The UPSC Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT) is a crucial component of the Civil Services Examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) in India. The CSAT is the second paper of the preliminary examination stage, with the first paper being the General Studies Paper.

1. https://iasnext.com/tips-and-tricks-ratio-proportion-and-variation/

2.  Categories : CSAT
Tips and Tricks: Ratio, Proportion and Variation
Ratio & Proportion
Ratio and Proportion are explained majorly based on fractions. When a fraction is
represented in the form of a:b, then it is a ratio whereas a proportion states that two
ratios are equal.
 Here, a and b are any two integers.
 The ratio and proportion are the two important concepts, and it is the foundation
to understand the various concepts in mathematics as well as in science.
 Proportions are denoted by the symbol ‘::’ or ‘=’
Introduction
 In general, the ratio of a number x to a number y is defined as the quotient of the
numbers x and y.

3.  Ratios can be expressed as percentages. To express the value of a ratio as a
percentage, we multiply the ratio by 100.
Thus, 4/5 = 0.8 = 80%
Some Important Properties
 If we multiply the numerator and the denominator of a ratio by the same number,
the ratio remains unchanged.
That is, a/b = ma/mb
 If we divide the numerator and the denominator of a ratio by the same number,
the ratio remains unchanged. Thus,
a/b= (a/m)/(b/m)
 Denominator equation method: The magnitudes of two ratios can be compared
by equating the denominators of the two ratios and then checking for the value of
the numerator.
o eg. Which is larger: 8/3 or 11/4
 If either or both the terms of a ratio are a surd quantity, then the ratio will never
evolve into integral numbers unless the surd quantities are equal. use this
principle to spot options in questions having surds.
 If a/b = c/d = e/f = g/h = k then
K = (a+c+e+g) / (b + d + f + h)
Mathematical use of ratio and Proportions
 As a bridge between 3 or more quantities:
If A: B and B:C is given A:C can be found out
 Ratio as a Multiplier
If A: B is 3:1, then the value of B has to be multiplied by 3 to get the value of A.
Calculations
Calculation methods for Ratio comparisons

4. The Cross Multiplication Method
Two ratios can be compared using the cross-multiplication method as follows:
 Suppose you have to compare 12/17 with 15/19. Then, to test which ratio is
higher, cross multiply and compare 12 * 19 and 15 * 17.
If 12 * 19 is bigger the Ratio 12/17 will be bigger. If 15 * 17 is higher, the ratio
15/19 will be higher.
In this case, 15 * 17 being higher, the Ratio 15/19 is higher.
Proportions
When two ratios are equal, then the quantities composing them are said to be
proportional. Thus, if a/b = c/d, then a, b, c, d is proportional. This is expressed as
a: b: c: d or a: b = c: d
Variations
1. Direct Proportion (A∝ B)
When it is said that A varies directly as B, you should understand the following
implications:
2. Logical implication: When A increases B increases
3. Calculation implication: If A increases by 10%, B will also increase by 10%
4. Graphical implications: See following graph
5. Equation implication: The ratio A/B is constant

5. 2. Inverse Proportion (A∝1/B):
When A varies inversely as B, the following implication arises:
a. Logical implication: When A increases B decreases
b. Calculation implication: If A decreases by 9.09%, B will increase by 10%.
c. Graphical implications: see graph above
d. Equation implication: The product A * B is constant.
Read Also: Local & Standard Time on Earth
Ratio Proportion and Variation, Ratio Proportion and Variation, Ratio Proportion and
Variation
https://iasnext.com/upsc-15-steps-to-clear-upsc-cse-by-toppers-ranked-under-air-100/

6.  Categories : Strategy to prepare for UPSC
UPSC : 15 Steps to Clear UPSC CSE by Toppers (ranked
under AIR 100)
How was this guide made for UPSC CSE Aspirants?
This guide has been made by IAS Next experts by analysing the following topper’s
Strategy: Anudeep Durishetty (AIR 1, 2017), Srushti Deshmukh (AIR 5, 2018), Junaid
Ahmad (AIR 3, 2018), Akshat Jain (AIR 2, 2018), and a few others.
Why did IAS Next make this guide for UPSC
Aspirants?
 We wanted to answer the question “How to Prepare for UPSC” once and for all
in the best / perfect way possible for all the UPSC Aspirants.
 Since students waste a large amount of time, effort, and money while preparing
for UPSC just because of a lack of the right direction. We believe it will be very
very valuable for every UPSC aspirant.
 This guide was made to teach in a guided way so that you can clear your UPSC
exam with the least amount of time, effort, and money spent, by just making sure
you Study What Matters. We did the hard work of building strategy for your
UPSC Examination, so that you can achieve your dream.
Let’s have a look at the full-proof STEP by STEP preparation strategy for preparing for
the Civil Services Examination at home.

7. Table of contents
 How was this guide made for UPSC CSE Aspirants?
 Why did IAS Next make this guide for UPSC Aspirants?
 Step 1: Understand the UPSC Syllabus
 Step 2: Understand Previous Year Questions (PYQs)
 Step 3: What to do Before you begin your UPSC preparation?
 Step 4: How to Build your foundation with NCERTs?
 Step 5: Standard Reference Books for UPSC CSE Preparation
 Step 6: What is the Subject Wise Preparation strategy for UPSC?
 Step 7: How to do the Organization of Notes for UPSC?
 Step 8: Attempt Practise Tests Frequently for UPSC/IAS
 Step 9: Revise Repeatedly to perform better in UPSC
 Step 11: UPSC Mains Preparation at Home
 Step 12: Answer Writing Preparation for UPSC Mains
 Step 16: Read Newspaper & Practice Current Affairs for UPSC
Step 1: Understand the UPSC Syllabus
 UPSC syllabus is the guiding light for you. Knowing the syllabus is the foremost
thing to do before you go through your preparation journey.
 If you know the syllabus of UPSC it will help you to choose relevant study
materials, prioritize the subjects, etc.
 Read through the notification of the UPSC exam carefully in order to acquaint
yourself with the exam syllabus, exam pattern, exam timeline, and eligibility
criteria. Here’s a link to the UPSC CSE Official Notification.
 Understanding dates, timelines, and the pattern is critical for you to plan YOUR
timelines and strategy for achieving your dream as an UPSC Aspirant.
 Click here for the complete UPSC Syllabus for Prelims & Mains Exam and get to
know the detailed syllabus, pattern, and every other information required for both
UPSC Prelims and UPSC Mains exam.
 Going through the above points dedicatedly will save a considerable amount of
time through your preparation journey for your dream of becoming an IAS.
Step 2: Understand Previous Year Questions (PYQs)
 Once you’re through the syllabus, pick up the previous year questions papers
and skim through them to get an understanding of what is actually asked in the
UPSC Exam. You can also analyse what sections are important for you and what
are not in your UPSC Syllabus.
 You need to devote 2 to 4 weeks to analyze the syllabus and PYQs alone, this
will help you understand what UPSC is asking and what is the demand.
 PYQs are important. You should look for that source that gives topic-wise
questions of previous years. So that you can have a complete understanding of
the topic and the type of questions asked.

8.  Instead of Year-wise PYQs, you can take topic-wise PYQs of previous 25 years
as sometimes questions can be repeated.
You can find topic-wise PYQs of 25 years for prelims here.
 Lastly, you can refer to them again as they are a good source of self-assessment
in your UPSC/IAS preparation.
Check out the previous year’s question papers of UPSC here.
Almost all the top rankers whom we spoke to spent over 2 weeks to just analyse the
syllabus and previous year question papers. But this helped them in saving a
considerable amount of time through their preparation journey and they were successful
in getting ranks as well.
Step 3: What to do Before you begin your UPSC
preparation?
Best thing you can do for yourself for your UPSC preparation is give time to read this
guide and then check at different steps to see if you are in the right direction in
achieving your dream of being IAS/IPS.
 Set goals and devote time effectively: Before starting your preparation for
UPSC being the toughest examination of the country, it is important to prepare
yourself mentally and physically for the examination. Set goals and devote time
effectively.
 Analyze and chart a plan: Whether you are working or studying or just
preparing for UPSC, analyze accordingly how you would devote time for studies
and chart a plan. Today, with technology like the internet, it is possible to balance
your life and preparation with ease.
 Make a Timetable: Firstly, to become an IAS officer, it is necessary to be like an
officer with a well-organized daily routine. Set proper deadlines, and you would
work better and complete the syllabus of UPSC CSE faster and with better
retention.
 Focus on Micro Planning: Planning is equally important as studying. Plan how
to study. Focus on micro-planning i.e. make daily plans, set weekly targets, and
make a broad vision for the entire month. This planning of months will shape your
future as an UPSC Aspirant.
 Stay Motivated: Lastly, ask yourself why you want to be an IAS officer because
this will become the most important step by the time you reach Step 14.
Akshat Jain (AIR 2, 2018) gave 2 prelims. While preparing for the first prelims he had
studied well but ended up just short of one mark from qualifying prelims because of not
having a strategy, and had to wait another year. He was unable to crack how to attempt
the paper but he was having knowledge. Hence, combining knowledge and strategy to
crack the paper is important.
What is the right time to start preparing for UPSC?

