1. In the Paleolithic period, the society of human was focused on survival. For example, in chapter 1, there are several of art works describing hunting scenes or animals (fig.1-10, 1-13 etc.). In that period, people had to get their food by themselves and if not, they couldn’t survive. In this ways, people had struggled for survival. Also, men were described as strong and brave. Unlike men, women were considered lower level than men. Women’s social status was very low and considered only for produce next generation. Figure 1-5, the nude woman, is a good example to support that. This woman is bearing child and it represents not only a specific woman but most female in that period. In the ancient near east, typical trend was powerful kingdom. Unlike the concept of tribal society in Paleolithic, there were several powerful kings in the ancient near east.The kings made some arts to reveal their power. For example, in chapter2, figure 2-13 Victory stele of Naram-Sin was made by Naram Sin who was 4th king in the ancient Akkad and set up the stele to celebrate his victory of a war between the Lullubi. In the stele, the Naram-Sin stands on the top with a helmet and other men stand bottom of him and looking the Naram-Sin.It shows how the Naram- Sin was powerful. In the ancient Greece, the society was concentrated on the Gods and Goddesses. There were lots of temples and statues for the Gods and Goddesses and it expressed focusing on the beauty of them. The technique of expression in the art was very detailed and expressed very actively. People in the ancient Greece described human body very in detail not only shape and pose but even muscles. For example, fig 5-39 it looks like real human. Also the Hellenistic is representative aspect in the ancient Greece. There are many statues which displaying the eroticism of the nude female form, and the Aphrodite was one of the most representative works in the Hellenistic (fig 5-83). 3. - The code of Hammurabi is a law code which is made by King Hammurabi of Babylon in the early 18th century BCE. It has great detail which prescribed various penalties for murder, theft, breaking property of others, and etc. Also, its sculptor use well “foreshortening” that way to suggest depth through angle, not frontally or in profile. The code of Hammurabi which is made by Hammurabi is a law code. Hammurabi, who was a king in Babylon, was a very powerful king. The code of Hammurabi prescribes various penalties very strongly and detailedly especially for murder and theft. 4. - It is known as spring frescoes because it depicts pure landscape, the essence of the spring, with vivid colors. It is decorated on house wall. Also, it is painted in wet fresco, so it requires fast speed to draw it. Through those facts, we can know that Minoan fresco painting wasn’t limited to wall of the great palace or other important space, and it wants to express essence of landscape not animal or human. In addition, Minoan fresco painting is e ...

1. 1. In the Paleolithic period, the society of human was focused
on survival. For example, in chapter 1, there are several of art
works describing hunting scenes or animals (fig.1-10, 1-13
etc.). In that period, people had to get their food by themselves
and if not, they couldn’t survive. In this ways, people had
struggled for survival. Also, men were described as strong and
brave. Unlike men, women were considered lower level than
men. Women’s social status was very low and considered only
for produce next generation. Figure 1-5, the nude woman, is a
good example to support that. This woman is bearing child and
it represents not only a specific woman but most female in that
period.
In the ancient near east, typical trend was powerful kingdom.
Unlike the concept of tribal society in Paleolithic, there were
several powerful kings in the ancient near east.The kings made
some arts to reveal their power. For example, in chapter2, figure
2-13 Victory stele of Naram-Sin was made by Naram Sin who
was 4th king in the ancient Akkad and set up the stele to
celebrate his victory of a war between the Lullubi. In the stele,
the Naram-Sin stands on the top with a helmet and other men
stand bottom of him and looking the Naram-Sin.It shows how
the Naram- Sin was powerful.
In the ancient Greece, the society was concentrated on the Gods
and Goddesses. There were lots of temples and statues for the
Gods and Goddesses and it expressed focusing on the beauty of
them. The technique of expression in the art was very detailed
and expressed very actively. People in the ancient Greece
described human body very in detail not only shape and pose
but even muscles. For example, fig 5-39 it looks like real
human. Also the Hellenistic is representative aspect in the
ancient Greece. There are many statues which displaying the
eroticism of the nude female form, and the Aphrodite was one

2. of the most representative works in the Hellenistic (fig 5-83).
3.
- The code of Hammurabi is a law code which is made by King
Hammurabi of Babylon in the early 18th century BCE. It has
great detail which prescribed various penalties for murder,
theft, breaking property of others, and etc. Also, its sculptor use
well “foreshortening” that way to suggest depth through angle,
not frontally or in profile.
The code of Hammurabi which is made by Hammurabi is a law
code. Hammurabi, who was a king in Babylon, was a very
powerful king. The code of Hammurabi prescribes various
penalties very strongly and detailedly especially for murder and
theft.
4.
- It is known as spring frescoes because it depicts pure
landscape, the essence of the spring, with vivid colors. It is
decorated on house wall. Also, it is painted in wet fresco, so it
requires fast speed to draw it. Through those facts, we can know
that Minoan fresco painting wasn’t limited to wall of the great
palace or other important space, and it wants to express essence
of landscape not animal or human. In addition, Minoan fresco
painting is expressed by vivid colors with wet fresco.
5.
- Hatshepsut was first great female pharaoh, and she was
principal wife of the forth pharaoh, whose name is Thutmose 2,
of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. She made Egypt most powerful
city in the world, and she encouraged to create a lot of
buildings, and sculptors of female pharaoh.
The unique part of her mortuary temple is three level of
colonnades. It is connected through ramps on the central, and
the colonnades are consisted of pillars-rectangular-, and
chamfered-flatter.

