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التخطيط العمراني

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‫الذكي‬ ‫العمراني‬ ‫التوسع‬ ‫علي‬ ‫هيثم‬ ‫التسليم‬ ‫تاريخ‬ 3 - 11 - 2014 ‫مساق‬ : ‫العمران‬ ‫في‬ ‫متقدمة‬ ‫دراسات‬ – ‫صالحة‬ ‫احمد‬ ‫رائد‬ ‫د‬
‫مصطلحات‬
‫مصطلحات‬  ‫الذكي‬ ‫التوسع‬ :  ‫اسلوب‬ ‫جديد‬ ‫يتميز‬ ‫بخليط‬ ‫من‬ ‫المساكن‬ ‫والمكاتب‬ ‫والمتاجر‬ ‫بالقرب‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجتمعات‬ ‫المباني‬ ‫في‬ ‫المدنية‬ . ‫وهو‬ ‫بديل‬ ‫إليقاف‬ ‫الزحف‬ ‫العمراني‬ , ‫واقترح‬ ‫مبادئ‬ ‫اصالحية‬ ‫تضع‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫للنمو‬ ‫العمران‬ ‫ي‬ . ‫يروج‬ ‫له‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫تحالف‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫يضم‬ ‫حكومات‬ ‫ومؤسسات‬ ‫اهلية‬ ‫ومتخصصين‬ ‫وهيئات‬ ‫المجتمع‬ ‫مدني‬ ‫والحفاظ‬ ‫على‬ ‫البيئة‬ .
‫مصطلحات‬  ‫الذكي‬ ‫التوسع‬ :  ‫الحضرية‬ ‫ألحياء‬ ‫المستدامة‬ : ‫هي‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫حضري‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫من‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫الواحد‬ ‫والعشرين‬ ‫لإلصالح‬ ‫الحضري‬ ‫والتي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫بتعد‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تطور‬ ‫الضواحي‬ ‫التقليدي‬ ‫للواليات‬ ‫المتحدة‬ ‫األميركية‬ ‫والمملكة‬ ‫المتحدة‬ ‫وتتوجه‬ ‫نحو‬ ‫نمط‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫العالمية‬ . ‫مفهوم‬ ‫األحياء‬ ‫الحضرية‬ ‫المستدامة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫النماذج‬ ‫النظرية‬ ‫في‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫الحضرية‬ ‫في‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫الجارية‬ ‫لفهم‬ ‫ما‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫الحضرية‬ ‫المستدامة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫في‬ ‫الواقع‬ .
‫المفهوم‬  ‫التوسع‬ ‫العمراني‬ ‫الذكي‬ ‫احد‬ ‫نظريات‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫العمراني‬ ‫الت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تركز‬ ‫على‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫المراكز‬ ‫الحضرية‬ ‫وكيفية‬ ‫الحفاظ‬ ‫على‬ ‫اراضي‬ ‫واس‬ ‫عه‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تمدد‬ ‫عمراني‬ ‫ناتج‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫على‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫المراكز‬ .  ‫يستخدم‬ ‫في‬ ‫امريكا‬ ‫الشمالية‬ ‫والعديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫االوربية‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫يطلق‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫مسميات‬ ‫التكثيف‬ ‫العمراني‬ ‫او‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫المدمجة‬ ( ‫خدمات‬ ) Compact City' or 'urban intensification ‫يعتبر‬ ‫احد‬ ‫استراتيجيات‬ ‫التنمية‬ ‫المستدامة‬ ‫للمدن‬ .
 ‫النمو‬ ‫الذكي‬ ‫هو‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫األراضي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تقبل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫والتنمية‬ ‫سيستمر‬ ‫في‬ ،‫الحدوث‬ ‫ويسعى‬ ‫بذلك‬ ‫لتوجيه‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫بطر‬ ‫يقة‬ ‫شاملة‬ ‫متعددة‬ .  ‫يتم‬ ‫وضعها‬ ‫من‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫مخططي‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫والمهندسين‬ ‫المعماريين‬ ‫والمطورين‬ ‫ونشطاء‬ ،‫المجتمع‬ ‫المراصد‬ ‫الحضرية‬ ‫ودارسي‬ ‫الجغرافيا‬ ‫والعمران‬ ‫والتخطيط‬ ‫و‬ ‫المدن‬ .