9. Some people have cleared UPSC CSE in the first year but mostly it takes a minimum of
two years and people took 5 years to clear the UPSC Exam with desired result. But no
matter what, start at least one year before you intend to take the UPSC Prelim exam.
Even Anudeep Durishetty got AIR 1 after attempting UPSC exam for 5 years
Step 4: How to Build your foundation with NCERTs?
 Cover your basic NCERTs first that will make a base. Reading NCERTs will
cover your base like history geography polity many things will be covered from
NCERTs.
 You have to be thorough with your NCERTs and should not just read them but
should cover them in a good manner. The first thing you should start with is
NCERTs.
 These books provide the information very coherently. Moreover, they are reliable
too as the source is the government itself.
 So, NCERTs are undoubtedly the best books to begin your IAS preparation with.
You can get a complete list of NCERTs subjectwise for the UPSC exam here.
Why is NCERT important for UPSC?
The NCERT books are considered as the basic reading books to build the base of the
Civil Services Examination. It covers all topics which are important and gives us crystal
clear conceptual clarity.
 NCERTs are the key to most of the questions asked in prelims
 Very important to build the basic concepts and understanding in each subject
 Basic terminologies get cleared by reading them
 In previous years, few questions are asked DIRECTLY from NCERT
 The NCERT textbooks from classes six to twelve play a very significant role in
IAS exam preparation.
Read Also: Is NCERT enough for IAS prelims?
How to read Subject wise NCERTs for UPSC?
It is very important to read important books for the respective subjects of the UPSC IAS
Exam syllabus. Follow standard books for UPSC/IAS to make your concepts stronger.
 History: Class 6 to class 12 NCERTs. You can find all of them here.
 Geography: Class 6 to 12 NCERTs. You can find all of them here.The most
recommended NCERT book for Geography is:NCERT Class XI Fundamentals of
Physical Geography
 Economics: Class 9 to 12 NCERTs. You can find all of them here.
 Polity: Class 9 to 12 NCERTs. Class 9 and 10 are having a very basic portion
but covering Class 11 and Class 12 NCERTs is important. You can find all of
them here.

10. The most recommended NCERT book for Polity is:
Indian constitution at work: Class 11 NCERT
 Science and Tech: Class 6 to class 10 NCERTs are more than enough for
Science and Tech do not go for Class 11 and 12. You can find all of them here.
 Must Read Old & New NCERTs: You can go through must-read old and new
NCERTs by referring to the course here and can get all the most recommended
old NCERT books like World history NCERT books for ancient, medieval history
& NCERT Fine Art Books at one place.
What should you keep in mind while reading NCERTs?
 Do speed reading of NCERTs you can not rely only on them. Need to explore
other books too. Try relating NCERT books with other books like M. Laxmikanth
and other sources. Listen to the same things from different sources to have a
better and in depth understanding of the UPSC Syllabus.
Time Saving Tip: Read Summaries of NCERT (ideally after first reading). You can find
NCERT summaries here.
 Have a preliminary or basic kind of reading once to get a basic idea and content
and idea on how the syllabus has been covered.
 After initial reading go ahead with as many readings as the time allows.
 Notes making of NCERT is important. You need to use the exact language
written in NCERT do not go for note-making in the first reading. Read them at
least twice before making any notes.
Muskan Jindal who got AIR 87 in 2019, first completed NCERTs of every subject, then
saw Past Years Papers of that subject, then took 2nd reading of NCERT and after
clearing concepts, referred to standard books.
Step 5: Standard Reference Books for UPSC CSE
Preparation
Apart from the NCERTs, you need to also follow a few other advanced textbooks. Once
you have read all the NCERTs, it’s time to expand your knowledge for UPSC by reading
the standard books.
But again, remember you must check PYQs first and then check these books.
In our analysis, we found the below common books that are recommended by almost all
the top rankers. To save your time, we have linked them to the summaries for each.
 Modern History: Spectrum
 Polity: Laxmikanth
 Geography: GC Leong, Atlas
 Art & Culture: Nitin Singhania
 Economics: NCERT + Ramesh Singh
 Environment & Ecology: Shankar IAS notes
 Science and Tech, International Relations, etc: Current Affairs

11.  Read The Hindu daily and Explained page of Indian Express, and also PT 365,
Mains 365 (for current affairs)
Since there are so many books to read, here is a fast method to save time: Read
Summaries of all these books quickly first or if you have read them already, you can use
the summaries for revision. We have linked each book to its summary in the
course Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests).
Helpful Tips from UPSC Toppers for Reference books:
 Read books in which the objective part of the syllabus is more for example
spectrum for history, Laxmikanth, etc
 All these books which contain objective things need to be revised again and
again to perform better in the final UPSC Examination.
 Prepare from NCERTs first and then move to high-level books if you want to
actually get a grasp on the whole syllabus of UPSC.
 Build basics and then add more in them with these book summaries and other
sources
 Read the books at least twice and then make your handwritten notes to be used
for answer-writing practice at the later stage!
 You can also watch video lectures on IAS Next from the course Famous Books
for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests).
Step 6: What is the Subject Wise Preparation strategy
for UPSC?
There is so much information available but not many questions are asked from every
topic so we research how many questions come from each topic and teach you in-depth
accordingly. It is important to have the right approach and strategy while preparing
subject-wise for UPSC. Below is the subject-wise strategy on How to prepare for the
IAS exam seamlessly.
How we cover each subject, making sure you Study What Matters:
 For each subject, we have structured the learning material based on
extensive Previous Year Questions Research & a deep Paper Pattern analysis
 We have covered Famous Books Summaries for all standard reference books
that are important,
 Each Course contains Learning Notes, Revision Notes & Learning Videos
 Related NCERTs, NCERT summaries & NCERT Tests for each topic within the
same section
 Topic-wise tests for each and every topic have been covered so you go through
at least 5000 questions before your sit for the actual exam.
Refer to the subject wise sections below and get a complete idea of how to ace
individual subjects for UPSC with IAS Next:
History:

12.  How to prepare for History here
 Syllabus, & Strategy to study History
 Complete History Course covered here
Polity:
 How to prepare for Polity here
 Syllabus, & Strategy to study Indian Polity
 Complete Polity Course covered here
Geography:
 How to prepare for Geography here
 Syllabus, & Strategy to study Geography
 Complete Geography Course covered here
Economics:
 How to prepare for Economics here
 Syllabus, & Strategy to study Indian Econom
Science & Technology:
 How to prepare for Science & Tech here
 Syllabus, & Strategy to study Science & Technology
 We have covered Science & Tech as mentioned above in this Course here
Timeline Tip: First reading of GS and optional should be completed atleast 8 months
before and second reading atleast 5 months before the Prelims.
Step 7: How to do the Organization of Notes for
UPSC?
 The organization of notes is very important. The separation of topics and notes is
very important for your UPSC preparation.
Always prepare same set of notes for UPSC prelims and mains but when you are
preparing for prelims focus on that portion which is relevant for prelims.
 Keep everything you read like notes of a particular subject, you read about that
subject online, you get some other material of that.
 Keep everything in one folder of that subject. So that your time doesn’t get
wasted and during revision, you are able to get everything you have ever read
about in that subject at a particular place.
IAS Next notes are by default arranged in Courses (like folders) so you don’t have to
find/buy books again and again.
 Revision and note-making are important and one should revise from notes only.
Don’t look for the book again and again

13. Other than being one of the greatest set of content, another advantage is that you can
access all through One App anywhere even when you are out of your house and even
while travelling.
Step 8: Attempt Practise Tests Frequently for
UPSC/IAS
Giving Mock Tests is important for UPSC for multiple reasons:
1. Even when you are going through NCERTs, you need to give tests to learn/retain
them better. You can access tests for all NCERTs here.
2. When you are studying a subject topic-wise, giving tests at the same point is
equally important else you cannot be sure if you have really understood that
topic.
3. Also a very important factor and guiding light in your preparation is the All India
Ranking (AIR) since, in the end, UPSC is a competitive exam.
4. Even if you read everything you need to judge your preparation through the All
India ranking you get in IAS Next tests which is an important guiding factor.
After every IAS Next test (topic-wise/sectional/full mocks) you get your national ranking
(AIR) which is extremely helpful to understand where you stand in the competition.
Detailed Analysis after Tests
 As with mock tests, it is important to analyze your topic-wise tests for mistakes
and improve accordingly in every test.
 Always understand the nature of your mistakes
 Spot Patterns like the type of mistakes you are doing, whether you are taking
unnecessary risks or if you are weak in some foundational topics.
 Always work on the nature of your mistake.
IAS Next is the only source where you will get tests for each and every topic (topic-
wise), NCERTs, subject wise tests and even full mock tests/series. Find the test series
covering everything here.
Best Study Material for UPSC Exam
Step 9: Revise Repeatedly to perform better in UPSC
 Ideally, finish your first reading at least 8 months before the Prelims exam.
 Then try to quickly finish your second reading/revision 5 months before the
Prelims.
 During your 2nd reading, develop the habit of note-making. Make your own notes
of subjects, books as well as current affairs.
Concise the things so that you do not have to refer to many things later

