Bvoc 106 internet TUTORIAL

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LEARNING MATERIAL by (profsan07@gmail.com ) SANDEEP KUMAR SHARMA
BVOC (106) OFFICE AUTOMATION AND INTERNET
UNIT -1
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a distance. The word data refers to
information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the
data. Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
COMPONENT OF COMMUNICATION
ANALOG AND DIGITAL
Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers to information that is continuous;
digital data refers to information that has discrete states. Analog data take on continuous
values. Digital data take on discrete values.
DATA TRANSMISSION MODES
The transmission of binary data across a link can be accomplished in either parallel or serial
mode. In parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each clock tick. In serial mode, 1 bit is
sent with each clock tick. While there is only one way to send parallel data, there are two
subclasses of serial transmission: asynchronous, synchronous

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Parallel transmission
Serial transmission

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Asynchronous transmission
Synchronous transmission
Digital and Analog Transmission

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Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal elements per
second. In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.
Data Transmission Media
Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another,
include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

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Coaxial cable
Fiber Optic Cable
Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. This
type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication.

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Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and television, and
paging systems
Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones, satellite
networks, and wireless LANs.
Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area using
line-of-sight propagation.
Propagation methods

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Data Transmission Speed
Data transfer rate is the average number of bits (bitrate), characters or symbols (baud rate), or
blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission system. Most
commonly, measurements of data transfer rate are reported in multiples of unit bits per
second (bit/s) or occasionally in bytes per second (B/s). The data rates of modern residential
high-speed Internet connections are most commonly expressed in multiples of bits per
second, such as megabits per second (Mbit/s).
Data transfer speed on the other hand is expressed in bits. In bit rates the abbreviations are
as follows:
• 1 kbps = 1,000 bits per second
• 1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bits per second.
• 1 Gbps = 1,000,000,000 bits per second.
kbps (kilobits/sec) means thousands of bits per second
mbps or Mbps (megabits/sec) means millions of bits per second
gbps or Gbps (gigabits/sec) means billions of bits per second (where "billion"=
1,000,000,000.00")
tbps (terabits/sec) means trillions of bits per second (as in "terabit router" or "terabit
speeds")
pbps (petabits/sec) means quadrillions of bits per second.
Examples:
• "Gigabit Ethernet [1000Base-T] is capabile of speeds up to 1000 mbps (mega-bits per
second), or 1 gbps."

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LAN connecting 12 computers.

LEARNING MATERIAL by (
Network made of four WANs and
CLIENT AND SERVER
Client-Server: One the remote process acts as Client and requests some resource from
another application process acting as Server.
distributed application structure that partitions
resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called
model, any process can act as Server or Client. This not the machine or size of the machine or
its computing power which makes it server but it is the feature of serving request that makes
it server. Examples of computer applications that use the client
are Email, network printing, and the
INTRANET
An intranet is a private network, accessible only to an organization's staff.
range of information and services from the organization's internal IT systems are available
that would not be available to the public from the
• Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are connected to each other.
Network made of four WANs and two LANs
One the remote process acts as Client and requests some resource from
another application process acting as Server. The client–server model
distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a
resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients.
hich makes it server but it is the feature of serving request that makes
Examples of computer applications that use the client
, and the World Wide Web.
network, accessible only to an organization's staff.
that would not be available to the public from the Internet.
Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are connected to each other.
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) SANDEEP KUMAR SHARMA
One the remote process acts as Client and requests some resource from
of computing is a
tasks or workloads between the providers of a
clients. In client-server
hich makes it server but it is the feature of serving request that makes
Examples of computer applications that use the client–server model
network, accessible only to an organization's staff. Generally a wide
Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are connected to each other.

