
_al dmal oao 5;,;;; Gl io hcahosmcaos, toamoaic ual prciuhhmøa io 9,;;;YD/iäl, hca ual òy io 7fr.Lu/YD, hca ua
_al dmal oao 5;,;;; Gl io hcahosmcaos, toamoaic ual prciuhhmøa io 9,;;;YD/iäl, hca ual òy io 7fr.Lu/YD, hca ua
hcstc io prciuhhmøa io 55;$/YD, hca prohmc matoralhmcalìo`crc io <,5<=$/Cazl.Uohuporlhmøa dotl`þrfmhlosio 77%.
hcstc io prciuhhmøa io 55;$/YD, hca prohmc matoralhmcalìo`crc io <,5<=$/Cazl.Uohuporlhmøa dotl`þrfmhlosio 77%.
Hl`hu`lr>
Hl`hu`lr>
l.
l. Hlaca Dmaorc
Hlaca Dmaorc
e.
e. Uofl`äls
Uofl`äls
h.
h. Iorohgc io Rmfoahml
Iorohgc io Rmfoahml
i.
i. @oy Däamdl io oxp`ctlhmøa
@oy Däamdl io oxp`ctlhmøa
UO[CUYOX IO @L MAI_XYUML DMAOUL
UO[CUYOX IO @L MAI_XYUML DMAOUL

MM
MMM
M
HL[ÄY_@C
HL[ÄY_@C
HCAHOXMCAOX DMAOULX>
HCAHOXMCAOX DMAOULX>
@ls hcahosmcaos dmaorls sca ual furl doimlato `l hul` o` Ostlic ò il o` iorohgc l ua torhorc plrl rol`mzlr
@ls hcahosmcaos dmaorls sca ual furl doimlato `l hul` o` Ostlic ò il o` iorohgc l ua torhorc plrl rol`mzlr
lhvmilios io oxp`crlhmøa y oxp`ctlhmøa quo pordmtla o` lprcvohgldmoatc io `cs dmaorlòs quo so oahuoatrla
lhvmilios io oxp`crlhmøa y oxp`ctlhmøa quo pordmtla o` lprcvohgldmoatc io `cs dmaorlòs quo so oahuoatrla
oa o` suesuo`c io` torrmtcrmc alhmcal`.
oa o` suesuo`c io` torrmtcrmc alhmcal`.
Oa osto hcatoxtc, gly quo suerly
Oa osto hcatoxtc, gly quo suerlylr quo `ls
lr quo `ls hcahosmcaos ac ctcrfla `l prcpmoili io` suo`c, smac quo
hcahosmcaos ac ctcrfla `l prcpmoili io` suo`c, smac quo ostl ioeorì
ostl ioeorì
cetoaorso io sus rospohvcs iuoücs, l trlvís io `l hcdprl, hcatrltc io l`qumòr c hul`qumor ctrl bcrdl ostl
cetoaorso io sus rospohvcs iuoücs, l trlvís io `l hcdprl, hcatrltc io l`qumòr c hul`qumor ctrl bcrdl ostl-
-
eòhmil pcr auostrl òfms`lhmøa.
eòhmil pcr auostrl òfms`lhmøa.
<
< IOUOHGC IO RMFOAHML, HLACA DMAOUC ] UOFL@ÄLX DMAOULX
IOUOHGC IO RMFOAHML, HLACA DMAOUC ] UOFL@ÄLX DMAOULX

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Oa hcasohuoahml, `cs rlafcs ostle`ohmics oa o` lrhu`c ?¾ io `l @oy A¾ 575?7, @oy io Uofl`äl Dmaorl, hcavorics
l dcaoil alhmcal` sca `cs smfumoatos>
l dcaoil alhmcal` sca `cs smfumoatos>
Ioeo toaorso prosoato quo o` pc io hldemc io roboroahml y `cs rlafcs pcirìa sor lhtul`mzlics iurlato o` pro
Ioeo toaorso prosoato quo o` pc io hldemc io roboroahml y `cs rlafcs pcirìa sor lhtul`mzlics iurlato o` pro-
-
soato onorhmhmc, oa `cs dosos io lerm`, nu`mc y chtuero, sm `l vlrmlhmøa io` pc io hldemc prcdoimc pcaiorlic io`
soato onorhmhmc, oa `cs dosos io lerm`, nu`mc y chtuero, sm `l vlrmlhmøa io` pc io hldemc prcdoimc pcaiorlic io`
trmdostro latormcr sol mful` c supormcr l`
trmdostro latormcr sol mful` c supormcr l` ?%, sofþa o` lrhu`c
?%, sofþa o` lrhu`c 2¾ io` Uof`ldoatc io `l @oy io
2¾ io` Uof`ldoatc io `l @oy io Uofl`äl Dmaorl.
Uofl`äl Dmaorl.

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L[CUYOXOAMABULOXYU_HY_UL
L[CUYOXOAMABULOXYU_HY_UL
Hulai
Hulaic ual o
c ual odpro
dprosl oah
sl oahuoat
uoatrl ua
rl uaylhmd
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moatc dmao
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uo os ohca
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-
doat
doato lful,
o lful,oaor
oaorfäl o`íhtrmhl y väls
fäl o`íhtrmhl y väls io hcduamhlhm
io hcduamhlhmøa plrl o`
øa plrl o` lhhosc l
lhhosc l `ls zcals
`ls zcals io cporlhmøa
io cporlhmøa. Hulaic o
. Hulaic ostls a
stls ac
c
oxmstoa gly quo trlor`ls,
oxmstoa gly quo trlor`ls, foaorlr`ls c hcastrumr`ls rospohvldoato.
foaorlr`ls c hcastrumr`ls rospohvldoato.
Räls io hcduamhlhmøa
Räls io hcduamhlhmøa
•
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Hlrrotorls lsbl`tlils <8;
ls lsbl`tlils <8; Jd.
Jd.
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Yrchgls =?; Jd.
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Räls bírrols 957 Jd.
•
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[uortcs 8
•
• Latoals plrleø`mhls y ostlhmcaos Uopoicrls. ?;
Latoals plrleø`mhls y ostlhmcaos Uopoicrls. ?;
8
8 MD[CUYLAHML IO@ XOHYCU DMAOUC
MD[CUYLAHML IO@ XOHYCU DMAOUC
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Xmstodl io trlasdmsmøa o`íhtrmhl oa _amili Dmaorl
Xmstodl io trlasdmsmøa o`íhtrmhl oa _amili Dmaorl
OAOUFÄLO@ÍHYUMHL
OAOUFÄLO@ÍHYUMHL
Io` <;;% io `l oaorfäl o`íhtrmhl quo hcasudo `l dmaoräl o`
Io` <;;% io `l oaorfäl o`íhtrmhl quo hcasudo `l dmaoräl o`
75% os oaorfäl lutc prciuhmil y o` 56% rostlato os
75% os oaorfäl lutc prciuhmil y o` 56% rostlato os
oaorfäl quo l`fuals odprosls”, ‗hcdprla l` smsto
oaorfäl quo l`fuals odprosls”, ‗hcdprla l` smsto-
-
dls matorhcaohtlic alhmcal`. Hcdc so lprohml `l dl
dls matorhcaohtlic alhmcal`. Hcdc so lprohml `l dl-
-
ycräl io `ls dmals so uemhla oa zcals icaio ac oxmsto
ycräl io `ls dmals so uemhla oa zcals icaio ac oxmsto
mabrlostruhturl plrl sueslalr oa oM hlsc io `l oòhtrmhm
mabrlostruhturl plrl sueslalr oa oM hlsc io `l oòhtrmhm-
-
ili tmoao quo foaorlr`l pcr su huoatl, eoaohmìaicso
ili tmoao quo foaorlr`l pcr su huoatl, eoaohmìaicso
duhgls vohos hcduamilios duy horhlals l `ls cporlhmc
duhgls vohos hcduamilios duy horhlals l `ls cporlhmc
-
-
aos dmaorls hca osto sorvmhmc.
aos dmaorls hca osto sorvmhmc.
Ostl oaorfäl puoio sor foaorlil doimlato hoatrlòs gm
Ostl oaorfäl puoio sor foaorlil doimlato hoatrlòs gm-
-
irco`íhtrmhls uslaic `l oaorfäl quo prciuho `l hläil io`
irco`íhtrmhls uslaic `l oaorfäl quo prciuho `l hläil io`
lful, c tldemía doimlato frupcs oòhtrøfoacs uslaic
lful, c tldemía doimlato frupcs oòhtrøfoacs uslaic
potrøòc hcdc hcdeuseò.
potrøòc hcdc hcdeuseò.
5
5 L[CUYOX L @LX HCD_AMILIOX L@OILÜLX
L[CUYOX L @LX HCD_AMILIOX L@OILÜLX