14.  Even revise your Current Affairs notes 3 to 4 times, before prelims.
 Not just Revision but re-revision is very very important. So plan to revise
periodically.
 So ideally, revise at least 3 times.
In our analysis with Toppers, they all concur that GS can be handled with ease,
provided it is approached with proper planning and time management.
Also, here is a course that can help you revise for Prelims completely in 30 days:
Crash Course for UPSC
Step 10: Attempt Mock Tests Frequently for IAS
Preparation
For last 2-3 months before prelims, you should come in the MCQ mode. Start
attempting mock test series and even practice yourself with as many tests as possible.
It will give you an exam feel. Once you get acclimatised, it will reduce exam-time stress.
 The single most effective tool to crack prelims is mock tests.
 Practice one mock test daily in the morning because the exam will be in the
morning and your brain will work faster.
 Try to join test series like the one at IAS Next which you can give at any time you
want and not an external schedule so that you are able to practice/attempt
whenever you want. You can find the Mock Test Series here.
You can attempt Mock Tests regularly from the course UPSC CSE Prelims Mock Test
Series. Attempt more and more tests and ace your preparation!
Identify your own strategy for mock tests. Do you value accuracy or speed? Vaishali
Singh attempted 90 to 95 questions in mock tests some students get good marks by
attempting just 75 questions. See and know what works for you.
How to Attempt Mock Tests for UPSC?
 Solving mock tests within the time limit is a must. Learn to finish in time both
Paper 1 and Paper 2.
 In the two-hour period go through the questions thrice mark absolutely sure
questions in the first attempt, then those in which you have doubt, need to keep
track of accuracy test series help in achieving accuracy.
 Sit for an actual exam-like mock test at the same time.
 And then consistently stick to YOUR final paper-solving approach right till the
end.
Subject Wise Tests
 Focus equally on subject-wise tests (initially give sectional test) along with full
syllabus test.
 It is important to take subject-wise tests as they tell you your strength.
 You can attempt subject-wise tests here.

15.  Ideally, choose prelims test series from two sources, you can use one like IAS
Next which gives you the freedom to attempt whenever you want and you can
join one complimentary one with that.
Shubham Aggarwal, AIR 25, 2019 joined test series and gave polity-based test series
only so that he can judge himself and his understandings.
Tests on CSAT
 CSAT is mostly ignored mostly but very critical. We have all seen many stories
where students got rejected because they were not able to qualify for the CSAT.
 CSAT is generally more challenging for nonscience students as they have
attempted/practiced less for these types of questions in general.
Testing Tip: First without any preparation solve a length previous year paper in time. If
you are scoring greater than 80 marks then no need to prepare for CSAT. But if you are
scoring less than 80 marks practice CSAT questions regularly till you get better.
 Try to reach the end of the paper never get stuck on a question as easy
questions are there in the end
 For CSAT practice, there is a complete course for practice with tests. Plus you
can also use the Mock Test Series Course to practice for full-length CSAT tests.
 CSAT: Focus and work on your strengths some students have strong English
some have strong maths, since it is just a qualifying paper, you need to just work
smartly, no need to take extra coaching for the same as you can easily do by
yourself / with IAS Next.
 But do not focus on CSAT in just the last month. Try to complete CSAT well
before the exam.
How to Analyze your UPSC Mock Tests?
 Analysis of mock tests is absolutely necessary. Self-assessment is an essential
part of UPSC preparation.
 Ideally, analyze Mock tests ASAP after the test
 For wrong attempts understand why you committed the mistakes
 Try to Identify topics/themes where you are going repeatedly wrong
Go to your IAS Next Profile (Analysis tab) to see your macro comprehensive analysis
and see if you can patterns in the mistakes that you make.
 Work out ways to eliminate silly errors
 Never forget to analyze correctly attempted questions as well
 Brush up on the concepts of your weak areas that you may have missed
 This will help you in shaping YOUR approach/strategy and even identifying
strengths and weaknesses.
 It will not only help you in anxiety management during the actual exam but will
also prepare you extremely well for the exam!
Any new static knowledge gained add in your notes. And even for current affairs
maintain a separate diary and note down new things learn there.

16. Step 11: UPSC Mains Preparation at Home
 Start your preparation of Mains from the day you have given Prelims (after
checking the answer key and verifying your qualifying score)
 Even for Mains preparation, you should solve the previous year’s prelims
question after you finish the topic.
 Even for Mains preparation, you should solve the previous year’s prelims
question after you finish the topic from UPSC Previous Year Question
Papers course.
 Prelims is having two portions static and current affairs. Have a good command
over static portion as current affairs portion can not be trusted. If you cover the
syllabus of mains of static portion then you will be covering a good portion of
prelims too.
UPSC exam is mainly about testing your analytical, critical, and communicative abilities.
It demands you to think with conceptual clarity and organize your views, perceptions,
and thoughts flawlessly.
Expert Opinion: “IAS Next‘s coverage for the static part is the most comprehensive
and well thought out curriculum available anywhere out there. Following IAS Next‘s
content for static can give you an unfair advantage.”
 So, focus on static portion of Mains and try to have a stronghold.
Links to Study What Matters for Paper I, II, III:
 World History
 Political Science
 Geography
 Economics
 International Relations
Use the same set of notes for prelims and mains but when you are preparing for Mains
focus on that portion which is matching the syllabus of Mains.
Links to Study What Matters for Paper IV, V:
 Science & Technology
 Environment
 Internal Security & Disaster Management
 Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude
 Public Administration
Step 12: Answer Writing Preparation for UPSC Mains
While starting the preparation do not focus much on newspapers and answer writing.
 When you have made a base after reading NCERTs and started off with other
steps mentioned above. You can go for answer writing on weekends.

17.  Before that, it will be a futile exercise as you will have to depend on books for the
content of the answer.
Read one topic daily for a week and practice writing answers of that topic on Sunday.
 UPSC exam is mainly about testing your analytical, critical, and communicative
abilities. It demands you to think with conceptual clarity and organize your views,
perceptions, and thoughts in a flawless manner.
 Another thing to be kept in mind is the time and space constraints in the answer
booklet. Therefore, candidates have to answer the questions quickly and
effectively, and in minimum words.
 So writing a good answer is not possible without adequate answer writing
practice.
Topper Tip: “Start an Essay with some story or anecdote or some data or quote”.
“Brainstorm for 15 minutes to choose an essay.”
 All these help you to prepare great answers: Facts, Newspapers, Definitions,
Budget, international indexes, ranking of India, Flowcharts, Committee reports,
Niti Aayog, 3-year agendas, even all the other government documents.
 Answer writing practice helps very much in the exam as in exam you can identify
the keywords and can write answers based on the knowledge you have acquired
through practicing even if you know nothing about the questions still you can
attempt!
 At this stage, it is also important to incorporate consistent revision. You should
keep your weekends free for a dedicated revision of whatever new you’ve
learned during the week.
You can also check some sample UPSC answers here.
Step 13: How to select Optional Subject for UPSC?
The optional subject accounts for 500 marks in the UPSC final tally.
Hence, you should choose an optional subject wisely and after a thorough think-through
of the pros and cons of the subjects, you have in mind. Some of the factors to keep in
mind before selecting an optional are:
 Interest in the subject
 Prior knowledge in it/academic background
 Comfort in the subject
 Overlap with the GS papers
 Availability of study material/coaching
Before Prelims, only if time permits, you may revise your optional subject. Else focus on
clearing your Prelims and Mains first.
Step 14: How to ace the UPSC Interview?

18. In Step 0, we asked you to start asking why do you want to become an IAS officer, that
is a very important question and if you have found a true honest answer that will help
you a lot with the interview. This method will keep you mentally well prepared for the
interview days.
Interview or Personality Test being the final stage in the UPSC exam process is an
important stage in the process, and here it is something more than academics that will
help you.
 The first step for the interview starts with filling the Detailed Application Form
(DAF) for UPSC, make sure you fill it attentively.
 Always be well aware of your native place.
 Never bluff and be honest and be yourself during the interview.
 You will be assessed on qualities such as diplomatic skills, communication skills,
presence of mind, reaction to stress, etc.
 You will also be asked questions about your interests, hobbies, education, and
work experience if any. So, you have to brush up on these aspects.
 While preparing for the interview: Remember Your opinion and expressiveness
matter.
And if you have reached the interview stage and want to connect with the right mentors,
feel free to reach out to us at IAS Next and we’ll connect you with relevant civil service
officers.
Step 15: Believe in Yourself when giving the UPSC
exam
 Without self-belief, you can not perform well in this exam even if you study a lot.
 Believe in yourself and be consistent.
 So probably, the most important aspect at the end of your entire UPSC journey is
to stay positive. There are times when it can get quite hard/overwhelming but
remember that happens to the best of top rankers. You just need to remove
negative thoughts from your head and march forward towards your goal.
Step 16: Read Newspaper & Practice Current Affairs
for UPSC
Current Affairs play a significant role in UPSC Civil Services Exam preparation as the
dynamic questions appear in all three stages of the examination- UPSC Prelims, UPSC
Mains, and Final Interview as well.
 The questions asked in the civil services exam are directly or indirectly
connected with current affairs. Hence, it is very important to follow the relevant
news items in your daily newspaper.
 So, at this time, you should also start reading the newspaper. You can check this
article to understand How to Study Current Affairs for UPSC Preparation with IAS
Next App

