ORDINARY LEVEL HISTORY SRI LANKAN SYLLABUS OLD

1. 11
Socio - Economic ChangesSocio - Economic Changes
Under The British ColonialUnder The British Colonial
RuleRule
Lesson 2.Lesson 2.
S. M. Irshad.
BA (OUSL)
MA in Economics (KU) India.
Dip. in Governance, Democratization & Public Policy(CISS).
Fellow of SLAAS, ICES, SSA.
E-mail – irshad.sahabdeen@yahoo.com
Mobile - 0755043096

2. 2
Abolition of Land Tenure / RajakariyaAbolition of Land Tenure / Rajakariya
►British governments main objective onBritish governments main objective on
Ceylon is to gain the economic benefits forCeylon is to gain the economic benefits for
the crown. from the Dutch in 1796, thethe crown. from the Dutch in 1796, the
economic system was the cinnamon trade &economic system was the cinnamon trade &
not satisfied.not satisfied.
►The English East India Company abolishedThe English East India Company abolished
the land tenure system, tax in 1797 to gainthe land tenure system, tax in 1797 to gain
huge revenue. villagers lost “Nindagam” andhuge revenue. villagers lost “Nindagam” and
supported anti-British campaign, hence itsupported anti-British campaign, hence it
was re-instituted in 1798.was re-instituted in 1798.

3. 3
The Rajakariya SystemThe Rajakariya System
►The foundation of the Socio-economic,The foundation of the Socio-economic,
political system of Ceylon was thepolitical system of Ceylon was the
Rajakariya system.Rajakariya system.
Rajakariya System
Land Tenure Essential Services

4. 4
The Land TenureThe Land Tenure
► All the lands were belongs to the king, the mainAll the lands were belongs to the king, the main
source of income was revenue collected fromsource of income was revenue collected from
these lands. those who done duties for the kingthese lands. those who done duties for the king
were granted by blocks of land rather givingwere granted by blocks of land rather giving
money.money.
► This is called “Paraveni Idam” lands, grantedThis is called “Paraveni Idam” lands, granted
those who done duties for the king & in return theythose who done duties for the king & in return they
enjoyed the lands. became as landlords, noblesenjoyed the lands. became as landlords, nobles
hand over these to people for cultivation, peoplehand over these to people for cultivation, people
worked free in return they got full of foods andworked free in return they got full of foods and
grains.grains.
► ““devalagam, “ viharagam”- lands granted todevalagam, “ viharagam”- lands granted to
temples,devals,kovils.temples,devals,kovils.

5. 5
Essential Services Under RajakariyaEssential Services Under Rajakariya
►This is another aspect of rajakariya,This is another aspect of rajakariya,
performing essential works for the king inperforming essential works for the king in
free of charge, certain period evry year.free of charge, certain period evry year.
►These were provided under the villageThese were provided under the village
officers, gamsaba sush as repair,officers, gamsaba sush as repair,
maintenance of tankas, canals, bunds,maintenance of tankas, canals, bunds,
water ways, rodas, temples, bridges andwater ways, rodas, temples, bridges and
also immediate duties of war etc.also immediate duties of war etc.
►Based on caste sustem,later seperated andBased on caste sustem,later seperated and
compelld to do such activities for eachcompelld to do such activities for each
caste.caste.

6. 6
Rajakariya Under Fredrick NorthRajakariya Under Fredrick North
► He believed this was ver bad,a sytem ofHe believed this was ver bad,a sytem of
slavery,labour used for the selfish perposes andslavery,labour used for the selfish perposes and
inequality of the status of free service according toinequality of the status of free service according to
the nature of law.the nature of law.
► During 1801-1803,brought 3 acts & abolished theDuring 1801-1803,brought 3 acts & abolished the
system – payed salary,imposed tax in money forsystem – payed salary,imposed tax in money for
the cultivating lands.the cultivating lands.
► This attempt was failed tovercome the goals ofThis attempt was failed tovercome the goals of
North and caused huge loss of money payed asNorth and caused huge loss of money payed as
wages,not payed taxes,shortage of labour andwages,not payed taxes,shortage of labour and
ended with total failure.ended with total failure.

7. 7
Rajakariya Under Thomas MaitlandRajakariya Under Thomas Maitland
►Governor Maitland saw the value of theGovernor Maitland saw the value of the
system and it is needed for the essentialsystem and it is needed for the essential
services.services.
►With 2 goals supported the system whichWith 2 goals supported the system which
gain to secure labour,government revenue.gain to secure labour,government revenue.
►Rekating to land tenure he follwed nortsRekating to land tenure he follwed norts
policy which proveds wages and tax frompolicy which proveds wages and tax from
cultivations.cultivations.