 ‫وتوجه‬ ‫مبادئ‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫الذكي‬ ‫في‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫المجتمعات‬ ‫المستدامة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لتي‬ ‫توفر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫من‬ ‫الخيارات‬ ‫ووسائل‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫والسكن‬ ‫وتح‬ ‫ديد‬ ‫أولويات‬ ‫الردم‬ ‫وإعادة‬ ‫التطوير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المجتمعات‬ ‫القائمة‬ .  ‫بعض‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫ايضا‬ ‫تحقيق‬ ‫الفائدة‬ ‫للسكان‬ ‫والمج‬ ‫تمعات‬ ‫وزيادة‬ ‫دخل‬ ‫األسرة‬ ،‫والثروة‬ ‫وتوفير‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫آمنة‬ ‫للمشي‬ ‫المدارس‬ ، ‫وتعزيز‬ ‫األماكن‬ ‫لتصبح‬ ‫اكثر‬ ‫مالئمة‬ ‫للعيش‬ ‫وآمنة‬ ‫وصحية‬ ، ‫وتحفيز‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫االقتصادي‬ ( ‫محليا‬ ‫وإقليميا‬ ) ، ‫وتطوير‬ ‫وحفظ‬ ‫و‬ ‫االس‬ ‫تثمار‬ ‫في‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫الطبيعية‬
‫المرتبطة‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫منها‬ ‫مفاهيم‬ ‫بعدة‬‫الذكي‬ ‫التوسع‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫يرتبط‬‫ان‬ ‫يمكن‬ :  ‫العمران‬ ‫الجديد‬  ‫النمو‬ ‫إدارة‬  ‫التنمية‬ ‫المستدامة‬  ‫الموارد‬ ‫على‬ ‫اإلشراف‬  ‫األرض‬ ‫على‬ ‫المحافظة‬  ‫العمراني‬ ‫الزحف‬ ‫منع‬  ‫تطوير‬ ‫الممارسات‬ ‫أفضل‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫للخدمات‬  ‫المحافظة‬ ‫تنمية‬  ‫المستدام‬ ‫النقل‬  ‫األحياء‬ ‫المستدامة‬ ‫الحضرية‬
‫األساسية‬ ‫المبادئ‬  ‫هناك‬ 10 ‫املبادئ‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تحدد‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫الذكي‬ :  ‫استخدام‬ ‫متعدد‬ ‫الستعماالت‬ ‫األراضي‬  ‫االستفادة‬ ‫من‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫المبنى‬ ‫الصغير‬  ‫خلق‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الفرص‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫والخيارات‬ ‫المتاحة‬  ‫خلق‬ ‫أحياء‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫المشي‬ ‫والتجول‬ ‫فيها‬  ‫خلق‬ ‫حاضنة‬ ‫قوية‬ ‫لربط‬ ‫االنان‬ ‫بالمكان‬ ‫وتعزيز‬ ‫شعور‬ ‫االنتماء‬
‫األساسية‬ ‫المبادئ‬  ‫هناك‬ 10 ‫املبادئ‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تحدد‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫الذكي‬ :  ‫الحفاظ‬ ‫على‬ ‫المساحات‬ ‫المفتوحة‬ ‫واألراضي‬ ،‫الزراعية‬ ‫والجمال‬ ،‫الطبيعي‬ ‫والمناطق‬ ‫البي‬ ‫ئية‬ ‫الحرجة‬ .  ‫تعزيز‬ ‫وتطوير‬ ‫مباشر‬ ‫تجاه‬ ‫المجتمعات‬ ‫القائمة‬ .  ‫توفير‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫متنوعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫خيارات‬ ‫النقل‬ .  ‫صنع‬ ‫قرارات‬ ‫التطوير‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التنبؤ‬ ‫بها‬ ‫ونزيهة‬ ‫وفعالة‬ ‫من‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫التكلفة‬ .  ‫تشجيع‬ ‫المجتمع‬ ‫والتعاون‬ ‫من‬ ‫أصحاب‬ ‫المصلحة‬ ‫في‬ ‫القرارات‬ ‫التنموية‬ .
