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2. Evolution of brackets
(appliance)
“All you can do is push ,pull ,or turn a
tooth. “ Edward H Angle to Frederick Noyes
Bracket- an attachment that serves to
deliver the necessary tooth moving forces
Bracket may be defined as an
orthodontic attachment secured to a tooth
for the purpose of engaging an arch
wire .-Thurow
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5. Angle system
A standard appliance must haveA standard appliance must have
five important properties-five important properties-
1.1.SimpleSimple
2.2.StableStable
3.3.EfficiencyEfficiency
4.4.DelicateDelicate
5.5.InconspicuousInconspicuous
Patient Orthodontist
Manufacturer/supplier
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13. Three dimensional
control of tooth
First order
bends
Second order
bends
Third order
bends
In & out
Tip
torque
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14. Begg Appliance
It utilizes the ribbon arch type
brackets and was
manufactured to accept 016’
round wire
Wire was held in position with
the lock pins .020 x .045 slot
Dr P.R.Begg 1956
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15. Lock pins
Safety lock pins
Hook lock pins
High hat pins
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16. Evolution of the edgewise
brackets
Soldering gold eyelets- Angle
Use of two brackets on a single tooth
“Siamese twin brackets
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18. Tweed-Merrifield
appliance
Double wide brackets
on 6 anteriors
Intermediate Single
width brackets on
Premolar bands
Twin brackets on
molars
0.022 tubes on
second molars
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19. Twin brackets
ADVANTAGES
Rotational control : mainly by deflection of arch
wire
Positive control
DISADVANTAGES
10% play of arch wire
Decreased amount of arch wire ,Inter bracket
span & resiliency
Closing loop arch wires
Second order bendswww.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Lewis bracket
He soldered
auxiliary rotation
arm that abutted
against the bracket
itself and thus
offered a lever arm
to deflect arch wire
and rotate the teeth
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21. Advantages of Lewis
bracket
Does not interfere with resiliency
,closing loops &second order bends
100% correction & over corrections
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22. Curved Lewis bracket
advantages
1. Increase contact
with band .
2. Reduces trapping
of the food.
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23. Vertical slot Lewis
bracket
Here further refinement was done by
incorporating a 020 x020 vertical slot
Use of up righting spring to correct axial
inclination possible.
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24. Creekmore Uni Twin
Bracket
Rationale –Twin bracket
offered better rotational
control which the
single bracket could not
match until the
rotational wings were
added
Disadv-Badly rotated
tooth
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25. Steiner bracket
This bracket incorporated flexible
rotation arms and therefore did not
rely entirely on the resiliency of arch
wire for tooth rotation.
It uses a single width edgewise
bracket and has the inherent
advantage and disadvantage of the
same
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26. Broussard bracket
Was designed by
“Grayford broussard”
Modified edgewise
bracket in which there
is addition of 0.0185 x
0.046 slot –to accept
0.018 auxiliary wire
special torque
brackets.- 0,7˚,17˚,22˚
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27. Burstone’s canine & 2nd
premolar brackets
This consists of a
basic .022 x .028
edgewise slot &
additional .017 x .
025 vertical
auxiliary tube for
insertion of
retraction
assemblies.
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28. Changing concepts
1955-1970
1955 Acid etch by Buonocore
1965 Direct bonding by Newman
1970 bisGMA widely used for bonding
Complex wire bending skills needed
for refined tooth movement in std E W
Begg technique used by uninformed
,unskilled & poorly trained operators
1972 six keys to normal occlusion
Lawrence F.Andrewswww.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Deltoid brackets
Single type –
poor rotational
control
Twin brackets-
reduced wire
Winged
brackets –poor
oral hygiene
Anthony B Viazis
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31. Rotational control
Sliding mechanics
Reduced friction
Orientation
Torque control
Deltoid brackets
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32. DUAL ENVIROMENT
BRACKET
Design was based on computer
modeling
Large outer slot - 0.040”-0.030”
allows maximum arch wire
flexibility in the initial phases of the
treatment
Smaller inner slot - 0.018” 0.016”
accepts small rectangular wires for
maximum control in the later stages
of the treatment
.
Schudy 1990Schudy 1990
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34. Andrews classification
1. Non programmed appliance-a set of
brackets designed the same for all tooth
types ,relying totally on wire bending.
2. Partly programmed appliance- a set of
brackets designed with some in built
features ,but always require some wire
bending
3. Fully programmed appliance- a set of
brackets designed to guide teeth directly to
their goal positions with unbent wires.www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. Design shortcomings of
Non programmed bracket
1. Bracket base perpendicular to bracket stem.
2. Bracket bases are not contoured.
3. Slots are not angulated
4. Bracket stem are of equal faciolingual
thickness.
5. Maxillary molar offset is not built in.
6. Bracket sitting techniques are unsatisfactory.
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41. Bracket sitting techniques
are unsatisfactory.