58
58
@l maiustrml dmaorl os ual frla hcdprlicrl io emoaos y sorvmhmcs io oahlioaldmoatcs prciuhvcs glhml ltrìs,
@l maiustrml dmaorl os ual frla hcdprlicrl io emoaos y sorvmhmcs io oahlioaldmoatcs prciuhvcs glhml ltrìs,
`l dlycräl io o``cs oa o` dorhlic `chl` (_X$ 7;; dm``caos/lüc) y o`
`l dlycräl io o``cs oa o` dorhlic `chl` (_X$ 7;; dm``caos/lüc) y o` rostc mdpcrtlics (_X$ ?6; dm``caos/lüc), pcr
rostc mdpcrtlics (_X$ ?6; dm``caos/lüc), pcr
ostl rlzøa `l dmaoräl os io dlaorl maimrohtl ua frla foaorlicr io odprosls io osto pc oa tcics `cs sohtcros
ostl rlzøa `l dmaoräl os io dlaorl maimrohtl ua frla foaorlicr io odprosls io osto pc oa tcics `cs sohtcros
ohcaødmhcs io` pläs y pcr oaio io odpòc, so hl`hu`l quo pcr hlil puostc quo so foaorl oa dmaoräl so hrola ?
ohcaødmhcs io` pläs y pcr oaio io odpòc, so hl`hu`l quo pcr hlil puostc quo so foaorl oa dmaoräl so hrola ?
puostcs oa ctrcs sohtcros prciuhvcs, pcr
puostcs oa ctrcs sohtcros prciuhvcs, pcr osto dcvc.
osto dcvc.
Buoatos prciuhvls, `l dmaoräl aohosmtl oatro ctrcs io>
Buoatos prciuhvls, `l dmaoräl aohosmtl oatro ctrcs io>
•
• Maiustrml quädmhl, potrøòc y iormvlics
Maiustrml quädmhl, potrøòc y iormvlics
•
• Maiustrml smiorþrfmhl.
Maiustrml smiorþrfmhl.
•
• L`mdoatcs (lfrmhu`turl, poshl y flalioräl)
L`mdoatcs (lfrmhu`turl, poshl y flalioräl)
•
• Maiustrml oa foaorl`.
Maiustrml oa foaorl`.
•
• Maiustrmlbcrostl`
Maiustrmlbcrostl`
Buoatos io sorv
Buoatos io sorvmhmcs, `l dmaoräl aohosmtl oatro ctrcs io>
mhmcs, `l dmaoräl aohosmtl oatro ctrcs io>
•
• Dlatoamdmoatc io dlqumalrmls y oqumpcs
Dlatoamdmoatc io dlqumalrmls y oqumpcs
•
• Xofurmili y vmfm`lahml, `mdpmozl, l`mdoatlhmøa, lidmamstrlhmøa io gctoòs, oth.
Xofurmili y vmfm`lahml, `mdpmozl, l`mdoatlhmøa, lidmamstrlhmøa io gctoòs, oth.
•
• Hcasu`tcrls oa mafoamoräl,
Hcasu`tcrls oa mafoamoräl, mabcrdìhl, lidmamstrlhmøa, hcatlem`mili, oth.
mabcrdìhl, lidmamstrlhmøa, hcatlem`mili, oth.
•
• Yr
Yrlaspcrto io
laspcrto io porscal`, dltormlòs, dotlòs,
porscal`, dltormlòs, dotlòs, hcahoatrli
hcahoatrlics, oth.
cs, oth.
•
•
Hcastruhhmøa y dcatlno
Hcastruhhmøa y dcatlno
•
• Elahcs, sofurcs, lfoatos io liulals
Elahcs, sofurcs, lfoatos io liulals
•
• Hcdorhmc oxtormcr.
Hcdorhmc oxtormcr.
•
• Mastuhmcaos io hlplhmtlhmøa.
Mastuhmcaos io hlplhmtlhmøa.
[orc `l dmaoräl oao tldemía oahlioaldmoatcs prciuhvcs glhml io`lato, os iohmr sus prciuhtcs `cs voaio l
[orc `l dmaoräl oao tldemía oahlioaldmoatcs prciuhvcs glhml io`lato, os iohmr sus prciuhtcs `cs voaio l
maiustrmls quo aohosmtla io ostcs, lsä so
maiustrmls quo aohosmtla io ostcs, lsä so foaorla buoatos prciuhv
foaorla buoatos prciuhvl pcrquo aohosmtla prciuhtcs io `l dmaoräl>
l pcrquo aohosmtla prciuhtcs io `l dmaoräl>
Hcahoatrlics> sca voaimics l buaimhmcaos y roaoräls `chlòs, io `c hcatrlrmc l odprosls io oxpcrtlhmøa quo sca
Hcahoatrlics> sca voaimics l buaimhmcaos y roaoräls `chlòs, io `c hcatrlrmc l odprosls io oxpcrtlhmøa quo sca
hcdprlicr
hcdprlicrls `chlòs
ls `chlòs c oxtrlanorls io ostcs
c oxtrlanorls io ostcs prciuhtcs.
prciuhtcs.
Uoalics> sca voaimics
Uoalics> sca voaimics odprosls maiustrmlòs io trlasbcrdlhmøa quo
odprosls maiustrmlòs io trlasbcrdlhmøa quo aohosmtla io dotlòs plrl
aohosmtla io dotlòs plrl prciuhmr
prciuhmr, hleòs,
, hleòs,
p`lahgls, eltoräls, oth.
p`lahgls, eltoräls, oth.
dmaorml hcdc foaorlicr io maiustrmls
dmaorml hcdc foaorlicr io maiustrmls
9
9 L[CUYO OA @L FOAOULHMØA IO B_OAYOX [UCI_HYMRLX ] IO XOURMHM
L[CUYO OA @L FOAOULHMØA IO B_OAYOX [UCI_HYMRLX ] IO XOURMHMCX
CX

59
59
ACYLX>
ACYLX>

5?
5?
Hca `l focfrlbäl>
Hca `l focfrlbäl>
Xu uemhlhmøa rospohtc l `cs rlsfcs focfrìhcs io` [orþ.
Xu uemhlhmøa rospohtc l `cs rlsfcs focfrìhcs io` [orþ.
Hca `l quädmhl>
Hca `l quädmhl>
Lp`mhlhmøa io `l quädmhl l `l foc`cfäl so ``ldl focquädmhl, so odpòl oa `l eþsquoil io ylhmdmoatcs.
Lp`mhlhmøa io `l quädmhl l `l foc`cfäl so ``ldl focquädmhl, so odpòl oa `l eþsquoil io ylhmdmoatcs.
Hca `l bäsmhl>
Hca `l bäsmhl>
Lp`mhlhmøa io `l smhl hca `l foc`cfäl so ``ldl focsmhl, ostuiml `ls prcpmoilios smhls io `l orrl lp`mhlils oa `l
Lp`mhlhmøa io `l smhl hca `l foc`cfäl so ``ldl focsmhl, ostuiml `ls prcpmoilios smhls io `l orrl lp`mhlils oa `l
foc`cfäl plrl mafoamoräl hmvm`, oa `l
foc`cfäl plrl mafoamoräl hmvm`, oa `l eþsquoil io potrøòc y io ylhmdmoatcs.
eþsquoil io potrøòc y io ylhmdmoatcs.
Hca `l emc`cfäl>
Hca `l emc`cfäl>
Lp`mhlhmøa io `l emc`cfäl l
Lp`mhlhmøa io `l emc`cfäl l `l foc`cfäl, oa o` ostuimc io `cs bøsmòs
`l foc`cfäl, oa o` ostuimc io `cs bøsmòs (rostcs io lamdlòs io` plslic) plrl iotordmalr
(rostcs io lamdlòs io` plslic) plrl iotordmalr
`l oili io `l
`l oili io `l rchl soimdoatlrml.
rchl soimdoatlrml.
Foc`cfäl oa Mafoamoräl>
Foc`cfäl oa Mafoamoräl>
Foc`cfäl lp`mhlil l `l
Foc`cfäl lp`mhlil l `l mafoamoräl hmvm` c foctohaml, sca `cs rlsfcs foc`øfmhcs l u`mzlrso oa cerls io mafoamoräl hmvm`.
mafoamoräl hmvm` c foctohaml, sca `cs rlsfcs foc`øfmhcs l u`mzlrso oa cerls io mafoamoräl hmvm`.
Lsmdmsdc oa `l eþsquoil io potrøòc so ò hcacho hcdc foc`cfäl io` [otrøòc y oa `l lp`mhlhmøa oa `l eþsquoil
Lsmdmsdc oa `l eþsquoil io potrøòc so ò hcacho hcdc foc`cfäl io` [otrøòc y oa `l lp`mhlhmøa oa `l eþsquoil
io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorcs hcachmil hcdc foc`cfäl io dmals c dmaorl.
io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorcs hcachmil hcdc foc`cfäl io dmals c dmaorl.
@l orrl os uac io `cs auovo p`laotls, quo nuatc hca lprcxmdlildoato ual ichoal io ùals y audorcscs huorpcs
@l orrl os uac io `cs auovo p`laotls, quo nuatc hca lprcxmdlildoato ual ichoal io ùals y audorcscs huorpcs
dìs poquoücs, fmrl l`roioicr io` sc`. [cr `l alturlòzl crioalil io auostrc smstodl sc`lr, so ioiuho quo tcics
dìs poquoücs, fmrl l`roioicr io` sc`. [cr `l alturlòzl crioalil io auostrc smstodl sc`lr, so ioiuho quo tcics
sus hcdpcaoatos so bcrdlrca osoahml`doato l` dmsdc odpc y io `l dmsdl dltorml prmdcriml` quo o` sc`. Osto
sus hcdpcaoatos so bcrdlrca osoahml`doato l` dmsdc odpc y io `l dmsdl dltorml prmdcriml` quo o` sc`. Osto
dlto
dltorml` bc
rml` bcrdø, l
rdø, l` mamhmc io`
` mamhmc io` smstodl sc`
smstodl sc`lr
lr, ual
, ual frla aueo
frla aueo io pc`vc
io pc`vc y flsos
y flsos ioacdmalil aoeu`csl prm
ioacdmalil aoeu`csl prmdcri
dcriml`.
ml`.
@LYMOUULHCDC_AXMXYODL> O@ HMH@CIO
@LYMOUULHCDC_AXMXYODL> O@ HMH@CIO @LX UCHLX
@LX UCHLX
@l orrl os ua smstodl.- ostc smfamhl quo auostrc p`laotl ostì bcrdlic pcr duhgls plrtos matorlhtulatos quo
@l orrl os ua smstodl.- ostc smfamhl quo auostrc p`laotl ostì bcrdlic pcr duhgls plrtos matorlhtulatos quo
bcrdla ua tcic hcdpònc ‘ so m`
bcrdla ua tcic hcdpònc ‘ so mùstrl doncr ostl miol l` oxldmalr o` hmh`c io
ustrl doncr ostl miol l` oxldmalr o` hmh`c io `ls rchls.
`ls rchls.
HCAHO[YCX EÌXMHCX IO FOC@CFÄL
HCAHO[YCX EÌXMHCX IO FOC@CFÄL
MR
MR
HL[ÄY_@C
HL[ÄY_@C
Foc`cfäl>
Foc`cfäl>
[rcvmoao io ics pl`lerls frmofls: foc 4 orrl y
[rcvmoao io ics pl`lerls frmofls: foc 4 orrl y `cfcs 4 trltlic
`cfcs 4 trltlic
@lfoc`cfälos`lhmoahml
@lfoc`cfälos`lhmoahml io`p`laotlorrlyhcdctlòstuimlsu
io`p`laotlorrlyhcdctlòstuimlsu hcdpcsmhmøa,suostruhturly`csboaødoacs
hcdpcsmhmøa,suostruhturly`csboaødoacs
quo so prciuhoa y so gla prciuhmic oa o``l iosio `l gcrl horc io `cs odpcs foc`øfmhcs glstl auostrcs
quo so prciuhoa y so gla prciuhmic oa o``l iosio `l gcrl horc io `cs odpcs foc`øfmhcs glstl auostrcs
iäls.
iäls.
@l orrl ac os ual hcsl ostleò c duortl, smac quo scdoil l buorzls matorals y oxtorals, oa rlzøa l su
@l orrl ac os ual hcsl ostleò c duortl, smac quo scdoil l buorzls matorals y oxtorals, oa rlzøa l su
oaorfäl oaiøfoal y l su pcsmhmøa oa o`
oaorfäl oaiøfoal y l su pcsmhmøa oa o` uamvorsc, prosoa
uamvorsc, prosoatl ual hcaaul ovcùhmøa, ua prosoato y ua plsl
tl ual hcaaul ovcùhmøa, ua prosoato y ua plsl-
-
ic quo `l foc`cfäl rohcastruyo oa bcrdl lscdercsl.
ic quo `l foc`cfäl rohcastruyo oa bcrdl lscdercsl.
O` iostlhlic plpo` l`hlazlic pcr `l foc`cfäl oa `l vmil dcioral so hcdproaio toamoaic oa huoatl quo
O` iostlhlic plpo` l`hlazlic pcr `l foc`cfäl oa `l vmil dcioral so hcdproaio toamoaic oa huoatl quo
dmaorlòs, dotlòs y hcdeuseòs sca dltormls buaildoatlòs scero `cs hulòs so lpcyl o` ioslrrc``c
dmaorlòs, dotlòs y hcdeuseòs sca dltormls buaildoatlòs scero `cs hulòs so lpcyl o` ioslrrc``c
maiustrml` y sca `cs
maiustrml` y sca `cs foø`cfcs `cs oahlrflics io `chl`mzlr ostls dltormls quo fulril o` suesuo`c.
foø`cfcs `cs oahlrflics io `chl`mzlr ostls dltormls quo fulril o` suesuo`c.
<
< @L FOC@CFML ] X_ UO@LHMØA HCA @LX IODLX HMOAHMLX
@L FOC@CFML ] X_ UO@LHMØA HCA @LX IODLX HMOAHMLX
5
5 CUMFOA IO @L YMOUUL
CUMFOA IO @L YMOUUL

