10. • His name was Narendranath Dutt at birth.
• National Youth Day is celebrated on 12 January every year on the birthday of X.
• Before being initiated as a monk, Narendranath had sought divine influence from many sectors. He met
Debendranath Tagore, founder of the Brahmo Samaj and father of Rabindranath Tagore, in 1880. When
he asked Tagore if he had seen God, Tagore replied, " My boy, you have the Yogi's eyes"
• No one could help Narendranath with his question about God. Until he met Ramakrishna Paramahansa
in 1881. When he asked the same question to Ramakrishna, the latter replied, " Yes, I see Him as I see
you, only in an infinitely intenser sense." This was a far more satisfactory answer to Narendranath.
• After Ramakrishna's death in 1886, Narendranath sought refuge in a dilapidated house in Baranagar,
Calcutta (now Kolkata). He named the house 'Ramakrishna Math'. This was the first memorial house to
Sri Ramakrishna
• In 1888, Narendra adopted the life of a 'paribrajaka' or wandering monk and travelled across India with
just a kamandalu (water pot) and two books, the Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation of Christ. He met
many sadhus and fakirs and gathered knowledge about other religions. He also met princes and
maharajas. Maharaja of Khetri, Ajit Singh gave him the name X, which means the bliss of discerning
wisdom.
• At the Chicago parliament, he addressed the gathering as "sisters and brothers of America". This
phrase instantly closed the cultural and religious gap between India and America as Swamiji went on to
promote Hinduism as "the mother of religions... that has taught the world tolerance.”
• The airport of Raipur, Jharkhand is named after him.
12. • Commonly known as Swatantryaveer Savarkar.
• X coined the term Hindutva (Hinduness) to create a collective "Hindu" identity as
an "imagined nation".
• X published The Indian War of Independence about the Indian rebellion of
1857 that was banned by British authorities.
• The airport at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar's capital, has been named X
International Airport.
• In the recent past, the Shiv Sena party has demanded that the Indian
Government posthumously confer upon him India's highest civilian award,
the Bharat Ratna.
• His literary works in Marathi include "Kamala", "Mazi Janmathep" (My Life
Sentence), and most famously 1857 - The First War of Independence, in which X
popularised the term "First War of Independence" for what the British referred to
as the "Sepoy Mutiny". Another book was Kale Pani (Black Water which means
"life sentence" on the island prison on the Andaman islands), which reflected the
treatment of Indian Independence activists by the British. To counter the then
accepted view that India's history was a saga of continuous defeat, he wrote an
inspirational historical work, Saha Soneri Pane (Six Golden Pages), recounting
some of the "Golden periods" of Indian history.
• The airport of Port Blair is named after him. A statue of X
at Cellular Jail.
14. • His portrait hangs in the Central Hall of the Indian parliament,
the only tribal leader to have been so honored.
• His call against the British Raj,
“Abua raj ste jana, maharani raj tandu jana.
(Let the kingdom of queen be ended and our kingdom be
established.)
• He was arrested on 3 March 1900 in Jamkopai
forest, Chakradharpur while he was sleeping along his tribal
guerrilla army which was fighting against British forces. About
460 tribal people were arrested of which one was given with
capital punishment, 39 were awarded for transportation for
life and 23 for 14 years jail. X died in Ranchi Jail on 9 June
1900.
• The airport of Ranchi is named after him.
16. • The city of Bangalore itself was established by X in 1537, as
the capital of his erstwhile kingdom. He is considered to be
the founder of Bangalore.
• It is said that X got the vision of building a big futuristic city
during a hunting expedition near Shivanasamudra (near
Hesaraghatta) near Bangalore. He envisioned the city to
have a fort, a cantonment, tanks (water reservoirs), temples
and people of all trades and professions to live in it. He
conquered Sivaganga principality, 48 kilometres (30 mi) from
Bangalore on Bangalore-Pune highway.
• The airport of Bengaluru is named after him.
18. • Ganaratna Mahodadhi (1140 CE), a work on grammar by
Vardhamana, suggests that "Tribhuvan Narayana" or "Triloka
Narayana" ("Lord of the three worlds") was also a title of X.
• The airport of Bhopal is named after him.
20. • X's husband Khanderao Holkar was killed in the battle
of Kumbher in 1754. Twelve years later, her father-in-
law, Malhar Rao Holkar, died. A year after that she was
crowned as the queen of the Malwa kingdom.
• Kashi Vishwanath Temple has been destroyed and re-
constructed a number of times in the history. The last
structure was demolished by Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal
emperor who constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque on its
site. The current structure was built on an adjacent site by
the Maratha monarch, X [daughter-in-law of Malhar
Rao] of Indore in 1780.
• A film titled X was produced in 2002 featuring Mallika Prasad
as X, Shabana Azmi as Harkubai (Khaanda Rani, one of
Malhar Rao Holkar's wives) and also including Sadashiv
Amrapurkar as Malhar Rao Holkar, X's father in law.
• The airport at Indore is named X Airport in her honour.
22. • X popularly known as Baba Saheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social
reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social
discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), while also supporting the rights of women
and labour. He was Independent India's first law minister and the principal architect of
the Constitution of India.
• In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred upon X.
• X was voted "the Greatest Indian" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN.
• Amartya Sen, said that X is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in
his home country, though it was not the reality. His contribution in the field of economics is
marvelous and will be remembered forever.“
• His Autobiography is “Waiting For The Visa”.