8. 8
Rajakariya Under The ColebrookRajakariya Under The Colebrook
ReformsReforms
►Governor edward banesarrived in 1820 withGovernor edward banesarrived in 1820 with
a new economic policy to implement thea new economic policy to implement the
plantaion economy.which initially startedplantaion economy.which initially started
coffee plantation at gannoruwa to intriducecoffee plantation at gannoruwa to intriduce
the industry.the industry.
►But government revenu declined,theyBut government revenu declined,they
depends on the tresury for maintaindepends on the tresury for maintain
economy,administration and labour foreconomy,administration and labour for
plantation also caused problems.plantation also caused problems.
►Due to these facts colebrook commissionDue to these facts colebrook commission
came in 1829 to find solutions.came in 1829 to find solutions.

9. 9
► Due to fill the gap between revenue andDue to fill the gap between revenue and
expenditure and for further recommendations.expenditure and for further recommendations.
► William colebrooke – visited every part of countryWilliam colebrooke – visited every part of country
reported on economic,administartive sytem in srireported on economic,administartive sytem in sri
lanka and confidentioal report of rajakariyalanka and confidentioal report of rajakariya
sysytem also studied about sytem of landsysytem also studied about sytem of land
tenure,cultivation practices in up country and lowtenure,cultivation practices in up country and low
country,different system of taxtaions,difficulitiescountry,different system of taxtaions,difficulities
faced by foreinger in aqusition of land.faced by foreinger in aqusition of land.
► charles hay cameron studied,reoorted on judiciarycharles hay cameron studied,reoorted on judiciary
proceeduers and furthe reforms.proceeduers and furthe reforms.
► The main recommendation of colebrook was toThe main recommendation of colebrook was to
abolish the rajakariya totally facilitate foreign inflowabolish the rajakariya totally facilitate foreign inflow
of captal stock while taking lands.of captal stock while taking lands.

10. 10
Beginning of Plantation EconomyBeginning of Plantation Economy
►During the 1During the 1stst
few decades of british rulefew decades of british rule
economy was dominated by cinnomoneconomy was dominated by cinnomon
trdae,but price deresae of cinnomon intrdae,but price deresae of cinnomon in
london market diverted for other crops likelondon market diverted for other crops like
coffe from 1804.coffe from 1804.
►Due to climate and land resources theyDue to climate and land resources they
started coffee plantaion in the hill country bystarted coffee plantaion in the hill country by
1815.1815.
►Governor edward barnes asummed in 1824Governor edward barnes asummed in 1824
and implemented coffee plantion in theand implemented coffee plantion in the
country.country.

11. 11
Governor Edward Barnes and CoffeeGovernor Edward Barnes and Coffee
Policy in 1824.Policy in 1824.
► Import/export facilities for coffee,Import/export facilities for coffee,
► Technical assistance for coffee plantaion,Technical assistance for coffee plantaion,
► Those who perfome duties in plantaion wereThose who perfome duties in plantaion were
released fro rajakariya,released fro rajakariya,
► Due to coffe plantaion a network of road stuctureDue to coffe plantaion a network of road stucture
constructed by british,constructed by british,
► Loan facilities, releses from taxes.Loan facilities, releses from taxes.
► Due to this coffee plantation was rapidly increasedDue to this coffee plantation was rapidly increased
by 1835.by 1835.

12. 12
Development of coffee plantaionDevelopment of coffee plantaion
reasons:reasons:
►Due to popularity among europians,newDue to popularity among europians,new
market opened for ceylon coffee due tomarket opened for ceylon coffee due to
decline of coffee industry in west indiandecline of coffee industry in west indian
islands,reduce of transport costs,plantingislands,reduce of transport costs,planting
techniques,major source of income of thetechniques,major source of income of the
government,waste land act in 1840 whichgovernment,waste land act in 1840 which
lowered the land rates,released fromlowered the land rates,released from
taxes,supply of cheap south indian labourstaxes,supply of cheap south indian labours
for works,reduced import duty in 1833,lowfor works,reduced import duty in 1833,low
cost of production,high demand for ceyloncost of production,high demand for ceylon
coffee,high profit for investers,coffee,high profit for investers,

13. 13
►11stst
started by george byrd atstarted by george byrd at
Sinhapitiya,Gampola.Sinhapitiya,Gampola.
►In 1824 governor barnes started a privateIn 1824 governor barnes started a private
plantaion of coffee at Gannoruwa.plantaion of coffee at Gannoruwa.
►By 1830 expanded to udugama inBy 1830 expanded to udugama in
galle,dumbara,gampola andgalle,dumbara,gampola and
peradeniya.during 1837-1845 achievd aboutperadeniya.during 1837-1845 achievd about
3 million pounds of export earnings(50,0003 million pounds of export earnings(50,000
tons).tons).
►Due to a fungus diseaes on coffee plants inDue to a fungus diseaes on coffee plants in
1868”hamelia vestratrix and rapidly declined1868”hamelia vestratrix and rapidly declined
in production of coffee.in production of coffee.