 ‫االعتبار‬‫بعين‬ ‫االخذ‬ ‫مع‬ :  ‫حماية‬ ‫البيئة‬  ‫الصحة‬ ‫العامة‬  ‫الدعم‬ ‫الكهربائي‬ ‫والطاقة‬  ‫تغير‬ ‫الوضع‬ ‫القائم‬
‫النظام‬ ‫عناصر‬  ‫األحياء‬ ‫املدمجة‬ :  ‫واألحياء‬ ‫الحضرية‬ ‫المدمجة‬ ‫تجذب‬ ‫المزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫واألعمال‬ . ‫خلق‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫األحياء‬ ‫هو‬ ‫عنصر‬ ‫حاسم‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫الزحف‬ ‫العمراني‬ ‫وحماية‬ ‫المناخ‬ . ‫ويشمل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التكتيك‬ ‫اعتماد‬ ‫استراتيج‬ ‫يات‬ ‫وسياسات‬ ‫إعادة‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫تقسيم‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫االحياء‬ ‫لتشكل‬ ‫االسكان‬ ‫ونمو‬ ‫فرص‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫في‬ ‫الم‬ ‫راكز‬ ‫الحضرية‬ ‫وانشاء‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫التجارية‬ ‫إلنشاء‬ ‫مراكز‬ ،‫المدمجة‬ ‫ويحافظ‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫على‬ ‫امكانية‬ ‫الت‬ ‫جول‬ ‫وسهولة‬ ‫العبور‬ . ‫وهذا‬ ‫يتطلب‬ ‫في‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫األحيان‬ ‫من‬ ‫الهيئات‬ ‫الحكومية‬ ‫المحلية‬ ‫تنفيذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لتعليمات‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تسمح‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫الطول‬ ‫والكثافة‬ ‫في‬ ‫وسط‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫واللوائح‬ .  ‫كما‬ ‫توفر‬ ‫متطلبات‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫األدنى‬ ‫لمواقف‬ ‫السيارات‬ . ‫و‬ ‫إنشاء‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫ممكن‬ ‫من‬ ‫المساحات‬ ‫المسموح‬ ‫بها‬ .
‫النظام‬ ‫عناصر‬  ‫األحياء‬ ‫املدمجة‬ :  ‫تعتمد‬ ‫على‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫االسكان‬ ‫الميسر‬ , ‫كما‬ ‫تهدف‬ ‫الى‬ ‫تمويل‬ ‫مشاريع‬ ‫انشاء‬ ‫البنية‬ ‫التحتية‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫بالمواصالت‬ ‫و‬ ‫انشاء‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫العام‬ , ‫والية‬ ‫ت‬ ‫سعير‬ ‫المواصالت‬ .  ‫ايضا‬ ‫تأخذ‬ ‫بعين‬ ‫االعتبار‬ ‫توفير‬ ‫مناظر‬ ‫طبيعية‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫الحفاظ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫لى‬ ‫مساحات‬ ‫خضراء‬ ‫واالهتمام‬ ‫بالمواقع‬ ‫التاريخية‬ .