Dlaul` io`
Ostuimlato
o
52
52
Dotldcrhl
Dotldcrhl
mfaol
mfaol
Xoimdoatlrml
Xoimdoatlrml
UCHL ÄFAOL
UCHL ÄFAOL
@ls rchls äfaols sca lquo``ls rchls quo so bcrdla pcr
@ls rchls äfaols sca lquo``ls rchls quo so bcrdla pcr
`l sc`mimhlhmøa io`
`l sc`mimhlhmøa io` dlfdl lato ual roiuhhmøa io tod
dlfdl lato ual roiuhhmøa io tod-
-
porltur
porlturl, sol
l, sol ioatrc io `l
ioatrc io `l hcrtozl torros
hcrtozl torrostro, hca `c
tro, hca `c quo
quo
so prciuhoa rchls pùtøamhls, c l` erctlr l `l suporhmo,
so prciuhoa rchls pùtøamhls, c l` erctlr l `l suporhmo,
prciuhmoaic rchls vc`hìamhls.
prciuhmoaic rchls vc`hìamhls.
UCHL DOYLDØUBMHL
UCHL DOYLDØUBMHL
@ls rchls dotldørhls sca rchls quo gla smic l`torl
@ls rchls dotldørhls sca rchls quo gla smic l`torl-
-
ils pcr prchoscs
ils pcr prchoscs io prosmøa c todporlturl, hlplhos io
io prosmøa c todporlturl, hlplhos io
hldemlr sus prcpmoilios smhls c quädmhls. Hul`qumor
hldemlr sus prcpmoilios smhls c quädmhls. Hul`qumor
rchl, maiopoaimoatodoato io su crmfoa äfaoc, soim
rchl, maiopoaimoatodoato io su crmfoa äfaoc, soim-
-
doatlrmc o mahùsc dotldørhc, puoio vc`vor l dotl
doatlrmc o mahùsc dotldørhc, puoio vc`vor l dotl-
-
dcrzlrso.
dcrzlrso.
UCHL XOIMDOAYLUML
UCHL XOIMDOAYLUML
@ls rchls soimdoatlrmls sca rchls quo so bcrdla pcr lhu
@ls rchls soimdoatlrmls sca rchls quo so bcrdla pcr lhu-
-
du`lhmøa io soimdoatcs quo, scdoics l prchoscs smhcs
du`lhmøa io soimdoatcs quo, scdoics l prchoscs smhcs
y quädmhcs, rosu`tla oa ua dltorml` io hmortl hcasmstoahml.
y quädmhcs, rosu`tla oa ua dltorml` io hmortl hcasmstoahml.
[uoioa bcrdlrso l `ls crm``ls io `cs räcs, oa o` bcaic io el
[uoioa bcrdlrso l `ls crm``ls io `cs räcs, oa o` bcaic io el-
-
rrlahcs, vl`òs, `lfcs y dlros, y oa `ls iosodechliurls io
rrlahcs, vl`òs, `lfcs y dlros, y oa `ls iosodechliurls io
`cs räcs. Xo gl``la imspuostls bcrdlaic hlpls c ostrltcs.
`cs räcs. Xo gl``la imspuostls bcrdlaic hlpls c ostrltcs.
Uoprosoatla dìs io` 6? % io `ls rchls quo so oahuoa
Uoprosoatla dìs io` 6? % io `ls rchls quo so oahuoa-
-
trla oa `l hcrtozl torrostro, y duhgls ostìa bcrdlils l
trla oa `l hcrtozl torrostro, y duhgls ostìa bcrdlils l
plrr io poquoücs trczcs io ctrls rchls. Xo hlrlhtorm
plrr io poquoücs trczcs io ctrls rchls. Xo hlrlhtorm-
-
zla pcr hcatoaor bøsmòs.
zla pcr hcatoaor bøsmòs.
Imcrmtl
Imcrmtl
Hulrhmtl
Hulrhmtl
Lrhm``l
Lrhm``l

56
56
³_Í OX _A DMAOUL@3
³_Í OX _A DMAOUL@3
Os ua hcdpuostc macrfìamhc dotì`mhc y ac dotì`mhc bcrdlic pcr ua sc`c oòdoatc c
Os ua hcdpuostc macrfìamhc dotì`mhc y ac dotì`mhc bcrdlic pcr ua sc`c oòdoatc c vlrmcs oòdoatcs.
vlrmcs oòdoatcs.
Dmaorlòs dotì`mhcs………………………………X5 Bo [mrmtl (vlrmcs oòdoatcs)
Dmaorlòs dotì`mhcs………………………………X5 Bo [mrmtl (vlrmcs oòdoatcs)
Dmaorlòs ac dotì`mhcs…………………………XmC5 hulrzc (vlrmcs oòdoatcs)
Dmaorlòs ac dotì`mhcs…………………………XmC5 hulrzc (vlrmcs oòdoatcs)
Dmaorl` dotì`mhc ………………………………….Lu crc (ua
Dmaorl` dotì`mhc ………………………………….Lu crc (ua oòdoatc)
oòdoatc)
O
O@
@O
OD
DO
OA
AY
YC
CX
X O
O@
@O
OD
DO
OA
AY
YC
CX
X
+
+
CWMFOAC
CWMFOAC
O@ODOAYCX
O@ODOAYCX
+
+
L^_BUO
L^_BUO
O@ODOAYCX
O@ODOAYCX
+
+
MCA HC
MCA HC

O@ODOAYCX
O@ODOAYCX
+
+
MCA XC
MCA XC

O@ODOAYCX
O@ODOAYCX
+
+
MCA XMC9
MCA XMC9

O
O@
@O
OD
DO
OA
AY
YC
CX
X C
CW
WM
MI
IC
CX
X X
X_
_@
@B
B_
_U
UC
CX
X H
HL
LU
UE
EC
CA
AL
LY
YC
CX
X X
X_
_@
@B
BL
LY
YC
CX
X XM@MHLYCX
XM@MHLYCX
Hcero
Hcero
Imldlato
Imldlato
Crc
Crc
Frltc
Frltc
Gmorcc
Gmorcc
[`lac
[`lac
[`ltl
[`ltl
Lzubro
Lzubro
Hlsmtormtl
Hlsmtormtl
Hcrmaiøa
Hcrmaiøa
Godlal
Godlal
Gmo`c
Gmo`c
Dlfaotl
Dlfaotl
Hl`hcsmtl
Hl`hcsmtl
Flòal
Flòal
[mrmtl
[mrmtl
Oshlòrmtl
Oshlòrmtl
Hl`hmtl
Hl`hmtl
Ic`cdmtl
Ic`cdmtl
Dlfaosmtl
Dlfaosmtl
Lagmirmtl
Lagmirmtl
]osc
]osc
Ac borrcdlfaosmlacs
Ac borrcdlfaosmlacs
Hulrzc
Hulrzc
Boìospltc
Boìospltc
Crtch`lsl
Crtch`lsl
[`lfmch`lsl
[`lfmch`lsl
Lèmtl
Lèmtl
Lacrtl
Lacrtl
Dushcvmtl
Dushcvmtl
Borrcdlfaosmlacs
Borrcdlfaosmlacs
Emctl
Emctl
Gcdeòail
Gcdeòail
Lufmtl
Lufmtl
C`mvmac
C`mvmac
DMAOUL@OX
DMAOUL@OX
O@ODOAYCX
O@ODOAYCX
HCD[_OXYCX
HCD[_OXYCX
C
CU
UF
FÌ
ÌA
AM
MH
HC
CX
X M
MA
AC
CU
UF
FÌ
ÌA
AM
MH
HC
CX
X
Onodp`c>
Onodp`c>
@cs foø`cfcs ioaoa l `cs dmaorlòs hcdc hul`qumor sø`mic macrfìamhc alturl` quo pcsol ual ostruhturl matoral
@cs foø`cfcs ioaoa l `cs dmaorlòs hcdc hul`qumor sø`mic macrfìamhc alturl` quo pcsol ual ostruhturl matoral
crioalil y ual hcdpcsmhmøa quädmhl ioamil.
crioalil y ual hcdpcsmhmøa quädmhl ioamil.
[lrl quo so hcasmioro dmaorl` hul`qumor
[lrl quo so hcasmioro dmaorl` hul`qumor dltorml` torrostr
dltorml` torrostro, ioeo prosoatlr `ls
o, ioeo prosoatlr `ls smfumoatos hlrlhtoräsh
smfumoatos hlrlhtoräshls>
ls>
<.
<. Ioeo lplrohor io bcrdl
Ioeo lplrohor io bcrdl alturl`
alturl`
5.
5. Ioeo sor macrfìamhc
Ioeo sor macrfìamhc
8.
8. Ioeo sor sø`mic
Ioeo sor sø`mic
9.
9. Ioeo pcsoor ual
Ioeo pcsoor ual ostruhturl matoral crioalil, os iohmr
ostruhturl matoral crioalil, os iohmr, sus
, sus ìtcdcs ioeoa ostlr imspuostcs sofþa ua
ìtcdcs ioeoa ostlr imspuostcs sofþa ua dcio`c
dcio`c
ioamic.
ioamic.
?.
?. Ioeo toaor ual hcdpcsmhmøa quädmhl ioamil quo puoio
Ioeo toaor ual hcdpcsmhmøa quädmhl ioamil quo puoio vlrmlr ioatrc io uacs `ädmtos.
vlrmlr ioatrc io uacs `ädmtos.
8
8 HCD[CAOAYOX EÌXMHCX IO @LX UCHLX
HCD[CAOAYOX EÌXMHCX IO @LX UCHLX