14. 14
Ceylon tea & its developmentCeylon tea & its development
►In 1867, james taylor introduced teaIn 1867, james taylor introduced tea
plantation in ceylon at the loolkanduraplantation in ceylon at the loolkandura
estate in the hill country.by 1890 became asestate in the hill country.by 1890 became as
a major export of ceylon.a major export of ceylon.
►Its development reached due to – increasedIts development reached due to – increased
denad and price in landon market,denad and price in landon market,
railroadas and transport, development ofrailroadas and transport, development of
ports facilities(colombo harbour) ,cheapports facilities(colombo harbour) ,cheap
south indian labour,cost reductions,use ofsouth indian labour,cost reductions,use of
better fertilizers and greater mechanism ofbetter fertilizers and greater mechanism of
production process,beginning of banking.production process,beginning of banking.

15. 15
Other sectoral developmentsOther sectoral developments
► Tea research institute in 1925 at talawakele.Tea research institute in 1925 at talawakele.
► Produced 25% of the world demand fro cetlon tea.Produced 25% of the world demand fro cetlon tea.
► Development of postal and telegraph sytems.Development of postal and telegraph sytems.
► Tranformed from self sufficient agriculturalTranformed from self sufficient agricultural
economy to plantaiona economy,exports andeconomy to plantaiona economy,exports and
imports.imports.
► Decline of traditional social set up,growth ofDecline of traditional social set up,growth of
middles class people,clearing of large areas ofmiddles class people,clearing of large areas of
mountains,forests,entering to modern economicmountains,forests,entering to modern economic
world.world.

16. 16
Ruber plantaion & its developmentRuber plantaion & its development
►Introduced as commercial crop in 1877 andIntroduced as commercial crop in 1877 and
by 1890 reached high demand for naturalby 1890 reached high demand for natural
rubber in europe.rubber in europe.
►Started in kalutara and later toStarted in kalutara and later to
kegalle,colombo,matara,ratnapuragalle etckegalle,colombo,matara,ratnapuragalle etc
became popular in low country.by 1913became popular in low country.by 1913
about 2,20,000 acres under rubber.about 2,20,000 acres under rubber.
►Developed due to more demand from USADeveloped due to more demand from USA
and UK for motor industry and increse ofand UK for motor industry and increse of
rubber oprice during 1rubber oprice during 1stst
WW.WW.

17. 17
Coconut plantaion & its developmentCoconut plantaion & its development
►Started in the mid of 1900 and became asStarted in the mid of 1900 and became as
popular export crop due to temporarypopular export crop due to temporary
decline in tea production.decline in tea production.
►Spereded over with expantion ofSpereded over with expantion of
tranports(railway,roads) colombo-tranports(railway,roads) colombo-
matara,colombo-chillaw,colombo-matara,colombo-chillaw,colombo-
kurunegala.by 1910 around 25% of exportkurunegala.by 1910 around 25% of export
income achived,produced such asincome achived,produced such as
desicated coconuts,copra,freshdesicated coconuts,copra,fresh
coconut,poonac,coconut fibre,coir rope etc..coconut,poonac,coconut fibre,coir rope etc..

18. 18
Traditional agriculture &Traditional agriculture &
developmentdevelopment
► From the beginning we had a quite self-sufficientFrom the beginning we had a quite self-sufficient
traditional economy which provided staple foodtraditional economy which provided staple food
paddy becaem an important crop and grainspaddy becaem an important crop and grains
millet,green gram,sesam,mustard,finger millet andmillet,green gram,sesam,mustard,finger millet and
vegitables were grown by villagres using slash andvegitables were grown by villagres using slash and
burn cultivation(hen govothena) in highlandburn cultivation(hen govothena) in highland
froests.this was distubed by permit to continue.froests.this was distubed by permit to continue.
► Governors like north & brownrigg wre startedGovernors like north & brownrigg wre started
paddy cultivation in maritime ares waspaddy cultivation in maritime ares was
unsuccesful.tax on grains further continued byunsuccesful.tax on grains further continued by
british to gain revenue.british to gain revenue.

19. 19
►But tax on grains was abolished in 1892 andBut tax on grains was abolished in 1892 and
adopted a welfare policy on farmers andadopted a welfare policy on farmers and
introduced coparate credit society system tointroduced coparate credit society system to
assist farmers,1assist farmers,1stst
society was started “ thesociety was started “ the
galle wellbida cooparative credit society”.galle wellbida cooparative credit society”.
►Aftermath of freedom struggle in 1848,noAftermath of freedom struggle in 1848,no
support for agriculture and in the northsupport for agriculture and in the north
central provine cultivation was declined duecentral provine cultivation was declined due
to epidemic malaria kept the peopleto epidemic malaria kept the people
away,aftermath governers like henry ward ,away,aftermath governers like henry ward ,
hecules robinson and william gregory alsohecules robinson and william gregory also
supported to develop the traditionalsupported to develop the traditional
agriculture.agriculture.