19.  We also cover on a daily basis what to read in the newspaper. You can find the
same here.
 But remember, a part of the Current Affairs questions can be termed as General
Knowledge questions. So, it will be incorrect to assume that reading newspapers
daily will be sufficient to solve such questions.
We also cover a summary of Weekly & Monthly which are very important for revision
and memorising from a UPSC perspective. You can find weekly current
affairs & monthly current affairs on IAS Next.
 Lastly, do make sure you attempt tests on the basis of current affairs that’ll make
sure you are covering & learning relevant topics (you can attempt tests based
on Current affairs on IAS Next here)
Since your ultimate aim when you are taking the IAS exam is to work for the Indian
government. Naturally, there are many government sources you can rely on during your
preparation.
 Government websites like the PIB, PRS and national television programs
featured on Rajya Sabha TV are very helpful. Read daily PIB Summary from the
course of PIB, PIB (Press Information Bureau) Summary on IAS Next.
 Gist of Rajya Sabha TV programs for UPSC is another recommended source.
What are the resources Other than the government for UPSC Preparation?
 Reading Gist of the Monthly Yojana Magazine (English), Kurukshetra, and
Economic & Political Weekly magazines can save a lot of time and effort.
 They contain important information on topics like polity, governance, agriculture,
economy, etc.
You can go through the IAS Next’s Current Affairs Course which covers
Important Current affairs & Analysis of Hindu on a Daily basis. All the exam-relevant
news items are covered in a concise manner, you can find the same here.
Read Also: Step-by-Step Guide to Clearing the UPSC Examination in First attempt

20. https://iasnext.com/important-formulas-tips-time-work-for-csat/
 Categories : CSAT
Important Formulas & Tips: Time & Work for CSAT
Introduction
In the context of the time and work, you have to understand the following basic
concepts of this chapter:
 If A does a work in ‘a’ day, then in one day A does 1/a of the work.
 If B does a work in b days, then in one day B does 1/b of the work.
 Then, in one day, if A and B work together, then their combined work is (1/a +
1/b) or (a+b)/ab
 In the above case, we take the total work to be done as “1 unit of work”. Hence,
the work will be completed when 1 unit of work is completed.
For example, if A can do a work in 10 days and B can do the same work in 12 days,
then the work will be completed in how many days.
 One day’s work = 1/10 + 1/12 = (12 + 10)/120
 [Taking LCM of the denominators] = 22/120
 Then the number of days required to complete the work is 120/22.
 Solving time and work through fractions provides a benefit noted as the
reciprocal of the fraction of work completed in one day. You can state this benefit
as follows: “This benefit states that the number of time periods required to
complete the entire task will be the reciprocal of the fraction of work achieved
within a single time period.”
Formulas Used

21. Having knowledge of formulas can instantly connect you to a solution as soon as you
encounter a question. Consequently, being familiar with the formula for any numerical
ability topic simplifies both the solution process and the associated calculations.
Before you solve the questions, it is important that you are well aware of the basic
concept, standard formulas, and types of questions for the same.
1. Work Done = Time Taken × Rate of Work
2. Rate of Work = 1 / Time Taken
3. Time Taken = 1 / Rate of Work
4. If A can do a piece of work in n days, work done by A in 1 day = 1/n
If A does 1/n work in a day, A can finish the work in n days.
5. Total Work Done = Number of Days × Efficiency
6. Efficiency and Time are inversely proportional to each other
7. A does a particular job in ‘a’ hours and B does the same job in ‘b’ hours,
together they will take:
8. A does a particular job in ‘a’ hours more than A and B combined whereas B
does the same job in ‘b’ hours more than A and B combined, then together they
will take hours to finish the job.
9. Total Work Done = Number of Days × Efficiency
10.x:y is the ratio of the number of men who are required to complete a piece of
work, then the ratio of the time taken by them to complete the work will be y:x
11.If M1 men can do W1 work in D1 days with T1 working hours/day and M2 men
can do W2 work in D2 days with T2 working hours/day, then:
Time and work Formula- Based on wages
1) Total Wage = Total number of days × Wage of a person’s daily wage
2) Wage is directly proportional to the amount of work performed and
3)Wage is directly proportional to the number of hours each person works in a day.
4) Wage is inversely related to the amount of time spent by the employee.
5)If A and B can complete a task in x and y days, respectively, their salaries will be paid
out in a y:x ratio. Consequently, A and B’s salaries will be
Total wages y/(x + y) = Wage of A.
Total wages x/(x + y) = Wage of B

22. Some Tips to Remember
 A does a particular job in ‘a’ hours, B does the same job in ‘b’ hours and C does
the same job in ‘c’ hours, then together they will take (abc/ab+bc+ca) hours.
 If A does a particular job in ‘a’ hours and A&B together do the job in ‘t’ hours,
the B alone will take (at/a – t) hours.
 If A does a particular job in ‘a’ hours, B does the same job in ‘b’ hours and
ABC together do the job in ‘t’ hours, then
⇒ C alone can do it in (abt/ab – at – bt) hours
⇒ A and C together can do it in (bt/b – t) hours
⇒ B and C together can do it in (at/a – t) hours
 If the objective is to fill the tank, then the Inlet pipes do positive work whereas
the Outlet pipes do negative work.
If the objective is to empty the tank, then the Outlet pipes do positive work
whereas the Inlet Pipes do negative work.
Time and Work Tricks
Apart from the basic formulas, Let’s learn some short tricks to solve the
problems more quickly based on Time and work.
 If A can do can work in ‘n’ days, Then The efficiency of A is “1/n”
 If individuals can do W1 work in D1 days while putting in T1 hours per day,
and M individuals can complete W2 work in D2 days while putting in T2 hours
per day, then the relationship between them is If A and B can each complete a
piece of work in days, then (A + Bone )’s day work-
 Time required by (A + B) to finish the task –

23.  If there are ‘n’ people (more than two), then their work in one day is equal to
where x1, x2, and x3 reflect the number of days it took them to finish the task.
 If A takes days longer than (A + B) to complete a task and B takes y days
longer than (A + B) to do the same task, then (A + B) finishes the task in √xy
days.
 If A & B can perform a task in days and A can do so on their own in days, then
the number of days needed by B to finish the task is
 If A and B can complete a task in days, B and C can complete the same task in
days, and A and C can complete it in days, then A, B, and C working together
can complete that task in-

24.  If A can accomplish a task in days and B can do it more quickly than A, then B
will finish the task in
Let’s solve some questions on time and work.
Solved Questions: Time and Work
Q 1. A builder appoints three construction workers Akash, Sunil and Rakesh to
one of his sites. They take 20, 30 and 60 days respectively to do a piece of work.
How many days will it take Akash to complete the entire work if he is assisted by
Sunil and Rakesh every third day?
1. 10 days
2. 15 days
3. 25 days
4. 30 days
5. 45 days
Solution:
Answer: (2) 15 days
Total work done by Akash, Sunil and Rakesh in 1 day = {(1/20) + (1/30) + (1/60)} = 1/10
Work done along by Akash in 2 days = (1/20) × 2 = 1/10
Work Done in 3 days (1 day of all three together + 2 days of Akash’s work) = (1/10) +
(1/10) = 1/5
So, work done in 3 days = 1/5
Time taken to complete the work = 5×3 = 15 days
Q 2. To complete a piece of work, Samir takes 6 days and Tanvir takes 8 days
alone respectively. Samir and Tanvir took Rs.2400 to do this work. When Amir
joined them, the work was done in 3 days. What amount was paid to Amir?