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• PCs in intranet are not available to the world outside the intranet.
• Usually each company or organization has their own Intranet network and
members/employees of that company can access the computers in their intranet.
• Each computer in Intranet is also identified by an IP Address which is unique among
the computers in that Intranet.
Similarities in Internet and Intranet
• Intranet uses the internet protocols such as TCP/IP and FTP.
• Intranet sites are accessible via web browser in similar way as websites in internet.
But only members of Intranet network can access intranet hosted sites.
• In Intranet, own instant messengers can be used as similar to yahoo messenger/ Gtalk
over the internet.
Differences in Internet and Intranet
• Internet is general to PCs all over the world whereas Intranet is specific to few PCs.
• Internet has wider access and provides a better access to websites to large population
whereas Intranet is restricted.
• Internet is not as safe as Intranet as Intranet can be safely privatized as per the need.
INTERNET & HOW THE INTERNET WORKS
The Internet has had a profound effect on the world of computers. The Internet, as it is known
today, was born in 1983 when ARPANET was split into two interconnected networks:
ARPANET and MILNET. The size of the Internet doubled when NSFnet joined the Internet
in 1986.The Internet has proven to be a reliable means of transmitting data.
The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses,
government offices, educational institutions, and individuals. Data is transferred over the
Internet using servers, which are computers that manage network resources and provide
centralized storage areas, and clients, which are computers that can access the contents of the
storage areas. The data travels over communications lines. Each computer or device on a
communications line has a numeric address called an IP (Internet protocol) address, the text
version of which is called a domain name. Every time you specify a domain name,
a DNS (domain name system) server translates the domain name into its associated IP
address, so data can route to the correct computer.

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• hosted.
• Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
WAYS TO ACCESS THE INTERNET
You can access the Internet through an Internet service provider, an online service provider,
or a wireless service provider. An Internet service provider (ISP) provides temporary
Internet connections to individuals and companies. An online service provider (OSP) also
supplies Internet access, in addition to a variety of special content and services. A wireless
service provider (WSP) provides wireless Internet access to users with wireless modems or
Web-enabled handheld computers or devices.
Employees and students often connect to the Internet through a business or school network
that connects to a service provider. For home or small business users, dial-up access provides
an easy and inexpensive way to connect to the Internet. With dial-up access, you use a
computer, a modem, and a regular telephone line to dial into an ISP or OSP. Some home and
small business users opt for newer, high-speed technologies. DSL (digital subscriber line)
provides high-speed connections over a regular copper telephone line. A cable
modem provides high-speed Internet connections through a cable television network.
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web is a popular segment of the Internet that contains billions of documents
called Web pages. These documents can contain text, graphics, sound, video, and built-in
connections, or links, to other Web pages stored on computers throughout the world.
• Tim Berners-Lee, CERN (Switzerland)
• First web server and client, 1990
• Established a common language for sharing information on computers
• Lots of previous attempts (Gopher, WAIS, Archie, Xanadu, etc.)
The World Wide Web is
a system of Internet servers that supportspecially formatted documents. The documents are
formatted in a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports
links to other documents, as well as graphics, audio, and video files. This means you can
jump from one document to another simply by clicking on hot spots

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Domain name system (DNS)
An Internet address has four fields with numbers that are separated by periods or dots. This
type of address is known as an IP address. Rather than have the user remember long strings of
numbers, the Domain Name System (DNS) was developed to translate the numerical
addresses into words. For example, the address fcit.usf.edu is really 131.247.120.10.
Each part of a domain name contains certain information. The first field is the host name,
identifying a single computer or organization. The last field is the top-level domain,
describing the type of organization and occasionally country of origin associated with the
address.
Top-level domain names include:
.com Commercial
.edu Educational
.gov US Government
.int Organization
.mil US Military
.net Networking Providers
.org Non-profit Organization
The IP Address
The Internet Protocol moves data between hosts in the form of datagram. Each datagram is
delivered to the address contained in the Destination Address of the datagram's header. The
Destination Address is a standard 32-bit IP address that contains sufficient information to
uniquely identify a network and a specific host on that network.