20. 20
Measures taken by governorsMeasures taken by governors
► Henry ward(1855-1860) – repared Irakkamam and amparaHenry ward(1855-1860) – repared Irakkamam and ampara
tanks in EP,kirama,urubokka tanks in SP,sevrel other smalltanks in EP,kirama,urubokka tanks in SP,sevrel other small
tankschannels in matale and uva province.tankschannels in matale and uva province.
► Hercules robinson (1865-1872)– repared vthissamaharamHercules robinson (1865-1872)– repared vthissamaharam
tank in 1866.water taxfor 10 years.tank in 1866.water taxfor 10 years.
► William gregory (1872-1877)– repared kantaleWilliam gregory (1872-1877)– repared kantale
tank,basawakkulama,galgamuwa, portion of yodha ela intank,basawakkulama,galgamuwa, portion of yodha ela in
1872.1872.
► Sir arthur hamilton gordon (1833-1890) – repared kalaSir arthur hamilton gordon (1833-1890) – repared kala
wewa,yodha ela(jaya ganga),small chnnels inwewa,yodha ela(jaya ganga),small chnnels in
uva,sabaragamuwa.uva,sabaragamuwa.
► Sir henry artur blake(1903-1907) – repared nuwara wewa.Sir henry artur blake(1903-1907) – repared nuwara wewa.
► Sir henry mccallum(1907-1913) – repared minipeSir henry mccallum(1907-1913) – repared minipe
amuna(canal).amuna(canal).

21. 21
► Sir joseph west ridgway(1895-1903) – establishedSir joseph west ridgway(1895-1903) – established
the irrigation department.the irrigation department.
► Establishment of the agriculture department inEstablishment of the agriculture department in
1912.1912.
► Sir arthur havlock (1890-1895) – took steps toSir arthur havlock (1890-1895) – took steps to
provide loan relief to peasents.provide loan relief to peasents.
► But aftermath of 19But aftermath of 19thth
century the country ownedcentury the country owned
two economies which is plantation and agriculture,two economies which is plantation and agriculture,
but there is huge gap between these two simplybut there is huge gap between these two simply
becayse of technology,skilled knowledge,cheapbecayse of technology,skilled knowledge,cheap
labour and participationand the commerciallabour and participationand the commercial
importance,especially export and import economy.importance,especially export and import economy.

22. 22
Modernization & WesternizationModernization & Westernization
► By the end of 19By the end of 19thth
century sri lanka underwnt for acentury sri lanka underwnt for a
rapid growing capitalist culture,politics and soco-rapid growing capitalist culture,politics and soco-
economic pattern due to the impirialist policies ofeconomic pattern due to the impirialist policies of
colonial rulers.colonial rulers.
► Social structure was rapidly undergoing ofSocial structure was rapidly undergoing of
privataization and huge gap between capitalistsprivataization and huge gap between capitalists
and working class and also colonization as aand working class and also colonization as a
policy of britises made the country as the serventpolicy of britises made the country as the servent
of the colonial rulers.this paved the way to theof the colonial rulers.this paved the way to the
europians to enter sri lanka as the market of theireuropians to enter sri lanka as the market of their
cultural products by the end of 19cultural products by the end of 19thth
century.century.

23. 23
Social uprising: middle classSocial uprising: middle class
Sri Lankan society
by the 19th
century
Capitalists
More wealth,
education,
political power
Middle class
Slight wealth
Education, political
Power.
Working class
Less wealth,
Less education,
Less political power.

24. 24
►Capitalists – more powerful,moreCapitalists – more powerful,more
wealth,higher education in english,highhwealth,higher education in english,highh
social prestige and inter marriage with richsocial prestige and inter marriage with rich
families,previleged from british government.families,previleged from british government.
►Middles class – similar to businessMiddles class – similar to business
class,educated and some sort ofclass,educated and some sort of
wealth,propertis and known as landwealth,propertis and known as land
owners,tnures,own business.owners,tnures,own business.
►Working class – consists of more than 50%Working class – consists of more than 50%
of the population and paesents,farmers,allof the population and paesents,farmers,all
common people with less education andcommon people with less education and
wealth,not active in power relations,lowwealth,not active in power relations,low
social prestige.social prestige.

25. 25
Labour movementLabour movement
► 11stst
movement in 1893 by the printers association,movement in 1893 by the printers association,
in 1914 formed the lanka youth league by A. E.in 1914 formed the lanka youth league by A. E.
Gunasinghe and by 1800 formed with railwayGunasinghe and by 1800 formed with railway
department labours the ceylon labnour union anddepartment labours the ceylon labnour union and
struglled to get the working clarss rights andstruglled to get the working clarss rights and
woked for their benefits.woked for their benefits.
► Organized strikes – carters strike,wellawatteOrganized strikes – carters strike,wellawatte
spinning,weaving mil strike and launderers strikes.spinning,weaving mil strike and launderers strikes.
► By the 19By the 19thth
century urban middle class werecentury urban middle class were
agitated for theis rights.agitated for theis rights.