25. 1. Rs. 300
2. Rs. 400
3. Rs. 800
4. Rs. 500
5. Rs. 100
Solution:
Answer: (1) Rs.300
Total work done by Samir and Tanvir = {(1/6) + (1/8)} = 7/24
Work done by Amir in 1 day = (1/3) – (7/24) = 1/24
Amount distributed between each of them = (1/6) : (1/8) : (1/24) = 4:3:1
Amount paid to Amir = (1/24) × 3 × 2400 = Rs.300
Q 3. Dev completed the school project in 20 days. How many days will Arun take
to complete the same work if he is 25% more efficient than Dev?
1. 10 days
2. 12 days
3. 16 days
4. 15 days
5. 5 days
Solution:
Answer: (3) 16 days
 Let the days taken by Arun to complete the work be x
 The ratio of time taken by Arun and Dev = 125:100 = 5:4
 5:4 :: 20:x
 ⇒ x = {(4×20) / 5}
 ⇒ x = 16
Q 4. A takes twice the time taken by B and three times the time taken by C to finish a
piece of work. If all three of them work together, it takes them 2 days to complete
the entire work. How much work was done by B alone?
1. 2 days
2. 6 days
3. 3 days
4. 5 days
5. Cannot be determined
Solution:
 Answer: (2) 6 days
 Time taken by A = x days
 Time taken by B = x/2 days
 Time Taken by C = x/3 days

26.  ⇒ {(1/x) + (2/x) + (3/x) = 1/2
 ⇒ 6/x = 1/2
 ⇒ x = 12
 Time taken by B = x/2 = 12/2 = 6 days
Q 5. Sonal and Preeti started working on a project and they can complete the
project in 30 days. Sonal worked for 16 days and Preeti completed the remaining
work in 44 days. How many days would Preeti have taken to complete the entire
project all by herself?
1. 20 days
2. 25 days
3. 55 days
4. 46 days
5. 60 days
Solution:
 Answer: (5) 60 days
 Let the work done by Sonal in 1 day be x
 Let the work done by Preeti in 1 day be y
 Then, x+y = 1/30 ——— (1)
 ⇒ 16x + 44y = 1 ——— (2)
 Solving equation (1) and (2),
 x = 1/60
 y = 1/60
 Thus, Preeti can complete the entire work in 60 days.
Q 6: It takes 6 hours for pump A, used alone, to fill a tank of water. Pump B used
alone takes 8 hours to fill the same tank. We want to use three pumps: A, B and
another pump C to fill the tank in 2 hours. What should be the rate of pump C?
How long would it take pump C, used alone, to fill the tank?
Solution:
 Let the total capacity of the tank be C liters.
 Fill rate of pump A, Fa = C/6 liters per hr
 Fill rate of pump B, Fb = C/8 liters per hr
 2 hrs x [Fa + Fb + Fc] = C => Fc = 5C/24 liters per hr
 Let‘t’ be the time taken by only pump C to fill the tank.
 ‘t’ hrs x 5C/24 = C => t = 24/5 = 4.8 hrs
Q 7: A alone can do a piece of work in 6 days and B alone in 8 days. A and B
undertook to do it for Rs.3200. With the help of C, they completed the work in 3
days. How much is to be paid to C?
Solution:

27.  Let the total amount of work to be done be W units.
 Productivity of A, Pa = W/6 units per day.
 Productivity of B, Pb = W/8 units per day.
 3 days x [Pa + Pb + Pc] = W => Pc = W/24 units per day
 Ratio of wages of A: B: C = Ratios of their productivities = (W/6): (W/8): (W/24) = 4: 3:
1.
 Amount to be paid to C = Rs.3200 x (1/8) = Rs.400
Read Also: UPSC Exam: Everything You Need to Know (FAQ)

28. https://iasnext.com/coding-decoding-notes-upsc-prelims-csat/
 Categories : CSAT
Coding Decoding – Notes | UPSC Prelims CSAT
It is an important part of the Logical reasoning section in all aptitude related
examinations.
 Coding is a process used to encrypt a word, a number in a particular code or
pattern based on some set of rules.
 Decoding is a process to decrypt the pattern into its original form from the
given codes.
The logical pattern mainly utilizes the positions of letters, which are presented in the
following table.
How To Solve Coding Decoding Questions
a) Observe alphabets or numbers given in the code keenly.
b) Find the sequence it follows whether it is ascending or descending.
c) Detect the rule in which the alphabets/numbers/words follow.

29. d) Fill the appropriate letter/number/word in the blank given.
In code-related questions, a word (basic word) is coded in a specific manner, and the
candidates are required to code other words in the same manner. The coding and
decoding tests assess the candidate’s capability to determine the rule employed to code
a specific word or message and to decode the code for deciphering the message.
The Coding and Decoding is classified into Six types according to the on what
way it is doing. They are
1. Letter Coding
2. Number Coding
3. Mixed Coding
4. Mixed Number Coding
5. Decoding
6. Symbols Coding
TYPE 1: Coding with Alphabets
In such questions, the “ALPHABETS” of a word are substituted by some other
“DOSKDEHWV”.
You have to find logical patterns to the coding and thereby decode the question.
Practice Questions
1. If in a certain language, MADRAS is coded as NBESBT, how is BOMBAY coded
in that code?
a. CPNCBX
b. CPNCBZ
c. CPOCBZ
d. CQOCBZ
2. In a certain code, TRIPPLE is written as SQHOOKD. How is DISPOSE written in
that code?
a. CHRONRD
b. CHRONRD
c. ESJTPTF
d. ESOPSID
3. If in a code language. COULD is written as BNTKC and MARGIN is written as
LZQFHM, how will MOULDING be written in that code?
a. CHMFINTK
b. LNKTCHMF
c. LNTKCHMF
d. NITKHCMF
4. In a certain code, MONKEY is written as XDJMNL. How is TIGER written in that
code?

30. a. QDFHS
b. SDFHS
c. SHFDQ
d. UJHFS
e. None of these
5. If FRAGRANCE is written as SBHSBODFG, how can IMPOSING be written?
a. NQPTJHOJ
b. NQPTJOHI
c. NQTPJOHJ
d. NQPTJOHJ
6. According to a military code SYSTEM is SYSMET and NEARER is AENRER.
What is the code for FRACTION? (UPSC 2016)
a. CARFTINO
b. FRACNOIT
c. CARFTION
d. CARFNOIT
7. If LSJXVC is the code for MUMBAI, the code for DELHI is (UPSC 2018)
a. CCIDD
b. CDKGH
c. CCJFG
d. CCIEF
8. In a code language ‘MATHEMATICS’ is written as ‘LBSIDNUHDR’. How is
‘CHEMISTRY’ written in that code language? (UPSC 2021)
a. DIDLHRSSX
B. BIDNHTSSX
C. BIDLTHSSX
D. DGFLIRUQZ
9. If TAP is coded as SZO. then how is FREEZE coded?
a. EQDFYG
b. ESDFYF
c. GQFDYF
d. EQDDYD
10.In a certain code, FORGE is written as FPTJI. How is CULPRIT written in that
code?
a. CSJNPGR
b. CVMQSTU
c. CVNSVNZ
d. CXOSULW

31. TYPE 2: Coding with Numbers
In this type of questions, alphabets are replaced with numbers or digits.
Common operations involved in coding with numbers:
1. Addition of numbers for each alphabet
2. Multiplication of numbers for each alphabet
3. Reverse order of number for each alphabet
You need to recognize which one is being used in any given question and solve
accordingly.
Practice Questions
1. In a certain code, NEWYORK is written as 111, how is NEWJERSEY written in
that code?
a. 104
b. 124
c. 134
d. 114
2. In a certain code, HARYANA is written as 8197151, how is DELHI written in that
code?
a. 45389
b. 45289
c. 44389
d. 45489
3. In a certain code BOMB is written as 5745 and BAY is written as 529, how is
BOMBAY written in that code?
a. 5854329
b. 5745529
c. 5645529
d. 5545529
4. If ROSE is coded as 6821, CHAIR is coded as 73456 and PREACH is coded as
961473, what will be the code for SEARCH?
a. 276413
b. 214763

32. c. 214673
d. 246173
5. In a certain coding language, if GO = 32 & SHE = 49 then SOME will be equal
to?
a. 56
b. 58
c. 62
d. 64
6. If RAMON is written as 12345 and DINESH as 675849, then HAMAM will be
written as (UPSC CSAT 2018)
a. 92233
b. 92323
c. 93322
d. 93232
7. If PALAM could be given the code number 43, what code number can be given to
SANTACRUZ?
a. 75
b. 85
c. 120
d. 123
8. If MASTER is coded as 4li259, then POWDER will be coded as
a. 765439
b. 765439
c. 765459
d. 765549
9. In a certain code, 15789 is written aa XTZAL and 2346 is written as NPSU. How
is 23549 written in that code ?
a. NPTUL
b. PNTSL
c. NPTSL
d. NBTSL
10.If REASON is coded as 5 and BELIEVED as 7, what is the code number for
GOVERNMENT?
a. 6
b. 8
c. 9
d. 10