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An IP address contains a network part and a host part, but the format of these parts is not the
same in every IP address. The number of address bits used to identify the network, and the
number used to identify the host, varies according to the prefix length of the address. We
begin with a discussion of traditional IP address classes.
• Less than 128, the address is class A; the first byte is the network number, and the
next three bytes are the host address.
• From 128 to 191, the address is class B; the first two bytes identify the network, and
the last two bytes identify the host.
• From 192 to 223, the address is class C; the first three bytes are the network address,
and the last byte is the host number.
• From 224 to 239, D the address is multicast. There is no network part. The entire
address identifies a specific multicast group.
• Class E Greater than 239, the address is reserved. We can ignore reserved addresses.
WEB BROWSERS
A web browser, or 'browser' for short, is computer software application that allows a person
to view the internet. The browser operates at the application layer of the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model.
Popular Web Browsers and How They Work:
The most popular web browsers that are used today are Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome,
Microsoft Internet Explorer, Apple Safari and the Opera browser. These browsers are free
and available for download and use. Web browsers allow users to view resources that are
stored on a server. For example, if you were to visit www.google.com, you are actually
viewing a file that is displayed using the web browser. This file is drafted using the hyper text
markup language or HTML for short. These files, or web pages as they're commonly known,
are pulled from the web server and then translated by the web browser for the user to view. If
you do not have a web browser and attempt to view the HTML file, you will see numerous
amounts of code lines that may not make sense to the average user. The browser will translate
those code lines that makes it easily readable for the user.
Browsers are not just good at viewing web pages, they can also be used to download and
upload files as well. Browsers can facilitate the file transfer protocol, or FTP for short. FTPs
allow users to upload or download files to web servers using a browser

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UNIT -2
ISO-OSI SEVEN LAYRED MODEL
TCP/IP (INTERNET MODEL)
Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
A URL contains information on how and where to access a document. How to access a
document is often reflected by the name of the scheme that is part of the URL, such as http,
ftp, or telnet. Where a document is located is often embedded in a URL by means of the DNS
name of the server to which an access request can be sent, although an IP address can also be
used. The number of the port on which the server will be listening for such requests is also
part of the URL; when left out, a default port is used. Finally, a URL also contains the name
of the document to be looked up by that server, leading to the general structures shown in
Fig.

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A variety of services are used widely on the Internet, including e-mail, FTP, newsgroups and
message boards, mailing lists, chat rooms, and instant messaging. E-mail (electronic mail) is
the transmission of messages and files via a computer network. You use an e-mail
program to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete messages. To receive
messages, you need an e-mail address, which is a combination of a username and a domain
name that identifies a user.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that allows you to upload and download
files with other computers on the Internet. FTP is a client-server protocol that relies on two
communications channels between client and server: a command channel for controlling the
conversation and a data channel for transmitting file content. Clients initiate conversations
with servers by requesting to download a file. Using FTP, a client can upload, download,
delete, and rename, move and copy files on a server. A user typically needs to log on to the
FTP server,

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An FTP server is a computer that allows you to use FTP to upload files to, and download
files from, an FTP site. With anonymous FTP, anyone can transfer some, if not all,
available files. A newsgroup is an online area in which users conduct written discussions
about a particular subject. The computer that stores and distributes newsgroup messages is
called a news server. You use a program called a newsreader to access a newsgroup, read
previously entered messages (called articles), and add (post) messages of your own
FTP (File-Transfer-Protocol) is a way for you to copy files from one computer to another
over a network such as the internet. This is usually done for copying files from your PC to a
server for publishing websites. Some people use this as a method for distributing software
from a server.
The way to connect your PC to an FTP server is to go to a command prompt and take a
known FTP address and type:
ftp someservername
example:ftp wuarchive.wustl.edu
After typing that in at a command prompt, you will be asked for a username and password.
For the example above, you can use the username: anonymous and just hit the enter-key for
the password.
TELNET
(TELecommunication NETwork) is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area
network (LAN) connections. It was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15 and
standardized as IETF STD 8, one of the first Internet standards.
Telnet provides access to a command-line interface on a remote host via a virtual terminal
connection which consists of an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP).
The network terminal protocol (TELNET) allows a user to log in on any other computer on
the network. We can start a remote session by specifying a computer to connect to. From that
time until we finish the session, anything we type is sent to the other computer.