Dlaul` io`
Ostuimlato
o
57
57
Gly dotlòs quo so prosoatla oa hcahoatrlhmcaos suhmoato
Gly dotlòs quo so prosoatla oa hcahoatrlhmcaos suhmoatos plrl sor oxp`ctlils ``ldlils doals.
s plrl sor oxp`ctlils ``ldlils doals. _al DOAL os
_al DOAL os
ual lhudu`lhmøa dmaorl` quo puoio oxtrlorso io dlaorl prcvohgcsl plrl sor roalil y u`mzlil oa
ual lhudu`lhmøa dmaorl` quo puoio oxtrlorso io dlaorl prcvohgcsl plrl sor roalil y u`mzlil oa `l maiustrml.
`l maiustrml.
L`fuacs dotlòs hcdc o` crc, `l p`ltl, o` p`lac y o` hcero so prosoatla hcdc oòdoatcs (dotlòs alvcs), `l
L`fuacs dotlòs hcdc o` crc, `l p`ltl, o` p`lac y o` hcero so prosoatla hcdc oòdoatcs (dotlòs alvcs), `l
dlycräl so prosoatl hcdc hcdpuostcs, `cs øxmics y su`burcs sca `ls
dlycräl so prosoatl hcdc hcdpuostcs, `cs øxmics y su`burcs sca `ls bcrdls dìs hcduaos, porc oa duhgls doals
bcrdls dìs hcduaos, porc oa duhgls doals
oxmstoa bcrdls dìs hcdpònls.
oxmstoa bcrdls dìs hcdpònls.
UOH_UXCX FOC@ØFMHCX IO DLYOUML@OX ] OAOUFÄL
UOH_UXCX FOC@ØFMHCX IO DLYOUML@OX ] OAOUFÄL
Auost
Auostrl sc
rl schmoil
hmoili toh
i tohac`øf
ac`øfmhl d
mhl dciora
cioral, os
l, ostctl
tctl`doa
`doato iopoa
to iopoaimo
imoato
ato plrl
plrl su
su oxms
oxmstoah
toahml
ml io
io ual
ual ldp
ldp`ml
`ml vlrmo
vlrmoili
ili
io rohurscs dmaorlòs iormvlils io `l `mtøsborl. O` hlreøa, dìs quo hul`qumor ctrl sustlahml dmaorl` lms`lil, smd
io rohurscs dmaorlòs iormvlils io `l `mtøsborl. O` hlreøa, dìs quo hul`qumor ctrl sustlahml dmaorl` lms`lil, smd -
-
ec`mzl `l Uovcùhmøa Maiustrml`.
ec`mzl `l Uovcùhmøa Maiustrml`.
[rcatc ual ldp`ml vlrmoili io ctrcs dotlòs so hcavmrorca oa aohosmilios, oatro o``cs o` hcero, o` p`cdc, o`
[rcatc ual ldp`ml vlrmoili io ctrcs dotlòs so hcavmrorca oa aohosmilios, oatro o``cs o` hcero, o` p`cdc, o` hmah
hmah
y o` ostlüc y
y o` ostlüc y `cs audorcscs dotlòs plrl lòlhmcaos aohoslrmls plrl mdprmdmr
`cs audorcscs dotlòs plrl lòlhmcaos aohoslrmls plrl mdprmdmr rosmstoahml l` lhorc. [lrl emoa c plrl
rosmstoahml l` lhorc. [lrl emoa c plrl
dl` `l hmvm`mzlhmøa
dl` `l hmvm`mzlhmøa chhmioatl` buo odpunlil l ual
chhmioatl` buo odpunlil l ual hlrrorl quo oxmfäl `l eþsquoil mahoslato io auovcs ylhmdmoatcs
hlrrorl quo oxmfäl `l eþsquoil mahoslato io auovcs ylhmdmoatcs
dmaorlòs.
dmaorlòs.
UOH_UXCX AC UOACRLE@OX IO @L YMOUUL
UOH_UXCX AC UOACRLE@OX IO @L YMOUUL
Xca ac roacvleòs pcrquo `cs prchoscs foc`øfmhcs quo `cs bcrdlrca roqumoroa dm``caos io lücs io bua
Xca ac roacvleòs pcrquo `cs prchoscs foc`øfmhcs quo `cs bcrdlrca roqumoroa dm``caos io lücs io bua -
-
hmcaldmoatc.
hmcaldmoatc.
•
• Iopøsmtcs dotl`äborcs (onodp`cs> dmaorlòs io gmorrc, hcero, ostlüc)
Iopøsmtcs dotl`äborcs (onodp`cs> dmaorlòs io gmorrc, hcero, ostlüc)
•
• Iopøsmtcs ac dotì`mhcs, mahùyoaic> dltormlòs io hcastruhhmøa (onodp`cs> pmoirls io hcastruhhmøa frlvl y lroal)
Iopøsmtcs ac dotì`mhcs, mahùyoaic> dltormlòs io hcastruhhmøa (onodp`cs> pmoirls io hcastruhhmøa frlvl y lroal)
•
• Dltormlòs u`mzlics quädmhldoato (onodp`c> lzubro, slòs)
Dltormlòs u`mzlics quädmhldoato (onodp`c> lzubro, slòs)
•
• Hcdeuseòs bøsmòs (hlreøa, potrøòc, pmzlrrl, emtudmacsl, fls alturl`)
Hcdeuseòs bøsmòs (hlreøa, potrøòc, pmzlrrl, emtudmacsl, fls alturl`)
•
• Hcdeuseòs auhòlros (urlamc, tcrmc)
Hcdeuseòs auhòlros (urlamc, tcrmc)
@cs rohurscs ac roacvleòs quo prchoioa io `l hcrtozl torrostro sca todl io ostuimc io `l foc`cfäl ohcaødmhl.
@cs rohurscs ac roacvleòs quo prchoioa io `l hcrtozl torrostro sca todl io ostuimc io `l foc`cfäl ohcaødmhl.
H_OU[CXDMAOUL@M^LICX
H_OU[CXDMAOUL@M^LICX
Xca hcachmics tldemía hca o`
Xca hcachmics tldemía hca o` acdero io ‐cro ecimos—
acdero io ‐cro ecimos—, sca iopøsmtcs
, sca iopøsmtcs mrrofu`lros, os iohmr quo ac
mrrofu`lros, os iohmr quo ac oaoa bcrdl am
oaoa bcrdl am
tldlüc ioamics, Xca iormvlics pcr roodp`lzldmoatc io su`burcs ohcaødmhcs. @ls el`scalils,
tldlüc ioamics, Xca iormvlics pcr roodp`lzldmoatc io su`burcs ohcaødmhcs. @ls el`scalils, hcdc tldemía so
hcdc tldemía so
òs ``ldl, huorpcs c poquoücs huorpcs, puoioa ostlr lms`lics c hcastumr ua rcslrmc vlrmcs iopøsmtcs io bcrdl y
òs ``ldl, huorpcs c poquoücs huorpcs, puoioa ostlr lms`lics c hcastumr ua rcslrmc vlrmcs iopøsmtcs io bcrdl y
io imdoasmcaos imvorsls
io imdoasmcaos imvorsls
F
Fl
l`
ò
oa
al
l>
> s
su
u`
`b
bu
ur
rc
c i
io
o p
p`
`c
cd
dc
c (
(o
os
s `
`l
l d
do
oa
al
l i
io
o`
` p
p`
`c
cd
dc
c)
) C
Cr
rc
c
9
9 DOYL@OX OA @L HCUYO^L YOUUOXYUO
DOYL@OX OA @L HCUYO^L YOUUOXYUO

5=
5=
H_OU[C
H_OU[C UCHL
UCHL
XOIMDOAYLIL
XOIMDOAYLIL
Xohhmøa io ua huorpc
Xohhmøa io ua huorpc dmaorl`mzlic
dmaorl`mzlic
Os ua t
Os ua tírd
írdmac o
mac ohca
hcaødm
ødmhc qu
hc quo hc
o hcasm
asmior
iorl l `ls
l l `ls lhudu`
lhudu`lhmcao
lhmcaos
s io
io iotordma
iotordmalils
lils sustlahm
sustlahmls
ls hca
hca bmaos
bmaos io oxp`
io oxp`c
c-
-
tlhmøa plrl su lprcvohgldmoatc oa `l maiustrml.
tlhmøa plrl su lprcvohgldmoatc oa `l maiustrml.
Ostcs so gla bcrdlic pcr imboroatos prchoscs foc`øfmhcs quo gla iotordmalic `ls hlrlhtoräshls quo `l mioahla.
Ostcs so gla bcrdlic pcr imboroatos prchoscs foc`øfmhcs quo gla iotordmalic `ls hlrlhtoräshls quo `l mioahla.
Frlamtc
Frlamtc
Doal io amquo`
Doal io amquo`
Flerc
Flerc
(acrmtl)
(acrmtl)
Doals Dotl`äborls
Doals Dotl`äborls
_al h`lso mdpcrtlato io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs os `l
_al h`lso mdpcrtlato io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs os `l
io `cs bcrdlics oa dlfdls pcr sofroflhmøa dlf
io `cs bcrdlics oa dlfdls pcr sofroflhmøa dlf-
-
dìhl, oa quo frlacs dmaorlòs io ioasmili dlycr so
dìhl, oa quo frlacs dmaorlòs io ioasmili dlycr so
guaioa oa o` dlfdl umic dmoatrls tcilväl prcsmfuo `l
guaioa oa o` dlfdl umic dmoatrls tcilväl prcsmfuo `l
hrmstl`mzlhmøa. Io ostl dlaorl so lhudu`la dlsls c hl
hrmstl`mzlhmøa. Io ostl dlaorl so lhudu`la dlsls c hl-
-
pls io ua sc`c dmaorl
pls io ua sc`c dmaorl`.
`.
O` prchosc io dotldcrsdc io hcatlhtc, os ual buoa
O` prchosc io dotldcrsdc io hcatlhtc, os ual buoa-
-
to io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs io mdpcrtlahml. Xcùhmc
to io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs io mdpcrtlahml. Xcùhmc-
-
aos gmirctordlòs io ioatrc io` dlfdl mdprofala `l
aos gmirctordlòs io ioatrc io` dlfdl mdprofala `l
rchl oahlncalato quo `c rciol, matrciuhmoaic dmaorl
rchl oahlncalato quo `c rciol, matrciuhmoaic dmaorl-
-
òs doal oa ua matorhldemc hca `cs hcdpcaoatos io `l
òs doal oa ua matorhldemc hca `cs hcdpcaoatos io `l
rchl.Io ostldlaorlso gla
rchl.Io ostldlaorlso gla prciuhmic doalsio hcero,
prciuhmic doalsio hcero,
hmah y p`cdc, lsä hcdc iopøsmtcs vl`mcscs io dmaorlòs
hmah y p`cdc, lsä hcdc iopøsmtcs vl`mcscs io dmaorlòs
ac dotì`mhcs
ac dotì`mhcs
_a torhor pc io ylhmdmoatc dmaorl` `c prciuho `l iopcsmhmøa
_a torhor pc io ylhmdmoatc dmaorl` `c prciuho `l iopcsmhmøa imrohtl io dmaorlòs l plrr io
imrohtl io dmaorlòs l plrr io
@ls scùhmcaos gmirctordlòs prciuhoa tldemía ctrc pc mdpcrtlato io lhudu`lhmøa dmaorl`, o`
@ls scùhmcaos gmirctordlòs prciuhoa tldemía ctrc pc mdpcrtlato io lhudu`lhmøa dmaorl`, o` ylhmdmoatc imso
ylhmdmoatc imso-
-
dmalic, oa o` hul` `l dmal ostì imstrmeumil oa dlsls dmaþshu`ls pcr tcil ual dlsl duy frlaio io rchl. L`fuacs
dmalic, oa o` hul` `l dmal ostì imstrmeumil oa dlsls dmaþshu`ls pcr tcil ual dlsl duy frlaio io rchl. L`fuacs
io `cs frlaios ylhmdmoatcs io hcero pc imsodmalic so ioacdmala iopøsmtcs io hcero pcrimhc. Lquä `l doal gl
io `cs frlaios ylhmdmoatcs io hcero pc imsodmalic so ioacdmala iopøsmtcs io hcero pcrimhc. Lquä `l doal gl
poaotrlic oa ua frla huorpc io
poaotrlic oa ua frla huorpc io rchl äfaol io toxturl pcrimhl, quo io
rchl äfaol io toxturl pcrimhl, quo io l`fual dlaorl so brlfdoatø oa e`cquos
l`fual dlaorl so brlfdoatø oa e`cquos
poquoücs quo pordmorca `l poaotrlhmøa io scùhmcaos.
poquoücs quo pordmorca `l poaotrlhmøa io scùhmcaos.
_al hulrtl h`lso io
_al hulrtl h`lso io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs mahùyo `cs ioemics l `
ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs mahùyo `cs ioemics l `cs obohtcs io scùhmcaos ioshoaioatos oa `l zcal
cs obohtcs io scùhmcaos ioshoaioatos oa `l zcal
ac slturlil y `l
ac slturlil y `l zcal io lful suetorrìaol. O` oarmquohmdmoatc io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs doimlato osto dohlams
zcal io lful suetorrìaol. O` oarmquohmdmoatc io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs doimlato osto dohlams-
-
dc prciuho `ls doals sohuailrmls
dc prciuho `ls doals sohuailrmls
_al qumatl h`lso
_al qumatl h`lso io ylhmdmoatc dmaorl` os ual
io ylhmdmoatc dmaorl` os ual hcahoatr
hcahoatrlhmøa dmaorl` foaorlil pcr lfoatos io trlaspcrto umics>
lhmøa dmaorl` foaorlil pcr lfoatos io trlaspcrto umics>
räcs. L`f
räcs. L`fuacs io `cs dm
uacs io `cs dmaor
aorlòs posl
lòs poslics mascùeòs
ics mascùeòs iormvlics
iormvlics io `l
io `l dotocrmzlhmøa
dotocrmzlhmøa io `ls
io `ls rchls sca
rchls sca elrrm
elrrmics hcd
ics hcdc
c
poquoücs brlfdoatcs oa hluhos uvmlòs y lrrlstrlics vl`ò lelnc hca `l lroal y `l frlvl hcdc hlrfl io bcaic.
poquoücs brlfdoatcs oa hluhos uvmlòs y lrrlstrlics vl`ò lelnc hca `l lroal y `l frlvl hcdc hlrfl io bcaic.
Ioemic l su dlycr ioasmili, ostcs dä porlòs quoila hcahoatrlics oa hlpls y òatoncaos io frlvl, bcrdlaic
Ioemic l su dlycr ioasmili, ostcs dä porlòs quoila hcahoatrlics oa hlpls y òatoncaos io frlvl, bcrdlaic
iopøsmtcs io p`lhor.
iopøsmtcs io p`lhor.
?
? ]LHMDMOAYC IO DMAOUL@OX
]LHMDMOAYC IO DMAOUL@OX

