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MALPRAKTIK MEDIS
MEDICAL ERROR,
KELALAIAN, DAN
MALPRAKTIK
RISIKO TINDAKAN KEDOKTERAN
Risiko Tindakan Kedokteran bersifat inheren, dan dapat
dibedakan :
Risiko yg unforeseeable (tidak dapat dibayangkan sebelumnya)
Risiko yang foreseeable:
 Risiko yang akseptabel berdasarkan keilmuan kedokteran pada situasi,
waktu dan tempat tertentu.
Pada keadaan tersebut tindakan dapat dilakukan dengan sesuai standar
agar pencegahan terjadinya risiko dapat maksimal, atau dapat
diantisipasi/diatasi.
 Risiko yang tidak akseptabel
Tindakan ini tidak dapat dilakukan, kecuali dalam keadaan memaksa
Akseptabilitas Risiko
• tingkat keparahan yang minimal,
• tingkat probabilitas terjadinya yang kecil,
• tingkat kedaruratannya,
• ketersediaan sumber-dayanya,
• nilai manfaat yang tak tergantikan,
• ketidakmungkinan penghindaran atau pencegahan,
• risiko yang tidak terduga atau tak terbayangkan sebelumnya, yang tentu saja
tidak mungkin dapat dicegah atau dihindari
UNACCEPTABLE
RISKS
NEAR MISS
ADVERSE
EVENTS
ACCEPTABLE
RISKS
VIOLATION/ERR
ORS
UNFORESEEABLE
RISKS
DISEASE /
COMPLICATION
Setiap cedera yang disebabkan oleh
manajemen medis / rumah sakit
Adalah tindakan yg dapat mencederai pasien,
tetapi tidak mengakibatkan cedera karena
faktor kebetulan, pencegahan atau mitigasi
UNPREVENTABLE
PREVENTABLE
Adverse
Outcome
(Schellekens, W : Patient Safety Conference,
European Union Presidency Luxembourg, 4 – 5 April 2005)
NICO L
MEDICAL ERRORS
DILIHAT DARI KONTRIBUSINYA
LATENT ERRORS
CENDERUNG BERADA DI LUAR KENDALI OPERATOR GARIS DEPAN; SEPERTI
DESAIN BURUK, INSTALASI TAK TEPAT, PEMELIHARAAN BURUK, KESALAHAN
KEPUTUSAN MANAJEMEN, STRUKTUR ORGANISASI YG BURUK
ACTIVE ERROR
KESALAHAN PADA TINGKAT OPERATOR GARIS DEPAN
TIDAK SEMUA ERRORS MENGAKIBATKAN ADVERSE EVENTS IOM, 1999
ERROR PRODUCING
FACTORS
PERHATIAN
KEMAMPUAN PENGENALAN
DAYA INGAT
KEMAMPUAN MEMILIH
MENENTUKAN BERDASAR
ATURAN
MENENTUKAN BERDASAR
PENGETAHUAN
VIOLATION
PRODUCING
FACTORS
 MENGUNTUNGKAN
 KEBIASAAN / RUTINITAS
 KETERPAKSAAN /
SITUASIONAL
 INDISIPLINER
Reason, 2001
The ‘Swiss cheese’ model of
organisational accidents
Some holes due
To active failures
Other holes due to
latent conditions
Successive layers of defences
Hazards
Losses
It takes an average of 4.5 errors in the system for a medical accident to result
Modified from James Reason,
1991.
Paul Barach, MD, MPH, Univ of Miami Medical School

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malpraktik-01.pptx

  • 3. RISIKO TINDAKAN KEDOKTERAN Risiko Tindakan Kedokteran bersifat inheren, dan dapat dibedakan : Risiko yg unforeseeable (tidak dapat dibayangkan sebelumnya) Risiko yang foreseeable:  Risiko yang akseptabel berdasarkan keilmuan kedokteran pada situasi, waktu dan tempat tertentu. Pada keadaan tersebut tindakan dapat dilakukan dengan sesuai standar agar pencegahan terjadinya risiko dapat maksimal, atau dapat diantisipasi/diatasi.  Risiko yang tidak akseptabel Tindakan ini tidak dapat dilakukan, kecuali dalam keadaan memaksa
  • 4. Akseptabilitas Risiko • tingkat keparahan yang minimal, • tingkat probabilitas terjadinya yang kecil, • tingkat kedaruratannya, • ketersediaan sumber-dayanya, • nilai manfaat yang tak tergantikan, • ketidakmungkinan penghindaran atau pencegahan, • risiko yang tidak terduga atau tak terbayangkan sebelumnya, yang tentu saja tidak mungkin dapat dicegah atau dihindari
  • 5. UNACCEPTABLE RISKS NEAR MISS ADVERSE EVENTS ACCEPTABLE RISKS VIOLATION/ERR ORS UNFORESEEABLE RISKS DISEASE / COMPLICATION Setiap cedera yang disebabkan oleh manajemen medis / rumah sakit Adalah tindakan yg dapat mencederai pasien, tetapi tidak mengakibatkan cedera karena faktor kebetulan, pencegahan atau mitigasi UNPREVENTABLE PREVENTABLE Adverse Outcome
  • 6. (Schellekens, W : Patient Safety Conference, European Union Presidency Luxembourg, 4 – 5 April 2005) NICO L
  • 7. MEDICAL ERRORS DILIHAT DARI KONTRIBUSINYA LATENT ERRORS CENDERUNG BERADA DI LUAR KENDALI OPERATOR GARIS DEPAN; SEPERTI DESAIN BURUK, INSTALASI TAK TEPAT, PEMELIHARAAN BURUK, KESALAHAN KEPUTUSAN MANAJEMEN, STRUKTUR ORGANISASI YG BURUK ACTIVE ERROR KESALAHAN PADA TINGKAT OPERATOR GARIS DEPAN TIDAK SEMUA ERRORS MENGAKIBATKAN ADVERSE EVENTS IOM, 1999
  • 8. ERROR PRODUCING FACTORS PERHATIAN KEMAMPUAN PENGENALAN DAYA INGAT KEMAMPUAN MEMILIH MENENTUKAN BERDASAR ATURAN MENENTUKAN BERDASAR PENGETAHUAN VIOLATION PRODUCING FACTORS  MENGUNTUNGKAN  KEBIASAAN / RUTINITAS  KETERPAKSAAN / SITUASIONAL  INDISIPLINER Reason, 2001
  • 9. The ‘Swiss cheese’ model of organisational accidents Some holes due To active failures Other holes due to latent conditions Successive layers of defences Hazards Losses It takes an average of 4.5 errors in the system for a medical accident to result Modified from James Reason, 1991. Paul Barach, MD, MPH, Univ of Miami Medical School