• The airport of Nagpur is named after him.
24. • He was only nine when he became the Tenth Sikh Guru. He ascended after his father Guru Teg Bahadur accepted
martyrdom in the hands of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to protect the Kashmiri Hindus.
• In September 1688, at the age of 19, X fought the Battle of Bhangani against an allied force of Bhim Chand, Garwal
king Fateh Khan and other local kings of the Sivalik Hills. The battle lasted for a day and thousands of lives were lost.
The Guru came out victorious. A description of the battle can be found in Bichitra Natak or Bachittar Natak, a part of the
Dasham Granth, which is a religious text attributed to X.
• On March 30 in 1699, X gathered his followers to his home in Anadpur. He asked for a volunteer to sacrifice his head
for his brothers. Daya Ram offered his head and the Guru took him inside a tent and later emerged with a bloody
sword. He again asked for a volunteer and repeated the feat. This went on for three more times. At last, Guru emerged
from the tent with the five volunteers and five headless goats were found in the tent. These five Sikh volunteers were
named as Panj Pyaare or 'five beloved ones' by the Guru.
• At the gathering of 1699, X founded the Khalsa Vani - "Waheguru ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru ji ki fateh". He named all his
followers with the title Singh, meaning lion. He also founded the principles of Khalsa or the Five 'K's.
• The five 'K's are the five principles of life that are to be followed by a Khalsa. These include Kesh or hair, which means
to leave the hair uncut to show acceptance to the form God intended humans to be; Kangha or wooden comb, as a
symbol of cleanliness; Kara or iron bracelet, as a mark to remind a Khalsa of self-restraint; Kacchera or knee-length
shorts, to be worn by a Khalsa for being always ready to go into battle on horseback; and Kirpan, a sword to defend
oneself and the poor, the weak and the oppressed from all religions, castes and creeds.
• After repeated conflicts with Garwali and Mughal leaders, X wrote a letter to Aurangzeb in Persian, which was later
famously named as Zafarnama or the Epistle of Victory, reminding him of the misdeed the Mughals had done to the
Sikhs. He fought against the Mughals later in battle of Muktsar in 1705.
• X was born as Gobind Rai. The airport of Nanded, Maharastra is named after him.
36. • His birth name was Jetha.
• At age 12, Bhai Jetha and his grandmother moved to Goindval, where they met Guru Angad. The boy
thereafter accepted Guru Angad as mentor and served him. The daughter of Guru Angad married Bhai
Jetha, and he thus became part of Guru Angad's family. As with the first two Gurus of Sikhism, Guru
Amar Das instead of choosing his own sons, chose him as his successor and renamed him as X or
"servant or slave of god (Rama)".
• X is credited with founding the holy city of Amritsar in the Sikh tradition. Two versions of stories exist
regarding the land where X settled. In one based on a Gazetteer record, the land was purchased with
Sikh donations, for 700 rupees from the owners of the village of Tung. In another version,
Emperor Akbar is stated to have donated the land to the wife of X.
• According to the Sikh historical records, the site was chosen by Guru Amar Das and called Guru Da
Chakk, after he had asked X to find land to start a new town with a man made pool as its central point.
After his coronation in 1574, and the hostile opposition he faced from the sons of Guru Amar Das, X
founded the town named after him as "Ramdaspur". He started by completing the pool, and building his
new official Guru centre and home next to it. He invited merchants and artisans from other parts of
India to settle into the new town with him. The town expanded during the time of Guru Arjan financed by
donations and constructed by voluntary work. The town grew to become the city of Amritsar, and the
pool area grew into a temple complex after his son built the gurdwara Harmandir Sahib, and installed
the scripture of Sikhism inside the new temple in 1604.
• The airport of Amritsar is named after him.
44. • He started the newspaper Swaraj and took charge of publicity for the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee.
• The Bharat Ratna Award was conferred on X posthumously while it is still a controversial matter as to whether Netaji is
alive or not. A PIL was filed to this effect in the Supreme Court, and the award committee could not produce substantial
evidence of Netaji's death. Also his family members refused to accept the posthumous awarding of Bharat Ratna to X.
• He Was Twice Elected the President of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939.
• Mahatma Gandhi called him the “patriot of patriots” which is a high honor especially coming from someone who was
opposed to his ideologies.
• On August 18 1945 X is claimed to have been in a plane crash in Taipei, Taiwan. His death remains a mystery because
no body was recovered and only some ashes were taken to Japan. Over the years his death has been a mystery as
speculations have been made that he didn’t die at all and lived on in Russia and later in India. The alleged plane crash
doesn’t even exist in the Taiwanese records. Many theories have come out about his disappearance and alleged death
and to this day nothing conclusive can be said about those events.
• One of the theories is that he came back to India, and lived anonymously as Bhagwanji or Gumnami Baba in U.P. It is
said that X took Sanyas and didn’t think it wise to resurface into Indian politics. He is said to have died in 1985 in
Faizabad in U.P. It is said that Bhagwanji looked uncannily like X and his writing matched that of X’s. On at least four
separate occasions, Bhagwanji himself admitted that he was in fact X but that it was in the best interest of the nation
that he stay anonymous. That does sound like something X would do out of his love for the nation.
• The airport of Kolkata is named after him which was earlier known as Dumdum