26. 26
A. E. Gunasinghe (1891-1967)A. E. Gunasinghe (1891-1967)
►Anti-British activist and formed the youngAnti-British activist and formed the young
Lanka Association in 1915,member of CNCLanka Association in 1915,member of CNC
in 1919 and published newspaper” Nation”.in 1919 and published newspaper” Nation”.
►In 1928 formed the “Ceylon Labour Society”In 1928 formed the “Ceylon Labour Society”
and fought for labour rights.and fought for labour rights.
►Leaded the Train Strike in 1923 and CarLeaded the Train Strike in 1923 and Car
Strike in 1924.Strike in 1924.
►11stst
Sinhala Mayor of Colombo MunicipalSinhala Mayor of Colombo Municipal
Council.Council.

27. 27
S. A. WickramasingheS. A. Wickramasinghe
►Joined with anti-British and social activities,Joined with anti-British and social activities,
entered to politics with Lanka Nationalentered to politics with Lanka National
Movement.Movement.
►Representative of the State Assembly inRepresentative of the State Assembly in
1931,formed the Matara Youth Society and1931,formed the Matara Youth Society and
struggled for independence, formed unitedstruggled for independence, formed united
socialist party in 1940, wrote an economicsocialist party in 1940, wrote an economic
plan for Sri Lanka “ Idirmaga”.from”. fromplan for Sri Lanka “ Idirmaga”.from”. from
1932-1933 dedicated for the Buddhist1932-1933 dedicated for the Buddhist
Theosophical Society for about 300 schools.Theosophical Society for about 300 schools.

28. 28
National Independence MovementNational Independence Movement
►The Buddhist religious establishmentThe Buddhist religious establishment
against the missionaries started aroundagainst the missionaries started around
1860 AD and most of the monks were1860 AD and most of the monks were
participated in these movements educatingparticipated in these movements educating
the people about to protect and practicedthe people about to protect and practiced
the cultural values, practices, religions andthe cultural values, practices, religions and
traditions. this process parallel by othertraditions. this process parallel by other
major religions and this is known as themajor religions and this is known as the
religious and cultural, political renaissancereligious and cultural, political renaissance
in Sir Lanka.in Sir Lanka.

29. 29
Buddhist revivalBuddhist revival
► Pioneering contributors Walane Siddhartha Thero –Pioneering contributors Walane Siddhartha Thero –
Parama Damma Chetiya Pirivena,Ratmalana inParama Damma Chetiya Pirivena,Ratmalana in
1835,Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thero – Vidyodaya1835,Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thero – Vidyodaya
Pirivena, Maligakanda in 1873,Ratmalana Sri DarmalokaPirivena, Maligakanda in 1873,Ratmalana Sri Darmaloka
Thero- Vidyalankara Pirivena, Peliyagoda in 1875.Thero- Vidyalankara Pirivena, Peliyagoda in 1875.
► Five Major Debates – (Pancha Maha Wada) BaddegamaFive Major Debates – (Pancha Maha Wada) Baddegama
1864,Waragoda1865,Udammita1866,Gampola 1871 and1864,Waragoda1865,Udammita1866,Gampola 1871 and
Panadura in 1873. Panadura had the victory for Ven,Panadura in 1873. Panadura had the victory for Ven,
Migettuwatte Gunananda Thero and became famousMigettuwatte Gunananda Thero and became famous
around the World. Colonel Henry Steel Olcott from Americaaround the World. Colonel Henry Steel Olcott from America
and Madam Helena Petromina Balavtsky from Russia haveand Madam Helena Petromina Balavtsky from Russia have
read about Panadura debate and arrived in 1880 may 16read about Panadura debate and arrived in 1880 may 16thth
to Sri Lanka and became as Buddhist and done majorto Sri Lanka and became as Buddhist and done major
contributions for Buddhist revival. (study the chart).contributions for Buddhist revival. (study the chart).

30. 30
Hindu Renaissance MovementHindu Renaissance Movement
► Spread of Christianity affects the traditional HinduSpread of Christianity affects the traditional Hindu
society and their practices, they initially started asociety and their practices, they initially started a
movement to protect theirs Selves.movement to protect theirs Selves.
► Sri Arumuga Nawalar(1822-1879), a pioneeringSri Arumuga Nawalar(1822-1879), a pioneering
leader started Hindu English school known asleader started Hindu English school known as
Tamil school at Wannarapanni in 1897.laterTamil school at Wannarapanni in 1897.later
became as the Jaffna Hindu college and remainsbecame as the Jaffna Hindu college and remains
as the centre for Hindu culture and traditions.as the centre for Hindu culture and traditions.
taught “Saiva Siddhantham” to Tamil people.taught “Saiva Siddhantham” to Tamil people.