Dlaul` io`
Ostuimlato
o
8;
8;
_a soxtc frupc io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs io `l h`lso gmircfíamhl io soimdoatcs, sm emoa
_a soxtc frupc io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs io `l h`lso gmircfíamhl io soimdoatcs, sm emoa `l madoasl dlycräl io `cs
`l madoasl dlycräl io `cs
iopøsmtcs soimdoatlrmcs hcastuyoa `l buoato prmahmpl` io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs ac dotì`mhls, l`fuacs ylhm
iopøsmtcs soimdoatlrmcs hcastuyoa `l buoato prmahmpl` io ylhmdmoatcs dmaorlòs ac dotì`mhls, l`fuacs ylhm-
-
dmoatcs dotl`äborcs mdpcrtlat
dmoatcs dotl`äborcs mdpcrtlatos oaoa tldemía osto crmfoa
os oaoa tldemía osto crmfoa (onodp`c> o` dlaflaosc).
(onodp`c> o` dlaflaosc).
L. @ls votls y dlatcs>
L. @ls votls y dlatcs>
Yldemía hcachmics hcdc ylhmdmoatcs `camlacs, sca lhudu`lhmcaos io dmaorlòs (flòal, hl`hcpmrmtl, oshl
Yldemía hcachmics hcdc ylhmdmoatcs `camlacs, sca lhudu`lhmcaos io dmaorlòs (flòal, hl`hcpmrmtl, oshl-
-
òrmtl, oth.) oa huorpcs tleu`lros. Ostls s
òrmtl, oth.) oa huorpcs tleu`lros. Ostls so bcrdla pcr ro`òac io
o bcrdla pcr ro`òac io surls c brlhturls pro-oxmstoato
surls c brlhturls pro-oxmstoatos oa `ls
s oa `ls rchls, hca
rchls, hca
o` dmaorl`, hcastuyíaicso osto oa ual doal. Ond> Hlslpl`hl, Dcrchchgl
o` dmaorl`, hcastuyíaicso osto oa ual doal. Ond> Hlslpl`hl, Dcrchchgl
Dlatcs
Dlatcs
Rotls
Rotls
E. @cs pørbics io hcero>
E. @cs pørbics io hcero>
Xca imsodmalhmcaos io dmaorlòs io hcero oa
Xca imsodmalhmcaos io dmaorlòs io hcero oa frlaios vc`þdoaos io rchl (dm``caos io tcao`lils). Xca
frlaios vc`þdoaos io rchl (dm``caos io tcao`lils). Xca ylhmdmoa
ylhmdmoa-
-
tcs foaorlics pcr boaødoacs dlfdìhcs.
tcs foaorlics pcr boaødoacs dlfdìhcs.

8<
8<
[cric io hcero
[cric io hcero
DMAOUL@
DMAOUL@
IMXODMALIC
IMXODMALIC
8;;
8;;
H. @ls ovlpcrmtls>
H. @ls ovlpcrmtls>
Xo prosoatla hcdc rosu`tlic io `l ovlpcrlhmøa io` lful io dlr hcahoatrlil oa sl`os, ostls prohmpmtla y so lhudu
Xo prosoatla hcdc rosu`tlic io `l ovlpcrlhmøa io` lful io dlr hcahoatrlil oa sl`os, ostls prohmpmtla y so lhudu-
-
`la (gl`mtl, lagmirmtl y
`la (gl`mtl, lagmirmtl y yosc). Oa `l bcrdlhmøa io
yosc). Oa `l bcrdlhmøa io osto pc io ylhmdmoatc proicdmala `cs prchoscs soimdoatlrmcs
osto pc io ylhmdmoatc proicdmala `cs prchoscs soimdoatlrmcs
X
X
L
L
@
@
]OXC
]OXC
ORL[CUMYL
ORL[CUMYL
    <
    <
    ;
    ;
    ?
    ?
    <
    <
    <
    <
     ;
     ;
   <
   <
   <
   <
    ?
    ?
   <
   <
   5
   5
   ;
   ;
   <
   <
   5
   5
    ?
    ?
HL@M^L
HL@M^L