‫النظام‬ ‫عناصر‬  ‫حدود‬ ‫النطاق‬ ‫اني‬‫ر‬‫العم‬  ‫تحديد‬ ‫النطاق‬ ‫العمراني‬ ‫وتخصيص‬ ‫االراضي‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫وفق‬ ‫دراسات‬ ‫متقلية‬ ‫وتنبيئة‬ ‫تفي‬ ‫بحاجة‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫ووضع‬ ‫السياسيات‬ ‫لمعاقبة‬ ‫الخروج‬ ‫عن‬ ‫النطاق‬  ‫توفير‬ ‫امتيازات‬ ‫البناء‬ ‫الكثيف‬ ‫او‬ ‫السماح‬ ‫باالمتداد‬ ‫الراسي‬ ‫في‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لمناطق‬ ‫المرغوب‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫بالنمو‬ , ‫وشراء‬ ‫الملكيات‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫النطاق‬ ‫العمراني‬ ‫والحاقها‬ ‫بمؤسسات‬ ‫الرقابة‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫البيئية‬ ‫وغيرها‬ .
‫النظام‬ ‫عناصر‬  ‫تقييم‬ ‫االثر‬ ‫البيئي‬  ‫اعطاء‬ ‫التراخيص‬ ‫للبناء‬ ‫والمخططات‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫اتمام‬ ‫دراسات‬ ‫تقييم‬ ‫االث‬ ‫ر‬ ‫البيئية‬ ‫واتجاه‬ ‫ومحور‬ ‫التوسع‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫الحدود‬ ‫العمرانية‬ ‫المخصصة‬ .
‫النظام‬ ‫عناصر‬  ‫التوافق‬ ‫مع‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫وسياسات‬ ‫املجتمعية‬  ‫في‬ ‫المجتمعات‬ ‫تمارس‬ ‫سياسات‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫الذكية‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫التوافق‬ ‫مع‬ ‫القو‬ ‫انين‬ ‫والمتطلبات‬ ‫المحلية‬ . ‫وبالتالي‬ ‫االمتثال‬ ‫يبني‬ ‫الثقة‬ ‫المجتمعية‬ ‫أل‬ ‫نه‬ ‫يدل‬ ‫على‬ ‫اهتمام‬ ‫حقيقي‬ ‫في‬ ‫نوعية‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المجتمع‬ .
‫النظرية‬ ‫نفذت‬ ‫مدن‬  ‫المتحدة‬ ‫الواليات‬ ‫في‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫حماية‬ ‫وكالة‬ :  ‫بوالية‬ ‫أرلينغتون‬ ‫فيرجينيا‬  ‫مينيابوليس‬ ،‫بول‬ ‫وسانت‬ ‫مينيسوتا‬  ‫ديفيدسون‬ ‫كارولينا‬ ‫نورث‬ ‫بوالية‬  ‫دنفر‬ ، ‫كولورادو‬
‫السلبيات‬ ‫بعض‬  ‫قال‬ ‫كين‬ ‫ديكر‬ ، ‫أستاذ‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫الحضرية‬ ‫والتخطيط‬ ‫في‬ ‫جامعة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ورتالند‬ ‫ستيت‬ ‫يونيفيرستي‬ ‫إن‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫الذكي‬ ‫ربما‬ ‫كان‬ ‫أنجح‬ ‫في‬ ‫وسط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لمدن‬ ‫األقدم‬ ‫مما‬ ‫هو‬ ‫في‬ ‫التجمعات‬ ‫السكانية‬ ‫الجديدة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضواحي‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫قي‬ ‫ود‬ ‫صارمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الكثافة‬ ‫السكانية‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يشجع‬ ‫بالضرورة‬ ‫التحول‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫و‬ ‫سائل‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫والمواصالت‬ ‫البديلة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫على‬ ‫أنماط‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫وعمران‬ ‫ممتازة‬ .