33. TYPE 3: Direct Coding
Codes are assigned to letters/symbols. These questions are relatively easy since each
alphabet is directly coded as a separate symbol.
E.g., If “LOINESS”: “*? #@! $$’ “MEN”: “^! @” then, “MISSION”: _______
You simply need to write down the corresponding symbols for each alphabet and solve
the question.
TYPE 4: Deciphering the Message
Practice Questions
The test provides messages in coded language and asks for the code of each word or
for a specific word.
1. “COL TIP MOT” MEANS “SINGING IS APPRECIABLE”, “MOT BAJ MIN”
MEANS DANCING IS GOOD”, “TIP NOP BAJ” MEANS “SINGING AND
DANCING”
Find the code for each word on the basis of above statements.
2. ‘816321’ MEANS ‘THE BROWN DOG FRIGHTENED THE CAT’ ,‘64851’ MEANS
‘THE FRIGHTENED CAT RAN AWAY’, ‘7621’ MEANS ‘THE CAT WAS
BROWN’, ‘341’ MEANS ‘THE DOG RAN’
Find the code for each word on the basis of above statements.
Type 5: Coding with Substitution
In these questions, a word is replaced by an alternative (substitute). You must then use
the substitute as the original word and solve the question.
1. If ‘cook’ is called ‘butler’, ‘butler’ is called ‘manager’, ‘manager’ is called ‘teacher’,
‘teacher’ is called ‘clerk’ and ‘clerk’ is called ‘principal’, who will teach in a class?
o Answer:- Clerk
2. If ‘eye’ is called ‘hand’, ‘hand’ is called ‘mouth’, ‘mouth’ is called ‘ear’, ‘ear’ is
called ‘nose’ and ‘nose’ is called ‘tongue’, with which of the following would a
person hear?
o Answer:- Nose
3. If ‘white’ is called ‘blue’, ‘blue’ is called ‘red’, ‘red’ is called ‘yellow’ ‘yellow’ is
called green ‘green’ is called ‘black’, ‘black’ is called ‘violet’ and ‘violet’ is called
orange’, what would be the colour of human blood?
o Answer:- Yellow

34. 4. If ‘diamond’ is called ‘gold’, ‘gold’ is called ‘silver’, ‘silver’ is called ‘ruby’ and ‘ruby’
is called ‘emerald’, which is the cheapest jewel?
o Answer:- Ruby
5. If ‘oranges’ are called ‘apples’, ‘bananas’ are called ‘apricots’, ‘apples’ are called
‘chillies’, ‘apricots’ are called orange and ‘chillies’ are called ‘bananas’, then
which of the following are green in colour?
o Answer:- Bananas
Read more: How to Prepare for CSAT Reasoning
Coding Decoding Notes, Coding Decoding Notes, Coding Decoding Notes, Coding
Decoding Notes, Coding Decoding Notes, Coding Decoding Notes

35. https://iasnext.com/how-to-prepare-for-csat-maths-upsc/
 Categories : CSAT
How to prepare for CSAT (Maths)
Many aspirants make this classic mistake of ignoring the maths and relying on language
comprehension / reasoning. However, looking at the nature of comprehension questions
where multiple interpretations are possible, it will be unwise to do so.
Thus, it’s better to prepare basic numeracy and Arithmetic related topics from the maths
section.
Read Also: How to Prepare for CSAT Reasoning
Part 2: Quantitative Aptitude (Maths)
It includes – Basic Numeracy, General Mental Ability, Data interpretation.
Quantitative Aptitude Tests evaluate the numerical ability and problem-solving skills of a
candidates. In UPSC CSAT, around 25-30 questions are asked every year from this
section.
Essential tips to prepare Maths
Start from the basics
Prepare the basics of mathematics, such as number system, percentages, averages,
etc. You should have absolute command over these fundamental mathematical
operations.
Identify your strengths and weaknesses

36. This will help you determine which questions to solve on priority in the exam.
Eg. If you are weak in Permutation and Combination, solve the questions from this topic
in the end. Don’t waste your time on it.
Focus on conceputal clarity
The fundamental concepts of the topics should be clear. Take guidance from your
teacher if you get stuck on a particular topic. Do not leave any topic, even if it seems
unimportant, as questions can be asked from anywhere. Revise the concepts as and
when possible.
Don’t rely on tricks! Make your core strong. This way, even if UPSC asks tricky
questions, you can answer them.
E.g. You should be aware of the basic concepts such as types of numbers, LCM, HCF,
divisibility tests etc in number system topic.
Read the questions carefully
Read the questions carefully so that you understand them correctly. If you can convert
word problem into mathematical expression, half your problem is solved.
Practice
Solve previous year’s papers and also mock tests of UPSC prelims. It will help you get
familiar with the pattern and structure of questions. The key mantra to clear the CSAT
cutoff is practice and speed. Notice the silly mistakes committed and try to avoid them.
These mistakes can include calculation errors, formula errors etc.
Use Standard Textbooks
Refer to recommended mathematics textbooks for CSAT preparation. These textbooks
are designed to cover the syllabus comprehensively and are a reliable source of
practice problems.
Create a Study Plan
Plan your study schedule based on your strengths and weaknesses. Allocate more time
to challenging topics, and make sure to cover all areas of the syllabus. Stick to your
plan to ensure disciplined preparation.
Take Breaks and Stay Healthy

37. Don’t neglect your physical and mental well-being. Take short breaks during study
sessions to avoid burnout. Regular exercise, proper sleep, and a healthy diet will keep
you energized and focused.
Solve Previous Years’ Papers
Practicing past years’ question papers can give you insights into the exam pattern and
the types of questions asked. This will help you simulate the exam environment and
improve your time management skills.
Seek Clarification
If you encounter any doubts or difficulties while studying, don’t hesitate to seek help.
Join study groups, online forums, or consult teachers/tutors to clarify your doubts.
Time Management
During your practice sessions, focus on solving questions within a stipulated time frame.
This will help you get accustomed to managing your time effectively during the actual
exam.
Revision
Regularly review and revise the concepts you’ve learned. This will reinforce your
understanding and prevent forgetting crucial information.
Read Also: UPSC CIVIL SERVICE-IAS Exam Eligibility, Exam Pattern And Syllabus,
Booklist For UPSC CSE Complete Details
prepare for CSAT (Maths), prepare for CSAT (Maths), prepare for CSAT (Maths)

38. https://iasnext.com/how-to-prepare-for-csat-upsc/
 Categories : CSAT
How to Prepare for CSAT Reasoning
Reasoning
In this section, aspirants can score the maximum marks if you prepare the basics and
master time management.
General Tips
 One must carefully understand the question because the answer to a reasoning problem
is always hidden in the question. A tricky questions might be easy if you comprehend the
question.
 In questions based on data/diagrams, these illustrations are the most crucial part of the
question. Observe them to arrive at the solution. See following question as an example –

39.  Remember the sequence of alphabets, i.e. which alphabet comes before/after a
particular alphabet and also remember their numerical position as 1 to 26 and a reverse
order.
Alphabets Alphabetical Order Reverse Order
A 1 26
B 2 25
C 3 24

40. D 4 23
E 5 22
F 6 21
G 7 20
H 8 19
I 9 18
J 10 17
K 11 16
L 12 15
M 13 14
N 14 13
O 15 12
P 16 11
Q 17 10

41. R 18 9
S 19 8
T 20 7
U 21 6
V 22 5
W 23 4
X 24 3
Y 25 2
Z 26 1
 In questions of a cube, imagine the object in a 3D. Eg. dice and paper folding etc. It will
help to solve the relevant question.
 Pick the right questions. You should learn to identify the difficulty level of the questions.
According to the difficulty level, solve the easiest questions first and then move to solve
difficult questions in round 2 or 3.
 Don’t panic if you come across a few very difficult questions in row. If you’ve prepared
decently and you are finding some questions difficult, it means probably everyone out
there will find the paper difficult. In such a situation, if you are able to hold your nerves
and keep calm, you will be able to score better! If you panic, you will be prone to make
silly mistakes – thus unnecessarily losing marks.

42.  Time management is the key. If you get stuck on any question, learn to momentarily
leave that question and continue forward. Go with the target to attempt 55+ questions in
CSAT.
 Identify the sections from where UPSC is asking questions repetitively – focus on
mastering these sections. Eg. Every year questions are asked on topics such as
direction sense, series completion, syllogisms, blood relations etc. Prepare these topics
thoroughly and practice solving questions
 Learn the simple techniques and formulas to solve the questions easily. Eg. Learn how
to draw Venn diagrams of syllogism questions

43. Read more: Distribution Of Salinity in the Water of the Ocean
 Reasoning mostly covers sections like Critical Reasoning, Analytical Reasoning, Verbal
Reasoning and Data Sufficiency. If nothing comes out as a conclusion, try to eliminate
options to arrive at a correct answer. Solve the given problem only by using the given
data. Do not make any assumptions or judgments while solving the question.
 Employ Smart Work – Reasoning is never hard work. It is always the smart moves of the
brain. So, you need to train your brain to work smarter each time. There is always a
structure and pattern for every question. Try to find out it and follow a smart strategy.
 For questions on Puzzles and Seating Arrangement – Don’t spend more time on a single
puzzle. If you are able to organise information fast, then only spend time on these
questions. Always organize the information in the desired structure like table, circle, line,
etc.
Eg. Seven persons are born in different years such as 1987, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1998,
2000 and 2003. All the person’s age are calculated by considering 2019 as the base
year. Difference of age between I aJ, who is elder than L, was born in an even
numbered year, but I was born in an even numbered year and am younger than J.nd J
was same as between M and N. Both I and N are younger than M and J. I is not the
youngest person of the group. Difference of age between I and J is 10 years. Difference
between the ages of I and J is double the age difference of N and K. . Age difference of
N and K is equal to the difference of the age of L and J. L is younger than O but older
than K.
Year Age Person
1987 32 O
1990 29 J
1993 26 M
1995 24 L
1998 21 K
2000 19 I