31. 31
► Started “Saiva Administration Society inStarted “Saiva Administration Society in
1853,hindu education council to mange new1853,hindu education council to mange new
schools and to protect the Hindu culture andschools and to protect the Hindu culture and
started to print Tamil books.started to print Tamil books.
► Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan andSir Ponnambalam Ramanathan and
Ponnambalam Arunachalam joined them later andPonnambalam Arunachalam joined them later and
contributed to the development of Hindu culturalcontributed to the development of Hindu cultural
affairs and started the Hindu Ramanathan collegeaffairs and started the Hindu Ramanathan college
and Parameshwaran college.and Parameshwaran college.
► Wrote books, “Paalar Padam with 3 volumes,Wrote books, “Paalar Padam with 3 volumes,
translation of pose, poetry- Skandha Puranam,translation of pose, poetry- Skandha Puranam,
Hethu Puranam, Periya Puranam Kural,Hethu Puranam, Periya Puranam Kural,
Manimekalai, Sarajothi Malai, Thirukkural,Manimekalai, Sarajothi Malai, Thirukkural,
Naaladiyar.Naaladiyar.

32. 32
Islamic Renaissance MovementIslamic Renaissance Movement
►Muslim leaders also against the danger ofMuslim leaders also against the danger of
missionaries and started their movement bymissionaries and started their movement by
Mr. M. C. Siddhi Lebbe.Mr. M. C. Siddhi Lebbe.
►Started studies in Arabic language and alsoStarted studies in Arabic language and also
given attention to English language,given attention to English language,
developed Muslim education.developed Muslim education.
►Started Colombo Zahira College, re-Started Colombo Zahira College, re-
established Madrasa schools and Colomboestablished Madrasa schools and Colombo
Muslim Education Society, Kandy MuslimMuslim Education Society, Kandy Muslim
ladies college and newspapers like “ Muslimladies college and newspapers like “ Muslim
Nation , Gnanapradeepam have started.Nation , Gnanapradeepam have started.

33. 33
The Temperance MovementThe Temperance Movement
► British's focused on to increase more revenue soBritish's focused on to increase more revenue so
they introduced the excise act in 1912,supportedthey introduced the excise act in 1912,supported
to open bars, taverns around the country and itto open bars, taverns around the country and it
affected directly the common people.affected directly the common people.
► They wanted to break the social system due to thisThey wanted to break the social system due to this
the Temperance Movement started by F. R.the Temperance Movement started by F. R.
Senanayaka,D, D S Senanayaka,D.B.Jayatilake,Senanayaka,D, D S Senanayaka,D.B.Jayatilake,
Edmund Hewavitarana, AnagarikaEdmund Hewavitarana, Anagarika
Dharmapala,Arthiur V Dias, Piyadasa Sirisena,WDharmapala,Arthiur V Dias, Piyadasa Sirisena,W
A Silva.A Silva.

34. 34
Origin of Political OrganizationsOrigin of Political Organizations
►The Chillaw SocietyThe Chillaw Society
►Low Country Planters AssociationLow Country Planters Association
►Ceylon Reform Congress SocietyCeylon Reform Congress Society
►Jaffna SocietyJaffna Society
►Ceylon National Congress – Lanka JathikaCeylon National Congress – Lanka Jathika
Sangamaya.Sangamaya.

35. 35
Lanka Jathika Sangamaya 1919Lanka Jathika Sangamaya 1919
► The riots erupted in between Sinhalese andThe riots erupted in between Sinhalese and
Muslims in 1915 led to the formation of LankaMuslims in 1915 led to the formation of Lanka
Jathika Sangamaya, the trouble started when aJathika Sangamaya, the trouble started when a
Perahera passing near by a mosque in GampolaPerahera passing near by a mosque in Gampola
were attacked by both side spread to elsewhere.were attacked by both side spread to elsewhere.
► Martial law enforced by the British's to control theMartial law enforced by the British's to control the
riots which depicts that” no man can leave theriots which depicts that” no man can leave the
house, those who did were liable to be shot onhouse, those who did were liable to be shot on
sight". they took many Sinhalese leaders insight". they took many Sinhalese leaders in
custody and handed before courts also framed upcustody and handed before courts also framed up
with charges.with charges.

36. 36
► Edward Henry Pedris, who died by a shot andEdward Henry Pedris, who died by a shot and
several others like Edmund Hewavitarana alsoseveral others like Edmund Hewavitarana also
farmed up with charges and convicted at courtfarmed up with charges and convicted at court
martial and sentenced to imprisonment atmartial and sentenced to imprisonment at
unhealthy in Jaffna prison, soon after he died.unhealthy in Jaffna prison, soon after he died.
► F. R. Senanayaka, and D. S. Senanayaka andF. R. Senanayaka, and D. S. Senanayaka and
Arthur V. Dias also arrested, the religious leadersArthur V. Dias also arrested, the religious leaders
also affected due to horrors of martial law.also affected due to horrors of martial law.
► Later sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan and sirLater sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan and sir
James Peiris, E. W. Perera, Sir D. B. Jayathilaka,James Peiris, E. W. Perera, Sir D. B. Jayathilaka,
A. E. Goonasinghe, D. S. Senanayake, F. R.A. E. Goonasinghe, D. S. Senanayake, F. R.
Senanayake stand against the martial law.Senanayake stand against the martial law.