3. Hatshepsut was one of great pharaohs even though she wasn’t
male.
6. - The female figures of Paleolithic period are nude and ball-
shape. Their breast, abdomen, genital organs, and hips are
exaggerated, but they don’t have any facial expression. It is
because women were consideredthe way to reproduce the
species, and make them survive.
7.
-Akhenaton made Aton is the universal and only god, so he gets
rid of worships of all other gods. Also, he argued that he is
prophet and son of Aton. The god is not animal or human figure
anymore, and the god is represented by sun disk. In addition, he
changed the figures of Egyptian statue. The body shape is
effeminate, which has narrow waist, weak arm, and large hips,
and it has potbelly.
8.
- The Akkadians made one king govern the whole city, not like
city-state which has lots of rulers.
9.
-Delian League was an alliance to fight against Persians, and its
head offices were on the island of Delos. The Athenian was
center of the league, so they could determine which cities
provide fleet commander and ships. The power of Athenian
became strong gradually while the fighting against Persians was
continued. Also, they took Delian treasury to Athens, and used
League for Athenian empire. Finally, the allies protested against
decision of Athenian.
10.
-The Egyptian prototype has funerary function. It depicts King
and queen, or gods of Egypt, and it is for the dead people. Also,
Egyptian stressed permanence, so they suppressed the motion.
However, early Greek Archaic kourousis nude unlike Egyptian,
and they don’t have to use stone block in order to suppress the
motion. Also, they don’t have any identity of statuary.

4. 11.
- When end the Minoan civilization, Minoan already moved to
Crete, and built the palace of the Knossos. They governed that
island until Minoan was destructed eventually around 1200
BCE. But their culture was disappeared around after 1400 BCE.
12.
-The severe style refers to sculpture in early classical period.
Before early classical period, the sculpture was based on
Egyptian style which has Archaic smile, funerary function,
repressed pose with standing. However, the Severe Style got rid
of Archaic smile, so sculptor could represent various
expressions on the face. Also, it made sculptor concentrate more
realistic of human body. Even though the pose was little stiff
yet, sculptor contrapposto pose. The contrapposto pose it that
depicts that the one leg supports the weightof the body, and the
other remains loose and free. Due to contrapposto pose, sculptor
could make different kind of poses, and they could represent
human body more natural, and real. After classical period, the
sculpture could suggest various poses which resemble real
humans, the body of sculpture focused on anatomical part of the
human body.
13. -Praxiteles is one of the great sculptors in fourth century
BCE. The Praxiteles Hermes is monumental statuary, and it has
slender, S curve body shape. It depicts god like real human, and
depicts situation that interaction between adult and child. Its
face was sharp unlike plykelitos’ sculpture, and there is no
specific idea model for human body. The sculptor of early
classical period named Plykelitos desires to represent human
movement, and to make human body beautiful and perfect. He
considered harmony as most important part and, made standard
perfection of human body named canon.Plykelitos made
sculpture based on his own proportion of body which makes
human body perfect.
14.
-There are inlaid figures on the body of Sumerian Sound Box

5. Lyre. They are curved with gold leaf, and lapis lazuli. On that
Lyre, heroic man who seems to be Gilgamesh embraces two
bulls which have human head. He is also depicted in composite
view, and seems to enjoy regal feast. Thus, the Sumerian Sound
Box Lyre is related to Gilgamesh.
15.
- The twisted perspective is that one part of figure is depicted in
profile view, and other part of same figure is depicted in frontal
view. For example, in the Hall of Bulls, bulls’ head is seen in
profile, but the horns are seen in frontal view.
Artists use the twisted perspective when they want to show the
works in various angles. In the Hall of Bulls, we can see the
bulls’ two horns not only one horn because the horns are twisted
even though the bulls’ face is toward in front view.
16.
- Horus is depicted by falcon or by combination of falcon head
and human body. Also, all pharaohs were represented with
Horus. In the image of Khafre seated, there is also falcon on the
pharaoh’s head as if falcon tries to protect Khafre.
17.
-In Amarna period, people almost use luxurious materials such
as gold, or lapis lazuli for figures of royal. Thus, people
decorated king Tut’ssarcophagus really luxurious. It is made of
gold, lapis lazuli, turquoise, and carnelian. The mask of king is
also made of gold, and some jewelry. The gold and other
expensive material represents royal power, and Egyptian wealth.
18.
-Homer’s Iliad wrote about myth. However, it is not completely
fake story, but it is based on the history. Thus, many historians
named decoration or palace, which they found, by using
homer’s Iliad. For example, Historian refers to fortification
walls of Tiryns as “Cyclopean masonry” by using Homer’s story
that Cyclopes, a one eyed giant.
Homer’s Iliad is a book about classic myths especially about
Trojan Horse. It is not perfectly fiction, so experts could refer

6. to Homer’s Iliad and named palace by using that.
19.
-A pediment placed above Entrablatureis an element of Greek
temple, and it is a triangular shape.It is used for celebrating
Athena in the Parthenon. In the Parthenon, the east pediment
depicted the birth of Athena, and the west pediment depicted
Athena and Poseidon. People could deal with triangular frame
of the pediment though making leaning figure, or depicting
rising chariot-sun- form the ground.
20.
-The ground line in the image hunting Lions is that vertical line
which decides location of figures. Through verticalline, people
can represent figure at right size, right location. In Warka vase,
horizontal base line was used for ground line of figures on the
vase.
In the image of hunting Lions, the ground line is vertical line
which makes the painting looks like balanced. Next to the battle
scenes, the Lions are killed by vertical arrows.
-
22. - The Praxiteles is the sculptor of it, and he is one of the
great masters of the fourth century. However, Alexander the
Great choose other master named Lysippos.