44. Year Age Person
2003 16 N
 People who know the basics can solve blood relation questions with ease, even if they
are complex and convoluted. Learn to draw family tree. Also, you must be aware of
different nomenclature related to family relations
 Practice is the key to success hence, practice solving as many questions as you can.
Practice previous year question paper.
Read Also: Strategy & Tips For UPSC Preparation With Job
Prepare for CSAT Reasoning, Prepare for CSAT Reasoning, Prepare for CSAT
Reasoning. Prepare for CSAT Reasoning

45. Sachin
https://iasnext.com/national-mineral-development-corporation-nmdc-upsc/
 Categories : Environment, Ecology and Biodiversity, General Studies- Paper
III, UPSC Examination, UPSC Prelims

46. National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC)
Context:
Recently, the National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) delivered record
performances in Fiscal Year 2023-2024.
About National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC):-
 Establishment: 1958.
 Ministry: Ministry of Steel. ( Integrated Steel Hub)
 HQ: Hyderabad.
 Vision: To emerge as a global Environment-friendly Mining Organization and as
a quality Steel producer with a positive thrust on Social Development. (Iron-Ore
Policy 2021)
 It is India’s largest iron ore producer.
 The company has been categorized by the Department of Public Enterprises as
a “Navratna” Public Sector Enterprise in 2008.
Functions of NMDC
 Becoming a global association for environmentally sustainable mining and a
premium steel producer with a constructive outlook on social growth.
 Maintaining its leadership as India’s largest iron producer and establishing itself
as a premium steel producer and expanding the company through the acquisition
and operation in India and overseas of different iron ore, coal as well as other
mineral properties, achieving high satisfaction for all its investors.
Main objectives of NMDC
 Meeting the rising demands of the domestic and foreign markets by increasing its
mineral processing operations
 To meet international value-added, cost-effective and per capita income
requirements
 Rising iron ore output to 50 MTPA by 2018-19 & 67 MTPA by 2021-22
 To set up the Nagarnar Steel Plant.
Operating mines
 Iron Ore Mine at Bailadila, Kirandul Complex, District of South Bastar,
Dantewada
 Iron Ore Mine at Bailadila, Bacheli Complex, District of South Bastar, Dantewada
 Donimalai Iron Ore Mine, Donimalai, Bellary district, Karnataka. It is suspended
for more than a year due to a royalty dispute in December 2019.
 Project Diamond Mining, Majhgawan, Panna
FAQs about National Mineral Development Corporation:
1. What is the National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC)?

47. NMDC is a prominent Indian public sector company established in 1958 under the
Ministry of Steel. It is primarily engaged in mining and producing iron ore, and it has
expanded its operations to become a significant player in the steel industry as well.
2. Where is the headquarters of NMDC located?
The headquarters of NMDC is located in Hyderabad, India.
3. What is NMDC’s vision and mission?
NMDC’s vision is to become a globally recognized environmentally sustainable mining
organization and a high-quality steel producer while focusing on positive social
development. Its mission includes being a leading iron ore producer, expanding through
acquisitions in India and overseas, and achieving investor satisfaction.
4. What is NMDC’s significance in the mining sector?
NMDC is India’s largest iron ore producer and plays a crucial role in meeting the
demand for iron ore, both domestically and internationally.
Read also:- Critical Minerals Alliance
 Tags : Current Affairs, Environment, upsc examination

48. https://iasnext.com/national-automated-fingerprint-identification-system-nafis-upsc/
 Categories : Current Affairs, General Studies- Paper II, UPSC Examination
National Automated Fingerprint Identification System
(NAFIS)
Why in News?
Recently, the Union Home Minister inaugurated the National Automated Fingerprint
Identification System (NAFIS) in New Delhi.
About National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS):
 The NAFIS is a pan-India searchable database of crime and criminal-related
fingerprints. It is managed by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) at
the Central fingerprint bureau, based in New Delhi.
 The main objective of the web-based application is to collect fingerprint data of
all the criminals from all the states and the Union Territories.
 It will enable law enforcement agencies to upload, trace and retrieve
information from the database 24×7 in real-time.
 The Working Process of NAFIS:
o NCRB enables law enforcement agencies to upload, trace, and retrieve
data from the database.

49. o Within 24 hours, NAFIS provides a unique 10-digit National
Fingerprint Number (NFN) to each criminal who is arrested for the
crime.
o The unique ID will be used for a lifetime of an offender. Different
crimes registered under different FIRs will be logged as incidents
belonging to the same NFN.
o The first two digits of the ID will be the state code of the state where
the criminal is registered, followed by a sequence number. The state
partition will have IDs belonging to a state.
o Apart from this, a digital record will be added as storage to match the
fingerprints in the future.
o With NAFIS, it is possible to locate a person of interest in a matter of
minutes and connect that individual’s name to any active warrants,
warnings, or information about related criminal conduct stored in other
police information reference systems.
Way Ahead
 To facilitate identification and investigation in criminal matters, Enforcement
agencies must be allowed to use scientific methods to prevent and detect crime.
o Necessary training should be imparted to the investigating officers.
FAQs about National Automated Fingerprint Identification System:
1. What is the National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS)?
The National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS) is a pan-India
searchable database of crime and criminal-related fingerprints. It is managed by the
National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) at the Central Fingerprint Bureau in New Delhi.
2. What is the main objective of NAFIS?
The main objective of NAFIS is to collect fingerprint data of criminals from all states and
Union Territories in India. It enables law enforcement agencies to upload, trace, and
retrieve information from the database in real-time.
3. How does NAFIS work?
NAFIS allows law enforcement agencies to upload fingerprint data. Upon arrest, within
24 hours, NAFIS provides a unique 10-digit National Fingerprint Number (NFN) to each
criminal. This unique ID remains with the offender for their lifetime and is used to
associate multiple crimes registered under different FIRs to the same individual.
4. How is the unique ID generated by NAFIS structured?
The unique ID generated by NAFIS consists of 10 digits. The first two digits represent
the state code of the state where the criminal is registered, followed by a sequence
number. Each state’s partition will have IDs belonging to that specific state.
Read also:- National Register of Citizens (NRC)
 Tags : GENERAL STUDIES II, National Fingerprint Number, upsc examination

50. https://iasnext.com/national-company-law-tribunal-nclt-upsc/
 Categories : Current Affairs, General Studies- Paper II, UPSC Examination
National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)
The National Company Law Tribunal or NCLT is a quasi-judicial body in India
adjudicating issues concerning companies in the country. It was formed on June 1,
2016, as per the provisions of the Companies Act 2013 (Section 408) by the Indian
government.
About National Company Law Tribunal:
 It is a quasi-judicial authority incorporated for dealing with corporate
disputes that are of civil nature arising under the Companies Act,2013.
 It was constituted on 1 June 2016 under the Companies Act,2013.
 It was established based on the recommendation of the Balakrishna Eradi
committee on law relating to the insolvency and the winding up of companies.
 Composition: It shall consist of a President and such number of Judicial and
Technical Members as may be required.
 What are the Powers of NCLT?
o It is not limited or bound by the rules laid down in the Code of Civil
Procedure and is guided by the principles of natural justice, subject to
the other provisions of this Act and of any rules that are made by the
Central Government.
o It can enforce any order that it gives in the same manner as a court
would enforce it.
o It has the power to scrutinize its own orders.
o It has the power to regulate their own procedure.
o It is the adjudicating authority for the insolvency resolution process of
companies and limited liability partnerships under the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Code, 2016.
NCLT Functions

51.  All proceedings under the Companies Act such as arbitration, arrangements,
compromise, reconstruction, and winding up of the company will be disposed of
by the Tribunal.
 The NCLT is also the Adjudicating Authority for insolvency proceedings under
the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016.
 In the above-mentioned subjects, no civil court will have jurisdiction.
 The NCLT has the authority to dispose of cases pending before the Board for
Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR), as well as, those pending under
the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985.
 Also to take up those cases pending before the Appellate Authority for Industrial
and Financial Reconstruction.
 It can also take up cases relating to the oppression and mismanagement of a
company.
FAQs about the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)
1. What is the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)?
The National Company Law Tribunal is a quasi-judicial body established in India to
handle corporate disputes of civil nature arising under the Companies Act, 2013. It was
formed on June 1, 2016, based on the recommendations of the Balakrishna Eradi
committee.
2. What is the composition of the NCLT?
The NCLT consists of a President and a certain number of Judicial and Technical
Members as required. The composition ensures a mix of legal and technical expertise to
effectively address various corporate issues.
3. What powers does the NCLT have?
The NCLT is not bound by the rules of the Code of Civil Procedure and operates based
on the principles of natural justice. It can enforce its orders in the same way as a court
and has the authority to scrutinize its own orders. The NCLT also has the power to
regulate its own procedure.
4. What role does the NCLT play in the insolvency process?
The NCLT serves as the adjudicating authority for the insolvency resolution process of
companies and limited liability partnerships under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code,
2016. It plays a crucial role in overseeing and facilitating the resolution of financial
distress and insolvency situations.
Read also:- NCLT New Delhi Orders Liquidation Of M/S. Hema Automotive Pvt.
Ltd Under Section 33
 Tags : Current Affairs, GENERAL STUDIES II, upsc examination

52. https://iasnext.com/bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-bill-2023-upsc/
 Categories : Current Affairs, General Studies- Paper III, Indian Economy, UPSC
Examination
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023
Why in news?
 Three new bills to revamp India’s criminal laws were introduced in the Lok Sabha
by the Union Home Minister with the focus on justice instead of punishment.
 The Indian Evidence Act, Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and the Indian
Penal Code (IPC) will be replaced by the BharatiyaSakshya Bill, 2023; Bharatiya
Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; and Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023
respectively
What is the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973?
 History – The CrPC was enacted for the 1st
time in 1861 as part of a series of
criminal law reforms undertaken by the British Raj in the wake of the 1857
mutiny.
 The British legacy in this respect was carried on by independent India till CrPC
was recast again in 1973, yielding the present code.
 Aim- To lay the process to be followed in criminal cases before, during and after
trial in courts.
 Features – CrPC consists of 484 sections, XXXVII Chapters and 2 Schedules.
 The code classifies offences into
o Cognizable offence– A police officer may arrest without a warrant.
o Non-cognizable offence- They are relatively less serious offences than
cognizable offences.
Why was the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill Introduced?