37. 37
Objectives and Actions of TheObjectives and Actions of The
Ceylon National CongressCeylon National Congress
►Expand the legislative councilExpand the legislative council
►Increase the power of legislatureIncrease the power of legislature
►More opportunities for local representativesMore opportunities for local representatives
to involve in administration.to involve in administration.
►Actions – Petition to British government,Actions – Petition to British government,
Reps, to colonial secretary in England,Reps, to colonial secretary in England,
Public meetings, Debating in legislature,Public meetings, Debating in legislature,
Informing the people by newspapersInforming the people by newspapers
reforms in constitutions)reforms in constitutions)

38. 38
Political RenaissancePolitical Renaissance
Sir Ponnambalam RamanathanSir Ponnambalam Ramanathan
(1851-1930)(1851-1930)
► Born in 1851,Was a charismatic leader andBorn in 1851,Was a charismatic leader and
studied from Royal College, Presidency Collegestudied from Royal College, Presidency College
Madras, graduated as a lawyer.Madras, graduated as a lawyer.
► Member of the Legislative Council inMember of the Legislative Council in
1879,supported to establish The Law College,1879,supported to establish The Law College,
established the Parameshwara boys college andestablished the Parameshwara boys college and
Ramanathan girls college in Jaffna, fought againstRamanathan girls college in Jaffna, fought against
British Colonialism and a honest leader.British Colonialism and a honest leader.
► Got the honors from the British Crown “TheGot the honors from the British Crown “The
Knighthood” The Sir” title and named a hall atKnighthood” The Sir” title and named a hall at
Peradeniya University" Ramanathan Hall” as aPeradeniya University" Ramanathan Hall” as a
respect to him.respect to him.

39. 39
F. R. Senanayake (1882-1923)F. R. Senanayake (1882-1923)
►Enacted the excise act in 1912, opening ofEnacted the excise act in 1912, opening of
taverns.taverns.
►Organized the temperance movement in allOrganized the temperance movement in all
areas" Main Temperance Society”.areas" Main Temperance Society”.
►Granted his wealth to poor people byGranted his wealth to poor people by
forming the YMBA in Colombo.forming the YMBA in Colombo.
►Lead the independence movement againstLead the independence movement against
the British people. active member of CNC inthe British people. active member of CNC in
1919.1919.

40. 40
C. W. W. Kannangara (1884-1969)C. W. W. Kannangara (1884-1969)
Father of Free EducationFather of Free Education
► Joined Galle Richmond college as a teacher inJoined Galle Richmond college as a teacher in
1910 after Prince of Wales college at Moratuwa.1910 after Prince of Wales college at Moratuwa.
► Member of Constitutional Council in 1923,chaimenMember of Constitutional Council in 1923,chaimen
of CNC in 1930 later vice chairman of Sinhalaof CNC in 1930 later vice chairman of Sinhala
Maha Saba.Maha Saba.
► Selected to the state Legislative Council in 1931Selected to the state Legislative Council in 1931
as the Minister of Education and done a greatas the Minister of Education and done a great
service to the motherland until 1947.service to the motherland until 1947.
► Passed the Free Education Act on 6Passed the Free Education Act on 6thth
October inOctober in
1946, saying education is free for all Sri Lankas.1946, saying education is free for all Sri Lankas.

41. 41
T. B. Jayah 1890T. B. Jayah 1890
► Involved in National Independence Struggle andInvolved in National Independence Struggle and
done a great job to educate Muslim Community indone a great job to educate Muslim Community in
Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka.
► Member of Legislative Council in 1924 and againMember of Legislative Council in 1924 and again
under Government of DSS, held posts of Minister ofunder Government of DSS, held posts of Minister of
Portfolio, Labour and Social Service.Portfolio, Labour and Social Service.
► Served under the Committee on MuslimServed under the Committee on Muslim
Marriages ,Divorce, Committee on NationalMarriages ,Divorce, Committee on National
Languages,1943 Special Education and making theLanguages,1943 Special Education and making the
National Flag 1947.Honour of high commissioner toNational Flag 1947.Honour of high commissioner to
Pakistan, University of Punjab honored him with aPakistan, University of Punjab honored him with a
Doctor of Letters.Doctor of Letters.