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The Telnet program runs on the computer and connects your PC to a server on the network.
We can then enter commands through the Telnet program and they will be executed as if we
were entering them directly on the server console. This enables us to control the server and
communicate with other servers on the network. To start a Telnet session, we must log in to a
server by entering a valid username and password. Telnet is a common way to remotely
control Web servers.
Chat
A chat is real-time (meaning everyone involved in the chat is online at the same time) typed
conversation that takes place on a computer. A location on an Internet server that permits
users to chat is called a chat room. Some chat rooms support voice chats and video chats,
where you can hear or see others and they can hear or see you as you chat. A chat client is a
program on your computer that allows you to connect to a chat server and start a chat
session.
Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet communications service that notifies you
when one or more people are online and then allows you to exchange messages or join a
private chat room.
Chat vs. IM
The terms chat and IM are sometimes used interchangeably. However, they can have
slightly different meanings:
• Chat often occurs in a virtual chat room, which can include many different
people who may or may not know each other. Many chat rooms focus on a
particular topicor interest.
• IM usually includes a list of your contacts, called a Buddy List or Friend
List, which allows you to see who is online. IM is especially suited for one-on-
one communication, but it's possible to send messages to multiple people at
once. IM is technically a kind of chat, and some IM services use the term
"chat" instead.
• Here are numerous chat and IM programs you can download,
including Skype, ICQ, AOL Instant Messenger(AIM), and Yahoo!
Messenger (all of these can also perform voice and video chat). In addition,
there are manybrowser-based services that don't require downloading. For

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example, Facebook and Gmail allow you to chat with your contacts whenever
you're signed in.
• If you have a smartphone or mobile device, it's possible to use chat or IM when
you're away from your computer. Popular mobile chat services
include IMO and eBuddy.
E-mail
Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email, E-mail since around 1993, is a method
of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Email operates
across the Internet or other computer networks. Today’s email systems are based on a store-
and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the
users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only
briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.
An Internet email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message
header, and the message body. The message header contains control information, including,
minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually
descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message
submission date/time stamp.
1- Transfer of textual messages, through which documents from any program can be sent,
except the executive programs (extension: .exe)
2-structure of the e-mail address: user name, @ symbol and a domain name (name of the
computer on the Internet where mail will be delivered to the recipient),
for example- ivana.majic@gmail.com, c3po@vip.hr
3-e-mail advantages: fast (instant) delivery, low cost, flexibility of using mail account on
websites.
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol).
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a technology that allows you to make voice calls using
a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line. Some VoIP
services may only allow you to call other people using the same service, but others may allow
you to call anyone who has a telephone number - including local, long distance, mobile, and
international numbers. VoIP services convert your voice into a digital signal that travels over
the Internet.
If you are calling a regular phone number, the signal is converted to a regular telephone
signal before it reaches the destination. VoIP can allow you to make a call directly from a
computer, a special VoIP phone, or a traditional phone connected to a special adapter.
Voice over Internet Protocol is a category of hardware and software that enables people to
use the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls by sending voice data in