85
85
ACYLX>
ACYLX>

88
88
Dmal>
Dmal> Oxhlvlhmøa gohgl oa `l hcrtozl torrostro hca `l bmal`mili io oxtrlor dmaorlòs quo prciuzhla ua lprc
Oxhlvlhmøa gohgl oa `l hcrtozl torrostro hca `l bmal`mili io oxtrlor dmaorlòs quo prciuzhla ua lprc-
-
vohgldmoatcohcaødmhc.
vohgldmoatcohcaødmhc.
Dmaoräl>
Dmaoräl> Lhvmili, chuplhmøa c
Lhvmili, chuplhmøa c maiustrml quo so chupl io
maiustrml quo so chupl io `l oxtrlhhmøa io dmaorlòs io `l hcrtozl torrostro.
`l oxtrlhhmøa io dmaorlòs io `l hcrtozl torrostro.
Mafoamoräl io Dmals>
Mafoamoräl io Dmals> Os `l lp`mhlhmøa io `l hmoahml y o` lrto l `cs prchoscs io dmalic, cporlhmøa io dmals y
Os `l lp`mhlhmøa io `l hmoahml y o` lrto l `cs prchoscs io dmalic, cporlhmøa io dmals y
lhvmilios hcaoxls.
lhvmilios hcaoxls.
Dmaorl`>
Dmaorl`> Xu
Xustlahml macrfìamhl io churroahml
stlahml macrfìamhl io churroahml alturl` quo tmoao
alturl` quo tmoao ual hcdpcsmhmøa quädm
ual hcdpcsmhmøa quädmhl iobmamil y
hl iobmamil y hl
hlrl
rlh
h-
-
toräshls smhls imsavls.
toräshls smhls imsavls.
Uchl>
Uchl> _a hcanuatc io dmaorlòs quo so
_a hcanuatc io dmaorlòs quo so pro¬soatla io dlaorl hcgosmcalil.
pro¬soatla io dlaorl hcgosmcalil.
Doal>
Doal> Dmaorlòs quo oaoa vl`cr ohcaødmhc y
Dmaorlòs quo oaoa vl`cr ohcaødmhc y u`mili suhmoatos plrl nushlr su oxtrlhhmøa.
u`mili suhmoatos plrl nushlr su oxtrlhhmøa.
Iosdcato c Flafl>
Iosdcato c Flafl> Dmaorlòs quo ac oaoa
Dmaorlòs quo ac oaoa vl`cr ohcaødmhc.
vl`cr ohcaødmhc.
]lhmdmoatc c Iopøsmtc Dmaorl`>
]lhmdmoatc c Iopøsmtc Dmaorl`> Churroahml foc`øfmhl io
Churroahml foc`øfmhl io dmaorlòs oa bcrdl ro`lvldoato hcahoatrlil.
dmaorlòs oa bcrdl ro`lvldoato hcahoatrlil.
Rotl>
Rotl> ]lhmdmoat
]lhmdmoatc dmaorl` io bcrdl tleu`lr hca mah`malhmøa vorhl`
c dmaorl` io bcrdl tleu`lr hca mah`malhmøa vorhl` c horhlal l `l vorhl`.
c horhlal l `l vorhl`.
Dlatc>
Dlatc> ]lhmdmo
]lhmdmoatc dmaorl` io bcrdl tleu`lr
atc dmaorl` io bcrdl tleu`lr hca mah`malhmøa gcrmzcatl` c
hca mah`malhmøa gcrmzcatl` c horhlal l `l
horhlal l `l gcrmzcatl`.
gcrmzcatl`.
Huorpc imsodmalic>
Huorpc imsodmalic> ]lhmdmoatc oa o` quo `cs dmaorlòs io doal lplrohoa osplrhmics oa hcahoatrlhmcaos
]lhmdmoatc oa o` quo `cs dmaorlòs io doal lplrohoa osplrhmics oa hcahoatrlhmcaos
ro`lvldoat
ro`lvldoato
o elnls.
elnls.
Uudec>
Uudec> Imrohhmøa hca rospohtc l` p`lac gcrmzcatl` quo smfuoa `ls
Imrohhmøa hca rospohtc l` p`lac gcrmzcatl` quo smfuoa `ls votls c `cs dlatcs.
votls c `cs dlatcs.
Euzldmoatc>
Euzldmoatc> Mah`malhmøa hca rospohtc l` p`lac vorhl` quo smfuoa `ls votls c `cs dlatcs.
Mah`malhmøa hca rospohtc l` p`lac vorhl` quo smfuoa `ls votls c `cs dlatcs.
@oy
@oy io Hleozl>
io Hleozl> Hcahoatrlhmøa io ual sustlahml c
Hcahoatrlhmøa io ual sustlahml c oòdoatc oa ua ylhmdmoatc dmaorl`.
oòdoatc oa ua ylhmdmoatc dmaorl`.
@oy io Hcrto>
@oy io Hcrto> @oy däamdl roquormil plrl quo `l
@oy däamdl roquormil plrl quo `l oxp`ctlhmøa sol roatleò.
oxp`ctlhmøa sol roatleò.
Dmaoräl Dotì`mhl>
Dmaoräl Dotì`mhl> Oxtrlhhmøa io dmaorlòs hca
Oxtrlhhmøa io dmaorlòs hca hcatoamic io dotlòs io `l
hcatoamic io dotlòs io `l hcrtozl torros
hcrtozl torrostro.
tro.
Dmaoräl ac Dotì`mhl>
Dmaoräl ac Dotì`mhl> Oxtrlhhmøa io dmaorlòs sm
Oxtrlhhmøa io dmaorlòs sma hcatoamic dotì`mhc io `l
a hcatoamic dotì`mhc io `l hcrtozl torros
hcrtozl torrostro.
tro.
Flòräl>
Flòräl> Acdero quo so
Acdero quo so il l ual
il l ual oxhl
oxhlvlhmøa suetorrìaol gcrmzcatl` quo hcrro plrl-ò`c c hlsm plrlò`c
vlhmøa suetorrìaol gcrmzcatl` quo hcrro plrl-ò`c c hlsm plrlò`c l` rudec
l` rudec
io `l votl c dlatc.
io `l votl c dlatc.
Dmaoräl Xuporhml`>
Dmaoräl Xuporhml`> Oxp`ctlhmøa dmaorl ac suetorrìaol, ioacdmalil tldemía ‐dmaoräl l hmo`c lemortc—. Xo
Oxp`ctlhmøa dmaorl ac suetorrìaol, ioacdmalil tldemía ‐dmaoräl l hmo`c lemortc—. Xo
``ldl ‐hlatorl— sm `l ox¬p`ctlhmøa hcrrospcaio l sustlahmls ac dotì`mhls y ‐tlnc lemortc— sm so trltl io sustlahmls
``ldl ‐hlatorl— sm `l ox¬p`ctlhmøa hcrrospcaio l sustlahmls ac dotì`mhls y ‐tlnc lemortc— sm so trltl io sustlahmls
dotì`mhls.
dotì`mhls.
Dmaoräl
Dmaoräl Xuetorr
Xuetorrìaol>
ìaol> Oxp`ctlhmøa dmaorl quo so rol`mzl
Oxp`ctlhmøa dmaorl quo so rol`mzl pcr ioelnc io `l
pcr ioelnc io `l suporhmo torrostro roqu
suporhmo torrostro roqumrmoaic io `l
mrmoaic io `l
oxhl
oxhlvlhmøa io tþaoòs y
vlhmøa io tþaoòs y pczcs.
pczcs.
Hruhorc>
Hruhorc> Acdero quo so il l ual oxhlvlhmøa suetorrìaol gcrmzcatl` quo hcrro porpoaimhu`lr c hlsm porpoa
Acdero quo so il l ual oxhlvlhmøa suetorrìaol gcrmzcatl` quo hcrro porpoaimhu`lr c hlsm porpoa-
-
imhu`lr l` rudec io `l votl c dlatc.
imhu`lr l` rudec io `l votl c dlatc.
Uldpl>
Uldpl> Oxhlvlhmøa suporhml` c suetorrìaol quo oao ual poaimoato prcauahmlil (2 l 5;%
Oxhlvlhmøa suporhml` c suetorrìaol quo oao ual poaimoato prcauahmlil (2 l 5;% pcr `c foaorl`).
pcr `c foaorl`).
[mquo>
[mquo> Oxhlvlhmøa vorhl` c hlsm vorhl` quo so glho oa bcrdl ioshoaioato plrl ilr lhhosc l ual dmal sueto
Oxhlvlhmøa vorhl` c hlsm vorhl` quo so glho oa bcrdl ioshoaioato plrl ilr lhhosc l ual dmal sueto-
-
rrìaol.
rrìaol.
Hgmdoaol>
Hgmdoaol> Oxhlvlhmøa vorhl` c hlsm vorhl` suetorrìaol quo so glho oa bcrdl lshoaioato, plrl aos io
Oxhlvlhmøa vorhl` c hlsm vorhl` suetorrìaol quo so glho oa bcrdl lshoaioato, plrl aos io lhhosc,
lhhosc,
voa`lhmøa c sorvmhmc oa ual dmal.
voa`lhmøa c sorvmhmc oa ual dmal.
F@CXLUMC IO YOUDMACX
F@CXLUMC IO YOUDMACX FOC@Ø
FOC@ØFMHCX ] DMAO
FMHCX ] DMAOUCX
UCX
R
R
HL[ÄY_@C
HL[ÄY_@C
<
< FOAOUL@MILIOX
FOAOUL@MILIOX

Dlaul` io`
Ostuimlato
o
89
89
Amvo`>
Amvo`> ^cal oa ual dmal
^cal oa ual dmal suetorrìaol quo so oahuoatrl oa ual dmsdl hctl.
suetorrìaol quo so oahuoatrl oa ual dmsdl hctl.
Ylnoc>
Ylnoc> Ìrol dmsdl io oxtrlhhmøa oa ual dmal
Ìrol dmsdl io oxtrlhhmøa oa ual dmal suetorrìaol.
suetorrìaol.
Uchloahlncalato>
Uchloahlncalato> Uchl sma vl`cr ohcaødmhc quo rciol l`
Uchl sma vl`cr ohcaødmhc quo rciol l` huorpc dmaorl`mzlic.
huorpc dmaorl`mzlic.
Hlnl Yohgc>
Hlnl Yohgc> Uchl oahlncalato pcr oahmdl io` huorpc dmaorl`mzlic.
Uchl oahlncalato pcr oahmdl io` huorpc dmaorl`mzlic.
Hlnl [msc>
Hlnl [msc> Uchl oahlncalato pcr ioelnc io` huorpc dmaorl`mzlic.
Uchl oahlncalato pcr ioelnc io` huorpc dmaorl`mzlic.
Uohuermdmoatc>
Uohuermdmoatc> Dltorml` quo huero oa `l
Dltorml` quo huero oa `l suporhmo l ua huorpc dmaorl`mzlic.
suporhmo l ua huorpc dmaorl`mzlic.
Lcrldmoatc>
Lcrldmoatc> [lrto io ua huorpc dmaorl`mzlic quo lplroho l
[lrto io ua huorpc dmaorl`mzlic quo lplroho l `l vmstl oa suporhmo.
`l vmstl oa suporhmo.
Oahldplao>
Oahldplao> @cafmtui vorhl` io ua huorpc dmaorl`mzlic oa
@cafmtui vorhl` io ua huorpc dmaorl`mzlic oa suporhmo.
suporhmo.
Imùhmøa>
Imùhmøa> Odpcerohmdmoatc io `l òy io
Odpcerohmdmoatc io `l òy io hleozl hcdc hcasohuoahml io `l dozh`l io dmaorl` ostírm` hca doal
hleozl hcdc hcasohuoahml io `l dozh`l io dmaorl` ostírm` hca doal oa
oa
o` prchosc io dmalic.
o` prchosc io dmalic.
Hcahoatrlic>
Hcahoatrlic> Uosu`tlic io` trltldmoatc io `l doal oxtrläil pcr o` hul` so ceoaoa `cs dmaorlòs hca vl`cr
Uosu`tlic io` trltldmoatc io `l doal oxtrläil pcr o` hul` so ceoaoa `cs dmaorlòs hca vl`cr
ohcaødmhc.
ohcaødmhc.
Uo`lvo>
Uo`lvo> Uosu`tlic io` trltldmoatc io `l doal oxtrläil pcr o` hul` so
Uosu`tlic io` trltldmoatc io `l doal oxtrläil pcr o` hul` so ceoaoa `cs dmaorlòs io flafl.
ceoaoa `cs dmaorlòs io flafl.
Dlqum`l>
Dlqum`l> Hcstc io trltldmoatc io` hcahoatr
Hcstc io trltldmoatc io` hcahoatrlic oa ual buaimhmøa
lic oa ual buaimhmøa l a io cetoaor o`
l a io cetoaor o` dotl`.
dotl`.

L
L
L`dlhoaldmoatc
L`dlhoaldmoatc
[rcvmsmcal`
[rcvmsmcal`

Dítcic io dmalic quo hcasmsto oa quo o` dmaorl` rctc, smrvo io ro`òac todpcrl`. @l dmal trlelnl scero osto ro
Dítcic io dmalic quo hcasmsto oa quo o` dmaorl` rctc, smrvo io ro`òac todpcrl`. @l dmal trlelnl scero osto ro-
-
`òac. Iospuís io quo tordmal o` dmalic, so slhl o` tcic o` dmaorl`.
`òac. Iospuís io quo tordmal o` dmalic, so slhl o` tcic o` dmaorl`.
Lahgc däamdc io Dmalic
Lahgc däamdc io Dmalic
Os o` lahgc däamdc
Os o` lahgc däamdc gcrmzcatl`, quo pordmto oxp`ctlr ual votl, io lhuoric l` oqumpc quo so
gcrmzcatl`, quo pordmto oxp`ctlr ual votl, io lhuoric l` oqumpc quo so u`mzl. Oa osto hlsc, o`
u`mzl. Oa osto hlsc, o`
lahgc io `l votl os doacr quo o` lahgc däamdc io dmalic, pcr `c quo iurlato `l oxp`ctlhmøa o` tlnc hcrrospca
lahgc io `l votl os doacr quo o` lahgc däamdc io dmalic, pcr `c quo iurlato `l oxp`ctlhmøa o` tlnc hcrrospca-
-
imoato oao quo ldp`mlrso l osto lahgc, oatcahos aohoslrmldoato oao quo gleor ual imùhmøa.
imoato oao quo ldp`mlrso l osto lahgc, oatcahos aohoslrmldoato oao quo gleor ual imùhmøa.

E
E
Echldmal
Echldmal
Oatrlil l ual dmal.
Oatrlil l ual dmal.
Eu``mca
Eu``mca
Crc c p`ltl roalics y prosoatlics oa bcrdl io `mafctos c elrrls.
Crc c p`ltl roalics y prosoatlics oa bcrdl io `mafctos c elrrls.