‫السلبيات‬ ‫بعض‬  ‫ويسارع‬ ‫المسؤولون‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫القول‬ ‫إن‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫أي‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫تفاعلية‬ ‫ت‬ ‫نطوي‬ ‫على‬ ‫الكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫المشاركة‬ ‫السكانية‬ . ‫فعلى‬ ‫سبيل‬ ،‫المثال‬ ‫فض‬ُ‫ر‬ ‫اق‬ ‫تراح‬ ‫خاص‬ ‫بإضافة‬ ‫خط‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫الترام‬ ‫الكهربائي‬ ‫يمر‬ ‫بالمدينة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجنوب‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫الشمال‬ ‫في‬ ‫تصويت‬ ‫شعبي‬ ‫في‬ ‫إحدى‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يمر‬ ‫فيها‬ . ‫وتم‬ ‫تعديل‬ ‫أف‬ ‫كار‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫أسفر‬ ‫تطبيقها‬ ‫عن‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫لم‬ ‫تكن‬ ‫مقصودة‬ .
‫السلبيات‬ ‫بعض‬  ‫ويقول‬ ‫منتقدو‬ ‫سياسات‬ ‫بورتالند‬ ‫إن‬ ،‫المدينة‬ ‫بحصرها‬ ‫اهتمامها‬ ‫باحتو‬ ‫اء‬ ‫تمدد‬ ‫الضواحي‬ ،‫وتوسعها‬ ‫أهملت‬ ‫التنمية‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ . ‫وفي‬ ‫حين‬ ‫أن‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫الب‬ ‫طالة‬ ‫في‬ ،‫بورتالند‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫كان‬ ‫يبلغ‬ 5,6 ‫بالمئة‬ ‫في‬ ‫شهر‬ ‫تشرين‬ ‫األول‬ / ‫أكتوبر‬ ،‫الماضي‬ ‫كان‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫من‬ ‫المعدل‬ ‫العام‬ ‫إال‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫في‬ ‫مرتبة‬ ‫متأخرة‬ ‫من‬ ‫ناح‬ ‫ية‬ ‫الوظائف‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫بالمدن‬ ‫األخرى‬ ‫المماثلة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحجم‬ .
‫السلبيات‬ ‫بعض‬  ‫ويقول‬ ‫منتقدو‬ ‫سياسات‬ ‫بورتالند‬ ‫إن‬ ،‫المدينة‬ ‫بحصرها‬ ‫اهتمامها‬ ‫باحتو‬ ‫اء‬ ‫تمدد‬ ‫الضواحي‬ ،‫وتوسعها‬ ‫أهملت‬ ‫التنمية‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ . ‫وفي‬ ‫حين‬ ‫أن‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫الب‬ ‫طالة‬ ‫في‬ ،‫بورتالند‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫كان‬ ‫يبلغ‬ 5,6 ‫بالمئة‬ ‫في‬ ‫شهر‬ ‫تشرين‬ ‫األول‬ / ‫أكتوبر‬ ،‫الماضي‬ ‫كان‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫من‬ ‫المعدل‬ ‫العام‬ ‫إال‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫في‬ ‫مرتبة‬ ‫متأخرة‬ ‫من‬ ‫ناح‬ ‫ية‬ ‫الوظائف‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫بالمدن‬ ‫األخرى‬ ‫المماثلة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحجم‬ .
‫مراجع‬  ‫ويكيبيديا‬  ‫العمراني‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫شبكة‬  ‫االقتصادية‬ ‫التحديات‬ ‫لمواجهة‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫الذكية‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫والبيئية‬ – ‫جريدة‬ ‫مكة‬ - ‫مقال‬  ‫العمرانية‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الذكية‬ ‫الحضرية‬ ‫المشروعات‬ ‫تكامل‬ ‫الم‬ ‫حيطة‬ – ‫د‬ . ‫وائل‬ ‫نصار‬  ‫والمعمارية‬ ‫التخطيطية‬ ‫الراسات‬ ‫مركز‬ – ‫باقي‬ ‫ابراهيم‬ ‫د‬  ‫العالمية‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫توقعات‬ – 2005 – ‫للحفاظ‬ ‫المتحددة‬ ‫االمم‬ ‫برنامج‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫على‬

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