LEARNING MATERIAL by (
packets using IP . VoIP includes:
call.
VoIP can turn a standard Internet connection into a way to place
practical upshot of this is that by using some of the free VoIP
make Internet phone calls, you're bypassing the phone com
example are TINGO,VIBER,SKYPE etc.
The interesting thing about VoIP is that there is not just one way to place a call. There are
three different "flavors" of VoIP service in common use today:
• ATA -- The simplest and most common way is through the use of a device called an ATA
(analog telephone adaptor).
• IP Phones -- These specialized phones look just like normal phones with a handset,
and buttons. Wi-Fi phones allow subscribing callers to make VoIP calls from any
spot.
• Computer-to-computer -- This is certainly the easiest way to use VoIP
ISP (Internet Service Provider
An ISP, or Internet Service Provider
and businesses for a monthly or yearly fee. In addition to internet connection, ISPs may also
provide related services like web site hosting and development, email hosting, domain name
registration etc. Different ISPs, and sometimes even the same one, offer different types of
internet connections - dialup, cable and DSL broadband. Hardware such as dialup modem or
a wireless modem and router are usually provided by the company. When you register with
an ISP for its services, an account is created and you are provided with the login details
username and password. You connect to the internet via your account and this way the
company keeps a watch on your online activities.
Short for Internet Service Provider,
including personal and business access to the Internet. For a monthly fee, the service provider
usually provides a software package, username, password and access phone number.
Equipped with a modem, you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide
Web and USENET, and send and receive e
the broadband modem hardware or pay a monthly fee for this equipment that is added to your
ISP account billing.
. VoIP includes: Caller ID, Call waiting, Call transfer, Repeat
VoIP can turn a standard Internet connection into a way to place free phone calls
practical upshot of this is that by using some of the free VoIP software that is available to
make Internet phone calls, you're bypassing the phone company (and its charges) entirely.
example are TINGO,VIBER,SKYPE etc.
ifferent "flavors" of VoIP service in common use today:
The simplest and most common way is through the use of a device called an ATA
These specialized phones look just like normal phones with a handset,
allow subscribing callers to make VoIP calls from any
This is certainly the easiest way to use VoIP.
Internet Service Provider)
Internet Service Provider, is a company that offers internet access to individuals
fferent ISPs, and sometimes even the same one, offer different types of
dialup, cable and DSL broadband. Hardware such as dialup modem or
for its services, an account is created and you are provided with the login details
company keeps a watch on your online activities.
Short for Internet Service Provider, it refers to a company that provides Internet services,
you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide
Web and USENET, and send and receive e-mail. For broadband access you typically receive
22
) SANDEEP KUMAR SHARMA
transfer, Repeat dial, Return
free phone calls. The
software that is available to
pany (and its charges) entirely.
The simplest and most common way is through the use of a device called an ATA
These specialized phones look just like normal phones with a handset, cradle
allow subscribing callers to make VoIP calls from any Wi-Fi hot
company that offers internet access to individuals
fferent ISPs, and sometimes even the same one, offer different types of
dialup, cable and DSL broadband. Hardware such as dialup modem or
for its services, an account is created and you are provided with the login details –
it refers to a company that provides Internet services,
you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide
mail. For broadband access you typically receive

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FOR EXMPLE ISP : Access Smart,Tata Communications,Bharti Airtel,Bharat Sanchar
Nigam,Reliance Communications,Vodafone
Live Telecast on Internet
It is the telecast of a live event, with video and audio. Some people use the term live telecast
because it looks so much like television and in fact it is very similar. For a live telecast we
use one, two or multiple cameras to telecast a live event. This event may be a meeting,
speech, talk show, and company event, analyst event fashion show the list goes on and on. If
we were broadcasting this on TV it would look exactly the same, but a live telecast is now
broadcast on the web.
As internet broadcasting continues to grow more and more internet broadcasters are
interested in broadcasting their content live. Broadcasting live allows you to connect with
your viewership in real time, along with creating a live interactive community that is based
around your show.
Ustream is a live streaming service that allows you to simply broadcast to the world via a
webcam or streaming software like Wire cast or Vidblaster.
Bambuser is an interactive live video broadcasting service, for streaming live video from
mobile phones and webcams to the internet.
With Google Hangouts on air you can broadcast live to your YouTube page, have up to 10
guests and use plug-in to allow you to add lower thirds and control the camera switching.
Justin.tv allows anyone to broadcast video online. Justin.tv user accounts are called
"channels", and users are encouraged to broadcast a wide variety of content.

Bvoc 106 internet TUTORIAL

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