H
H
Hoì
Hoìl io ctlhmøa
l io ctlhmøa
Oqumpc oa icaio so obohtþl o` prchosc io
Oqumpc oa icaio so obohtþl o` prchosc io ctlhmøa io dm¬aorlòs y quo hcastl io ua
ctlhmøa io dm¬aorlòs y quo hcastl io ua tlaquo y ua lfmtlicr ospo
tlaquo y ua lfmtlicr ospo-
-
hml`. O` lfmtlicr ostì dcatlic oa ua
hml`. O` lfmtlicr ostì dcatlic oa ua ono guohc plrl pordmr o` mafrosc io`
ono guohc plrl pordmr o` mafrosc io` lmro.
lmro.
Hoìls io Oòhtrc-Iopcsmhmøa
Hoìls io Oòhtrc-Iopcsmhmøa
Oqumpc hcdpuostc io ua tlaquo y ics oòhtrcics (ìacic y hìtcic) u`mzlic oa `l rohuporlhmøa oòhtrc`ähl io
Oqumpc hcdpuostc io ua tlaquo y ics oòhtrcics (ìacic y hìtcic) u`mzlic oa `l rohuporlhmøa oòhtrc`ähl io
doatlòs imsuo`tcs oa ual scùhmøa (oòhtrc`mtc). Ostc so `cfrl doimlato o` plsc io ua unc io hcrrmoato oatro `cs
doatlòs imsuo`tcs oa ual scùhmøa (oòhtrc`mtc). Ostc so `cfrl doimlato o` plsc io ua unc io hcrrmoato oatro `cs
oòhtrcics, hluslaic quo `cs dotlòs so prohmpmtoa y iopcsmtoa oa o`
oòhtrcics, hluslaic quo `cs dotlòs so prohmpmtoa y iopcsmtoa oa o` hìtcic.
hìtcic.

8?
8?
Hglahlic
Hglahlic
[rchosc pcr o` hul` o` dmaorl` os
[rchosc pcr o` hul` o` dmaorl` os trmturlic oatro ´ l </2 io su tldlüc crmfmal`, oa
trmturlic oatro ´ l </2 io su tldlüc crmfmal`, oa proplrlhmøa l `l smfumoato otlpl
proplrlhmøa l `l smfumoato otlpl
io roiuhhmøa (sofuail c torhorl otlpl io hglahlic c hmrhumtc io dc`moail).
io roiuhhmøa (sofuail c torhorl otlpl io hglahlic c hmrhumtc io dc`moail).
Hmlaurlhmøa
Hmlaurlhmøa
Dítcic plrl oxtrlor crc y p`ltl hcatoamics oa dmaorlòs c
Dítcic plrl oxtrlor crc y p`ltl hcatoamics oa dmaorlòs c hcahoatrli
hcahoatrlics, imsc`vmíaic`cs
cs, imsc`vmíaic`cs oa ual scùhmøa
oa ual scùhmøa iíem` io
iíem` io
hmlaurc io scimc c pctlsmc. Oa Crhcpldpl so rol`mzl `l hmlaurlhmøa io hcahoatrlics frlvmdítrmhcs l`tcs oa crc y
hmlaurc io scimc c pctlsmc. Oa Crhcpldpl so rol`mzl `l hmlaurlhmøa io hcahoatrlics frlvmdítrmhcs l`tcs oa crc y
p`ltl prciuhmics oa `l p`latl hcahoatrlicrl. @l hmlaurlhmøa so `òvl l hlec oa
p`ltl prciuhmics oa `l p`latl hcahoatrlicrl. @l hmlaurlhmøa so `òvl l hlec oa ics dlaorls>
ics dlaorls>
<.
<. O` hcaho
O` hcahoatr
atrlic fr
lic frlvmdí
lvmdítrmhc o
trmhc os rodc`
s rodc`mic hca lful
mic hca lful l`hl`mal
l`hl`mal y hmla
y hmlaurc plrl
urc plrl ùofc s
ùofc sor ecdeol
or ecdeolic l
ic l `cs
`cs tlaq
tlaquos
uos
io lfmtlhmøa. _al voz tordmalil `l otlpl io hmlaurlhmøa, `l pu`pl os bm`trlil y `l scùhmøa os matrciuhmil l
io lfmtlhmøa. _al voz tordmalil `l otlpl io hmlaurlhmøa, `l pu`pl os bm`trlil y `l scùhmøa os matrciuhmil l
`ls hoìls io
`ls hoìls io oòhtrc-iopcsmhmøa oa icaio ldecs oòdoatcs sca rohuporlics oa o`
oòhtrc-iopcsmhmøa oa icaio ldecs oòdoatcs sca rohuporlics oa o` hìtcic oa bcrdl io prohm
hìtcic oa bcrdl io prohm-
-
pmtlic. @l scùhmøa os pcstormcrdoato ecdeol¬il l trlvís io hmahc hcùdals io hlreøa lhvlic y ùofc
pmtlic. @l scùhmøa os pcstormcrdoato ecdeol¬il l trlvís io hmahc hcùdals io hlreøa lhvlic y ùofc
os l`dlhoalil oa tlaquos plrl su
os l`dlhoalil oa tlaquos plrl su pcstormcr rou`mzlhmøa.
pcstormcr rou`mzlhmøa.
5.
5. O` hcahoatrlic frlvmdítrmhc sma rodcòr so iopcsmtl ioatrc io uals tmals hcastrumils oa hcahrotc bcr
O` hcahoatrlic frlvmdítrmhc sma rodcòr so iopcsmtl ioatrc io uals tmals hcastrumils oa hcahrotc bcr-
-
dlaic rudls. Hlil al oao io 2; l 7; tcao`lils io hlplhmili. @l scùhmøa io hmlaurc os ecdeolil l `l
dlaic rudls. Hlil al oao io 2; l 7; tcao`lils io hlplhmili. @l scùhmøa io hmlaurc os ecdeolil l `l
plrto supormcr io `l rudl, y porhc`l l trlvís io o``l imsc`vmoaic l su plsc o` crc y `l p`ltl hcatoamics oa o`
plrto supormcr io `l rudl, y porhc`l l trlvís io o``l imsc`vmoaic l su plsc o` crc y `l p`ltl hcatoamics oa o`
hcaho
hcahoatr
atrlic. @l sc`
lic. @l scùhmøa r
uhmøa rmhl os pcstormcrdoato
mhl os pcstormcrdoato ecdeolic
ecdeolic l` hm
l` hmrhumtc io
rhumtc io oòhtrc-iopcsmhm
oòhtrc-iopcsmhmøa y
øa y hlreø
hlreøa lh
a lh-
-
vlic plrl ùofc sor rohmrhu`lic io vuo`tl l `l
vlic plrl ùofc sor rohmrhu`lic io vuo`tl l `l rudl.
rudl.
Hmrhlic
Hmrhlic
Dítc
Dítcic io oxp
ic io oxp`ctlh
`ctlhmøa icaio `l v
møa icaio `l votl os duy lafcstl
otl os duy lafcstl y so
y so oxp`ctl so`
oxp`ctl soòhtmvldoato, i
ohtmvldoato, io dcic
o dcic quo oa
quo oa ual prmdor
ual prmdorl
l
vc`liurl so oxtrlo o` dltorml` ostírm` y ùofc oa ual
vc`liurl so oxtrlo o` dltorml` ostírm` y ùofc oa ual sofuail vc`liurl `l votl. Foaorl`doato so odpòl oa o` hlsc
sofuail vc`liurl `l votl. Foaorl`doato so odpòl oa o` hlsc
io votls duy io`flils y io l
io votls duy io`flils y io l`tl òy. Xo ceoao dmaorl` dìs `mdpmc (doacs imùmic)
`tl òy. Xo ceoao dmaorl` dìs `mdpmc (doacs imùmic) quo hulaic o` dmaorl` y
quo hulaic o` dmaorl` y `l rchl
`l rchl
sca rctcs l ua lahgc däamdc oa `l dmsdl vc`liurl.
sca rctcs l ua lahgc däamdc oa `l dmsdl vc`liurl.
Hceorturl
Hceorturl
Dohlamsdc io dorhlic quo pordmto nlr ua prohmc io voatl plrl iotordmalil hlaili io ua
Dohlamsdc io dorhlic quo pordmto nlr ua prohmc io voatl plrl iotordmalil hlaili io ua prciuhtc.
prciuhtc.
Hcahoatrlhmøa
Hcahoatrlhmøa
[rchosc doimlato o` hul` `ls ospohmos dmaorl`øfmhls hca vl`cr ohcaødmhc quo so oahuoatrla hcatoamils oa ua
[rchosc doimlato o` hul` `ls ospohmos dmaorl`øfmhls hca vl`cr ohcaødmhc quo so oahuoatrla hcatoamils oa ua
dmaorl`, sca soplrlils io` dltorml` ac vl`mcsc c io iosohgc, utm`mzlaic plrl tl` obohtc cporlhmcaos uamtlrmls
dmaorl`, sca soplrlils io` dltorml` ac vl`mcsc c io iosohgc, utm`mzlaic plrl tl` obohtc cporlhmcaos uamtlrmls
tlòs hcdc hglahlic, dc`moail, ctlhmøa,
tlòs hcdc hglahlic, dc`moail, ctlhmøa, oth.
oth.
Hcahoatrlhmøa frlvmdítrmhl
Hcahoatrlhmøa frlvmdítrmhl
[rchosc quo pordmto soplrlr plrhu`ls io imboroatos tldlücs, bcrdls y poscs ospohähcs, doimlato o` usc io `l
[rchosc quo pordmto soplrlr plrhu`ls io imboroatos tldlücs, bcrdls y poscs ospohähcs, doimlato o` usc io `l
buorzl io frlvoili c buorzls hoaträbufls. [cr onodp`c, ua frlac io crc so
buorzl io frlvoili c buorzls hoaträbufls. [cr onodp`c, ua frlac io crc so guaio oa lful duhgc
guaio oa lful duhgc dìs rìpmic quo
dìs rìpmic quo
ua frlac io sä`mho io`
ua frlac io sä`mho io` dmsdc tldlüc ioemic l quo
dmsdc tldlüc ioemic l quo o` prmdorc oao ua dlycr posc ospohähc.
o` prmdorc oao ua dlycr posc ospohähc.
Hcahoatrlic
Hcahoatrlic
[rciuhtc rmhc oa dotlòs cetoamic doimlato `l lp`mhlhmøa
[rciuhtc rmhc oa dotlòs cetoamic doimlato `l lp`mhlhmøa io prchoscs io soplrlhmøa y hcahoatrlhmøa tlòs hcdc
io prchoscs io soplrlhmøa y hcahoatrlhmøa tlòs hcdc
`l ctlhmøa. @cs dotlòs sca «hcahoatrlicsº l plrr io` dmaorl` quo `cs hcatmoao y o` rostc os iosohglic
`l ctlhmøa. @cs dotlòs sca «hcahoatrlicsº l plrr io` dmaorl` quo `cs hcatmoao y o` rostc os iosohglic
hcdc ro`lvo aoutrl`mzlic. [cstormcrdoato ostcs dotlòs sca oxtrläics io `cs hcahoatrlics doimlato prchoscs
hcdc ro`lvo aoutrl`mzlic. [cstormcrdoato ostcs dotlòs sca oxtrläics io `cs hcahoatrlics doimlato prchoscs
pmrcdotl`þrf
pmrcdotl`þrfmhcs o gmircdotl`þrfmhcs oa `ls
mhcs o gmircdotl`þrfmhcs oa `ls buaimhmcaos y roaoräls.
buaimhmcaos y roaoräls.
Hcahoatr
Hcahoatrlic
lic Eu`j
Eu`j
Hcahoatrlic quo hcaoao dìs io ua dotl` hca vl`cr hcdor¬hml`.
Hcahoatrlic quo hcaoao dìs io ua dotl` hca vl`cr hcdor¬hml`.
Hcahoatrlicrl
Hcahoatrlicrl
[`latl maiustrml` oa icaio so `òvl
[`latl maiustrml` oa icaio so `òvl l hlec `l hcahoatrlhmøa io dmaorlòs.
l hlec `l hcahoatrlhmøa io dmaorlòs.
Hut-lai-Bm`` Xtcpmaf (Hcrto y Uo`òac)
Hut-lai-Bm`` Xtcpmaf (Hcrto y Uo`òac)
Dítcic io oxp`ctlhmøa quo mavcùhrl oxtrlor ua dmaorl` io tlnc y ùofc ro`òalr`c hca dltorml` io iosohgc plrl
Dítcic io oxp`ctlhmøa quo mavcùhrl oxtrlor ua dmaorl` io tlnc y ùofc ro`òalr`c hca dltorml` io iosohgc plrl
prcpcrhmcalr scpcrto io `ls hlnls y pmsc
prcpcrhmcalr scpcrto io `ls hlnls y pmsc io trlelnc.
io trlelnc.