Tweed recommends sitting brackets in
specified number of millimeters from the
incisal edge.
Holdaway advocates that the bracket sitting
should altered according to the
malocclusion
According to Jarabak bracket sites for
inclination should be determined by the shape
of the crown.
Saltzman recommends except for the maxillary
lateral incisor ,brackets should be located inwww.indiandentalacademy.com
47. Feature 1- mid transverse planes of the slot
stem and crown must be the same
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48. Feature 2-base of the bracket for each
tooth type must have same
inclination as the facial plane
of the crown
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49. Feature 3-each bracket inclined base
must be contoured o-g
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50. Feature 4- mid sagittal plane of the
slot stem and crown must
be same
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51. Feature 5 -the plane of the bracket base
at its base point must be
identical to the facial
plane of the crown at the FA point.
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52. Feature 6 - base should match the m-d
contour of the tooth.
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53. Feature 7 - the vertical component should
be parallel to one another.
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54. Feature 8 – all slots point must have
same distance between them and
the crown embrasure line.
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55. Convenience features
1. The gingival tie wings of the post
Brackets extend farther laterally .
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56. Base are inclined
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57. Facial surface of the incisor and
canine brackets are designed to
parallel their bases.
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58. In mandibular brackets the tie wings
are designed with least amount
occlusofacial prominence
Bracket identification
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59. Auxiliary feature
- Power arms
- Hooks
- Face bow tubes
- Utility tubes
- Rotational wings
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61. Translation problems
Counter buccolingual tipCounter buccolingual tip
Counter mesiodistal tipCounter mesiodistal tip
Counter rotationCounter rotation
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62. Translation brackets
1. Minimum translation brackets –requiring a
translation of 2 mm or less
2. Medium translation brackets – requiring a
translation of more than 2mm but less
than 4 mm
3. Maximum translation brackets -requiring a
translation of more than 4 mm.
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63. Vari Simplex Discipline
Factors defining the
bracket system-
-Type of bracket
-Placement positions
-Angulations
-Torque
-In /out compensations
Alexander-1978
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64. Lang bracket-cuspids
It was invented
by Dr Howard
Lang
single bracket
with a flat
rotational control
wing
-each wing has a
circular hole .
- Wedge shape in
profile
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65. Lewis brackets-Bicuspids & lower incisors
Twin brackets with convertible sheath-1st
molars
Bracket positioning –X
Tip –0 all posteriors(-6 lower 1st
molar)
Torque-negative with lower incisors (-5)
-3˚ torque on maxillary cuspid
No torque in the second molar tube
In out –thick for upper laterals & lower incisors
Vari Simplex Discipline
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66. Roth Prescription
“Five year clinical evaluation of the
Andrews Straight Wire Appliance 1976
Inventory
– Tip canine upper 11-13,lower 5-7
Anchorage loss
– Tip posteriors upper 0 ,lower-1
Over correction
– Torque increased with upper incisors by 5
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67. MBT
McLaughlin &Bennett 1975-1993
– Bracket positioning
– ,lacebacks, & bendbacks for anchorage
control
– leveling with light arch wires ,
– sliding mechanics with 0.019/0.025 steel
wires
– Ovoid arch wire
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68. MBT Versatile+
Additional tip in upper anteriors caused
– Anchorage strain ( 8-11-13 canine)
– Bite deepening
– Upper canine root apex close to premolars
Overall increase in upper anterior torque
Three torque options for canines 7,0,-7
Square ,ovoid &tapered arch form
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69. Slot size 0.022 / 0.018?
0.022 Angle used gold wires
SS wire being rigid applies excessive force
lower wire in larger slot torque lost
0.018 slot ideal when sliding is not needed
Alexander-0.18 for ease of placement &
patient comfort
MBT 0.022 slot
– Reduces treatment forces(opening stages)
– Working wire is.019/.025 works well with sliding
mechanics
– .018slot working wire .017 has greater
deflection & shows bindingwww.indiandentalacademy.com
71. Kamedanized Begg
introduced by Dr Akira
Kameda
He introduced
torquing and reverse
torquing brackets In
1983
Ribbon arch buccal
tube in 1986.
efforts are going on to
develop a new type of
KB bracket with a built
in T-Pin.www.indiandentalacademy.com
73. References
Orthodontics- current principles &
technique-Graber &Swain
Orthodontics- current principles &
technique-Graber & Vanarsdall
Straight wire –The concept &appliance –
Andrews
The Alexander discipline –contemporary
concepts &philosophies -Wick Alexander
Atlas of Orthodontics- principles & clinical
applications –Viazis
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74. References
Begg orthodontic theory &technique-
Begg & Kesling
Refined Begg for modern times
-Dr V P Jayade
Systemized orthodontic treatment
-McLaughlin ,Bennett & Trevisi
New vistas in orthodontics –Kesling
K B technique its theory & practice-
JIOS1992Dr Akira Kameda
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