42. 42
D. S. Senanayake (1884-1952)D. S. Senanayake (1884-1952)
Father of The NationFather of The Nation
► Joined the temperance movement with FRS, jailedJoined the temperance movement with FRS, jailed
for Sinhala - Muslim riots in 1915,member of CNCfor Sinhala - Muslim riots in 1915,member of CNC
in 1919.in 1919.
► Member of the legislative council in 1924 andMember of the legislative council in 1924 and
agitated for reforms. in 1931 under theagitated for reforms. in 1931 under the
Donoughmore Government selected for LC.Donoughmore Government selected for LC.
► Was the chairman of the Committee on AgricultureWas the chairman of the Committee on Agriculture
and Lands. developed the agricultural sector. re-and Lands. developed the agricultural sector. re-
constructed the tanks,1constructed the tanks,1stst
PM of Sri Lanka.PM of Sri Lanka.
► The Gal Oya Project is the greatest irrigation workThe Gal Oya Project is the greatest irrigation work
of him and honored as The Farther of The Nation.of him and honored as The Farther of The Nation.

43. 43
Morgon Committee in 1865:Morgon Committee in 1865:
ProposalsProposals
►Setup a public education deprtment toSetup a public education deprtment to
administer education,schools underadminister education,schools under
government,primary & secondary educationgovernment,primary & secondary education
in sinhala and higher education inin sinhala and higher education in
english,improve the womensenglish,improve the womens
education,assitin non governmentaleducation,assitin non governmental
schools.schools.
►Types of schools – industrialTypes of schools – industrial
schools,bilingual,centrel,colobo acedamyschools,bilingual,centrel,colobo acedamy
and teacher training school.and teacher training school.
►Implemnted by C. W. W. Kannangara.Implemnted by C. W. W. Kannangara.

44. 44
Administrative changes under BritishAdministrative changes under British
► Reattempted irrigation schems,english educationReattempted irrigation schems,english education
by missionaries,negelcted swabashaby missionaries,negelcted swabasha
education,compulsotryeducation,compulsotry
edication,telecommunication,postal and bankingedication,telecommunication,postal and banking
system,railways,roads,harbours,expota nd importssystem,railways,roads,harbours,expota nd imports
economy,privatization,destroyed the overalleconomy,privatization,destroyed the overall
structure of the country by culture,politics andstructure of the country by culture,politics and
weternaization and social chohesion,classweternaization and social chohesion,class
conflict,capitalism,ethnic conflicts even afterconflict,capitalism,ethnic conflicts even after
independence total collapse and bankrupcy.independence total collapse and bankrupcy.

45. 45
Questions ?Questions ?
► Explaine what is rajakariya and its implicationsExplaine what is rajakariya and its implications
after sevrl governors?after sevrl governors?
► Explain with reasons how the sri lankan economyExplain with reasons how the sri lankan economy
transformed to modern plantation economy?transformed to modern plantation economy?
► Who are the contributos of traditional agri-Who are the contributos of traditional agri-
economy and write how it was declined?economy and write how it was declined?
► What are the social,cultural,political,economicalWhat are the social,cultural,political,economical
implications of british rule?implications of british rule?
► Write shor notes on nationa movement with theWrite shor notes on nationa movement with the
cultural,religious renaissance,temperancecultural,religious renaissance,temperance
movement,lanka jathika sangamaya-CNC,impactmovement,lanka jathika sangamaya-CNC,impact
on administartion structure of ceylon.on administartion structure of ceylon.

46. 46
ReferencesReferences
► Dias Haputanthri, Kumudini, 2010, 4Dias Haputanthri, Kumudini, 2010, 4thth
edition,edition,
History Supplementary Reader for Grade 11,History Supplementary Reader for Grade 11,
Sarasavi publishers, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.Sarasavi publishers, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
► History Government Textbook for Grade 9,11,History Government Textbook for Grade 9,11,
2009,English Medium, Education Publication2009,English Medium, Education Publication
Department, Ministry of Education, Sri Lanka.Department, Ministry of Education, Sri Lanka.
► Dr. S. I. Gamage, Political Science of Sri Lanka inDr. S. I. Gamage, Political Science of Sri Lanka in
Sinhala, 2002, Ariya Publishers, Warakapola.Sinhala, 2002, Ariya Publishers, Warakapola.
► Ariyasingha, Kamal, Constitutional Evolution andAriyasingha, Kamal, Constitutional Evolution and
Development of Sri Lanka, 2002, Sinhala Medium,Development of Sri Lanka, 2002, Sinhala Medium,
Author Publication, Senaratne Printers, Nugegoda.Author Publication, Senaratne Printers, Nugegoda.
► Dr. Colvin R de Silva, Ceylon Under British Rule.Dr. Colvin R de Silva, Ceylon Under British Rule.
► Kumarachandra D. B.,2007,Consice history of SriKumarachandra D. B.,2007,Consice history of Sri
Lanka, (Sinhala), Godage Publishers, Maradana.Lanka, (Sinhala), Godage Publishers, Maradana.