Dlaul` io`
Ostuimlato
o
82
82
Hut-c (@oy Däamdl)
Hut-c (@oy Däamdl)
Hcatoamic däamdc io` dotl` oa o` dmaorl` plrl quo puoil
Hcatoamic däamdc io` dotl` oa o` dmaorl` plrl quo puoil sor hcasmiorlic hcdc rosorvls.
sor hcasmiorlic hcdc rosorvls.

I
I
Iopøsm
Iopøsmtc io pørics io Hcero
tc io pørics io Hcero
Iopøsmtc io elnl òy y frla tcao`lno io hcero imsodmalic oa o` quo `cs dmaorlòs hupräborcs so prosoatla hcdc
Iopøsmtc io elnl òy y frla tcao`lno io hcero imsodmalic oa o` quo `cs dmaorlòs hupräborcs so prosoatla hcdc
plrhu`ls c voals ioatrc io ua
plrhu`ls c voals ioatrc io ua frla vcùdoa io rchl.
frla vcùdoa io rchl.
Icrí
Icrí
Dozh`l mdpurl y sma roalr io crc dotì`mhc y p`ltl. Xo prciuho doimlato `l buaimhmøa io hcahoatrlics io crc y
Dozh`l mdpurl y sma roalr io crc dotì`mhc y p`ltl. Xo prciuho doimlato `l buaimhmøa io hcahoatrlics io crc y
p`ltl, lroals c prohmpmtlics. @ls mdpurozls pmhls mahùyoa dotlòs ac aceòs. O` icrí so
p`ltl, lroals c prohmpmtlics. @ls mdpurozls pmhls mahùyoa dotlòs ac aceòs. O` icrí so roal glstl cetoaor crc
roal glstl cetoaor crc
hlsm purc oa ual buaimhmøa
hlsm purc oa ual buaimhmøa c roaoräl.
c roaoräl.

O
O
Oaslyo
Oaslyo
Laì`msms quädmhc io ua dmaorl`, hcahoatrlic c dotl` plrl iotor¬dmalr `l hlatmili io ospohmos vl`mcsls. Acr
Laì`msms quädmhc io ua dmaorl`, hcahoatrlic c dotl` plrl iotor¬dmalr `l hlatmili io ospohmos vl`mcsls. Acr-
-
dl`doato `ls òyos io dotlòs prohmcscs so ila oa cazls pcr Ycao`lil Hcrtl c frldcs pcr Ycao`lil Dítrmhl,
dl`doato `ls òyos io dotlòs prohmcscs so ila oa cazls pcr Ycao`lil Hcrtl c frldcs pcr Ycao`lil Dítrmhl,
dmoatrls quo `ls òyos io dotlòs ac prohmcscs so
dmoatrls quo `ls òyos io dotlòs ac prohmcscs so oxprosla oa pcrhoatlno.
oxprosla oa pcrhoatlno.
Opmtordl`
Opmtordl`
Os ua tírdmac lp`mhlic l iopøsmtcs gmirctordlòs bcrdlics l pchl prcbuaimili pcr scùhmcaos lshoaioatos l
Os ua tírdmac lp`mhlic l iopøsmtcs gmirctordlòs bcrdlics l pchl prcbuaimili pcr scùhmcaos lshoaioatos l
todporlt
todporlturls
urls ro`lvldoat
ro`lvldoato
o elnls.
elnls.
Oshcrml
Oshcrml
Dlsl vätrol quo quoil hcdc rosmiuc l`
Dlsl vätrol quo quoil hcdc rosmiuc l` buaimr ua hcahoatrlic dotì`mhc.
buaimr ua hcahoatrlic dotì`mhc.
B
B
B`ctlhmøa
B`ctlhmøa
[rch
[rchosc d
osc dotl`
otl`þrfm
þrfmhc q
hc quo p
uo pordmt
ordmto `l
o `lsoplr
soplrlhmøa
lhmøaio `
io `ls ospoh
ls ospohmos
mos vl`m
vl`mcsl
csls hc
s hcatoa
atoamil
mils o
s oa ua
a ua dma
dmaorl`
orl`, i
, io` dltor
o` dltorml`
ml`
ostírm`. [lrl `cfrlr ual euoal soplrlhmøa, os aohoslrmc quo ostls ospohmos vl`mcsls sola `meorlils io`
ostírm`. [lrl `cfrlr ual euoal soplrlhmøa, os aohoslrmc quo ostls ospohmos vl`mcsls sola `meorlils io` dltorml` os
dltorml` os-
-
tírm`. Ostc so `cfrl dc`moaic o` dmaorl` oa hmrhumtcs io dc`moail. @l soplrlhmøa so rol`mzl oa lful bcrdìaicso ual
tírm`. Ostc so `cfrl dc`moaic o` dmaorl` oa hmrhumtcs io dc`moail. @l soplrlhmøa so rol`mzl oa lful bcrdìaicso ual
pu`pl y oa icaio `ls
pu`pl y oa icaio `ls plrhu`ls sø`mils so dlaoaoa oa suspoasmøa
plrhu`ls sø`mils so dlaoaoa oa suspoasmøa pcr doimc io uacs lfmtlicros ospohml`doato
pcr doimc io uacs lfmtlicros ospohml`doato
imsoülics plrl osto hlsc.
imsoülics plrl osto hlsc.
L `l pu`pl so lfrofl ual sormo io rolhvcs quädmhcs ospohmlòs quo hlusla ual hcaimhmøa io gmircbcemhmili scero
L `l pu`pl so lfrofl ual sormo io rolhvcs quädmhcs ospohmlòs quo hlusla ual hcaimhmøa io gmircbcemhmili scero
`ls plrhu`ls vl`mcsls io tl` dlaorl quo, l` matrciuhmr lmro l` smstodl, so prciuho ua hcanuatc io eureunls scero
`ls plrhu`ls vl`mcsls io tl` dlaorl quo, l` matrciuhmr lmro l` smstodl, so prciuho ua hcanuatc io eureunls scero
`ls hulòs so ligmoroa ostls plrhu`ls. @ls eureunls, l doimil quo vla lshoaimoaic, so vla oarmquohmoaic io
`ls hulòs so ligmoroa ostls plrhu`ls. @ls eureunls, l doimil quo vla lshoaimoaic, so vla oarmquohmoaic io
ostls plrhu`ls glstl quo so l`hlazl `l suporhmo y oa icaio sca pcstormcrdoato rorlils. Dmoatrls tlatc, `ls
ostls plrhu`ls glstl quo so l`hlazl `l suporhmo y oa icaio sca pcstormcrdoato rorlils. Dmoatrls tlatc, `ls
plr
plrhu
hu`ls i
`ls io dl
o dltor
torml` o
ml` ost
stírm
írm` ac g
` ac gla smic
la smic lboh
lbohtli
tlils
ls pcr
pcr `c
`cs
s rol
rolhtm
htmvcs
vcs quä
quädm
dmhcs
hcs y pord
y pordlao
laohor
horìa su
ìa suspo
spoaim
aimils
ils
ioatrc io `l pu`pl.
ioatrc io `l pu`pl.
@l ctlhmøa so rol`mzl foaorl`doato plrl `l rohuporlhmøa io dotlòs quo so
@l ctlhmøa so rol`mzl foaorl`doato plrl `l rohuporlhmøa io dotlòs quo so oahuoatrla oa o` dmaorl` hcdc su`bu
oahuoatrla oa o` dmaorl` hcdc su`bu-
-
rcs, luaquo oxmstoa hlscs icaio so usl plrl `l
rcs, luaquo oxmstoa hlscs icaio so usl plrl `l rohuporlhmøa io ospohmos cxmilils c io acdotì`mhcs.
rohuporlhmøa io ospohmos cxmilils c io acdotì`mhcs.
B`ctlhmøa Eu`j
B`ctlhmøa Eu`j
Uohuporlhmøa io tcils `ls ospohmos vl`mcsls (crc, p`cdc, p`ltl, zmah, hcero, oth.) oa ua sc`c prciuhtc ``ldlic Hca
Uohuporlhmøa io tcils `ls ospohmos vl`mcsls (crc, p`cdc, p`ltl, zmah, hcero, oth.) oa ua sc`c prciuhtc ``ldlic Hca-
-
hoatrlic Eu`j. Oa Nu`hlam, so ceoao
hoatrlic Eu`j. Oa Nu`hlam, so ceoao ua hcahoatrlic io p`ltl-p`cdc-crc-hcer
ua hcahoatrlic io p`ltl-p`cdc-crc-hcero, dmoatrls quo oa _hguhhglhul so
o, dmoatrls quo oa _hguhhglhul so
prciuhoa ics pcs io hcahoatrlic> ua hcahoatrlic io p`ltl-p`cdc (eu`j) y ctrc io
prciuhoa ics pcs io hcahoatrlic> ua hcahoatrlic io p`ltl-p`cdc (eu`j) y ctrc io zmah.
zmah.
B`ctlhmøa imboroahml`
B`ctlhmøa imboroahml`
Os o` prchosc pcr o` quo ics c dìs ospohmos vl`mcsls sca rohuporlils oa hcahoatrlics soplrlics. Oa o` hlsc io
Os o` prchosc pcr o` quo ics c dìs ospohmos vl`mcsls sca rohuporlils oa hcahoatrlics soplrlics. Oa o` hlsc io

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