The upper central incisor is the tooth located at the midline of the maxilla. It has a trapezoidal crown with a single conical root. The functions of the upper central incisor include incising food and being the most prominent tooth visible when smiling or speaking. Its anatomical features include a broad crown relative to the other anterior teeth, as well as a convex labial surface and palatal ridges.

1. Upper Incisors

2. SURFACE ANATOMY OF PERMANENT TEETH
General characteristics:
There are four maxillary incisors, two centrals
and two laterals.
The two central incisors contact each other
at the midline
The major function of the incisors is incising
or cutting the food
The newly erupted incisors have three
mamelons which soon worn away

3. Maxillary Central Incisor :
This is the first tooth from the midline.
It is the broadest of any of the anterior
teeth
It is the most prominent and noticeable
to the observer’s eye.
Generally the outline of the crown
labially conform to the general outline
of the face.

4. Chronology:
Appearance of dental organ
Beginning of calcification
Crown completed
Eruption
Root completed
5 months intra uterine life
3-4 months
4-5 years
7-8years
10 years

6. Labial surface:
The crown:
The geometric outline is trapezoid
with the smallest side cervically.
The outline form:
The mesial outline is slightly
convex, while the distal outline is
more convex.

7. The incisal outline of
the newly erupted
incisor shows three
mamelons. These
mamelons soon
undergo attrition
giving a regular and
straight incisal edge.

8. The cervical line is convex
root-wise
The mesioincisal angle is sharp
and it nearly forms right angle,
while the distoincisal angle is
rounded.

9. The root :
This tooth has a single cone-
shaped root, with blunt apex.
The root is slightly longer than
the crown by about 2 or 3 mm.

10. Palatal surface:
The crown:
The crown converge
Palatally, making the
palatal surface narrower
than the labial surface.

11. The Palatal surface has:
The cingulum which is smooth
large well developed
convexity immediately below
the cervical line.

12. The mesial and
distal marginal
ridges are well
developed ridges
that extend from the
cingulum to the
incisal ridge.

13.  Palatal fossa is a large
concavity lies between
the marginal ridge, the
cingulum and the incisal
ridge.

14. The root:
The palatal surface of the root
is convex. It is narrower than
the labial surface due to
palatal convergence of the
proximal sides.

15. Mesial surface:
The crown:
 The geometric
outline of the crown
is triangular in shape
with the base of the
triangle at the cervix
and the apex at the
incisal ridge.

16. Outline form:
 The labial outline of the
crown is convex in the
cervical third and slightly
convex or nearly flat, in the
middle and incisal thirds.
The crest of curvature at
cervical 1/3.

17. The palatal outline is convex
over the cingulum, concave
at the mesial marginal ridge,
and slightly convex at the
incisal ridge. The crest
curvature of the palatal
surface is on the cingulum.

18. The root:
It is cone-shaped.
Its labial outline is more
straight than the palatal
outline . It ends with blunt
rounded apex. The mesial
surface is some what
flattened with a depression
in the middle third.

19. Distal surface:
It is similar to the mesial
outline with little
difference.
The crown is somewhat
thicker toward the
incisal third.

20. The curvature of the cervical line
is less distally than on the mesially
The surface of the root is convex,
and does not have a depression.

21. Incisal Aspect:
The crown outline is roughly
triangular, with curved labial
outline forming the base and
the proximal sides converge
toward the cingulum.
The crown is wider mesiodistally
than labiolingually.

22. The incisal edge is centrally
situated in a buccolingually
direction.
The lingual fossa is seen as
broad concavity between the
two marginal ridges and
incisal to the cingulum.

23. The pulp cavity of the upper central incisor
Mesio-distal section: The pulp
chamber is wide incisally with
thee pulp horns . The pulp
chamber tapers gradually as it
goes cervically but remains wide
up to the cervix , then it tapers
more in the root to form the root
canal that ends at the apical
foramen.

24. Labio-lingual section: The
pulp chamber pointed
towards the incisal edge . It
increases in size as it
approaches the cervical
line , then it tapers towards
the apical foramen.

25. Cross section: at the cervix the pulp cavity
is uniform, circular, accessible and well
centered in the root.
In young persons it is triangular.

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