53.  Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav will end on August 15 2023 and the journey of 75 to
100 years of independence will begin from August 16, which will create a great
India.
 The Indian PM in his address from the ramparts of the Red Fort on August 15
2022, had kept Panch Pran/ five vows in front of the people of the country, one
of them is to end all signs of slavery.
 From 1860 to 2023, the criminal justice system of India continued to be operated
on the basis of the laws made by the British Parliament.
 Hence, these three bills introduced in a way fulfil one of the five vows – imbibing
the Indian soul to bring a big change in the Indian criminal justice system.
Objectives of the bills
 The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Bill introduces new categories of
offences, such as cybercrimes, terrorism, hate crimes, honour crimes, mob
lynching, etc. It provides special provisions for women, children, senior citizens,
and other vulnerable sections of society.
 The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) Bill seeks to ensure
the protection of the rights and interests of the victims, witnesses and
accused persons in the criminal justice process. It provides for speedy and
fair trials, effective investigation and prosecution, alternative dispute resolution
mechanisms, victim compensation and rehabilitation schemes, witness protection
programmes, etc.
 The Bharatiya Sakshya (BS) Bill provides for scientific and technological
advancements in evidence collection and analysis, such as DNA testing,
narco-analysis, brain mapping, etc. It lays down guidelines for admissibility and
relevancy of evidence, burden and standard of proof, a presumption of innocence
and guilt, etc.
What are the key features of the Bill?
New provisions- The bill includes offences related to organised crime and terrorism for
the 1st
time.
 Punishment-
o All types of gang rape -20 years of imprisonment or life imprisonment
o Rape of a minor – Death penalty
o Various offences have also been made gender neutral
 Community service- The bill proposes community work as a penalty for minor
transgressions, which will be included for the first time in the penal code.
o This brings it closer to the US, where acts like vandalism, petit theft, and
drunk driving are punished.
 Mob lynching– When a group of 5 or more persons acting in concert commits
murder on the ground of race, caste or community, sex, place of birth, language,
personal belief or any other ground, each member of such group shall be
punished.

54.  Criminalises sexual intercourse- It is criminalised under the false pretext of
marriage or by deceitful means (false promise of employment or promotion,
inducement or marrying after suppressing one’s identity).
o This is a notable change since IPC does not have an explicit clause
dealing with instances of sexual intercourse based on a false promise of
marriage
 Adultery- The provision for the offence of adultery has also been omitted.
o This is in line with the Supreme Court’s ruling in Joseph Shine v. Union of
India, 2018 in which criminalization of adultery in IPC is held as
unconstitutional.
 Struck Section 377– It does not include any punishment for unnatural sexual
offences against men.
o It is in lines of Navtej Singh Johar vs Union of India 2018 case.
 Marital rape- The provision legalising marital rape has been retained.
o The issue is currently pending in Supreme Court challenging the
constitutional validity which provides exception to non-consensual
matrimonial sex from the offence of rape.
FAQs about Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023
1. What are the three bills introduced to revamp India’s criminal laws?
The three bills introduced are the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik
Suraksha Sanhita Bill, 2023; and Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023. These bills aim to
replace the Indian Evidence Act, Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), and the Indian
Penal Code (IPC) respectively.
2. What is the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973?
The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 is a set of laws that lays down the process to be
followed in criminal cases before, during, and after trial in courts. It was enacted for the
first time in 1861 during the British colonial period and was restructured in 1973 after
India gained independence.
3. Why were these bills introduced?
The bills were introduced to bring about comprehensive reforms to the Indian criminal
justice system, moving from a focus on punishment to a focus on justice. They aim to
modernize and adapt the legal framework to the evolving societal and technological
changes.
4. What is the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Bill about?
The BNS Bill introduces new categories of offences, such as cybercrimes, terrorism,
hate crimes, honor crimes, and mob lynching. It also provides special provisions for
vulnerable sections of society and aims to ensure justice for all.
Read also:- Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023
 Tags : Current Affairs, Economy, upsc examination

55. https://iasnext.com/bharatiya-sakshya-bill-2023-judiciary/
 Categories : General Studies- Paper II, Social Justice and Social Issues, UPSC
Examination, UPSC Optional
Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023
Why in News?
 Recently, the Union Home Minister introduced Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023 .
About Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023
 The Bharatiya Sakshya Bill that would repeal the current Indian Evidence Act of
1872.
 Key provisions :The bill makes electronic or digital records admissible as
evidence, thereby they will have the same legal effect as paper documents.
 It repeals five existing provisions of the Evidence Act, modifies 23 provisions, and
adds one new provision.
 The bill proposes amendments to 23 Sections and contains 170 Sections in total.
 In the bill, the scope of expansion for secondary evidence to include copies made
from the original by mechanical processes, counterparts of documents, and oral
accounts of document contents has been done.
 Through the bill, the government is aiming to introduce precise and uniform rules
for dealing with evidence during the trial of cases.
Key features
 Aim- To consolidate and provide for general rules and principles of evidence for
fair trial.

56.  To modernize India’s legal framework and make it more efficient, transparent,
and responsive to the needs of the 21st century.
 Repeal- It repeals 5 existing provisions of the Evidence Act, modifies 23
provisions, and adds 1 new provision.
 The bill proposes amendments to 23 Sections and contains 170 Sections in total.
 Electronic records- The Bill permits the admissibility of an electronic or digital
record as evidence (legal validity as documentary evidence).
 Secondary evidence- It has been expanded to include the following
o Copies made from the original by mechanical processes
o Copies made from counterparts of documents
o Oral accounts of document contents provided by a witness who has seen
it.
 Rules– It prescribes precise and uniform rules for dealing with evidence during
the trial of cases.
Significance
 Equitable treatment – The shift towards acknowledging electronic records as
evidence aligns with the technological landscape and ensures equitable
treatment of all forms of evidence.
 Enhance efficiency- The introduction of a matching hash value for original
records adds a layer of authenticity to secondary evidence, enhancing its
credibility.
 Justice- It fortifies the principles of justice and fairness by amending and refining
sections that had become obsolete or inadequate.
 Fairness – Uniform rule ensures that evidence is handled consistently and fairly
across various proceedings.
FAQs about Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023
1. What is the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023?
The Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023 is a proposed legislation by the Central government of
India aimed at replacing the existing Indian Evidence Act of 1872. The bill seeks to
modernize and streamline the rules and principles related to the admissibility of
evidence in legal proceedings.
2. Why is the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill being introduced?
The bill is being introduced to update India’s legal framework and make it more efficient
and responsive to the technological advancements and needs of the 21st century. It
aims to provide a consistent and equitable treatment of evidence, including electronic
and digital records.
3. What are the key provisions of the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill?
The bill proposes several significant changes, including making electronic or digital
records admissible as evidence with the same legal effect as paper documents. It
repeals five existing provisions of the Evidence Act, modifies 23 provisions, and adds
one new provision. It also expands the scope of secondary evidence to include various
forms of copies and oral accounts of document contents.

57. 4. How does the bill address electronic records as evidence?
The Bharatiya Sakshya Bill allows the admissibility of electronic or digital records as
evidence in legal proceedings. This means that electronic records, such as emails,
digital documents, and other electronic forms of communication, will be treated with the
same legal validity as traditional paper documents.
Read also:- Civil Judge interview questions for Indian Evidence Act Part-2
 Tags : GENERAL STUDIES II, Social Justice, upsc examination
https://iasnext.com/down-to-earth-march-16-31/
Down To Earth – March 16/31 summary
Note:
 It should be noted that our team has provided certain inputs to enhance the relevance of
the topic for UPSC.
Prelims Facts
Laschamps: This is the temporary reversal of Earth’s magnetic poles, which
happened almost 40,000 years ago.
 Laschamps excursion lasted for a period of 1000 years.
 Experts have indicated the possibility of linkage between Laschamps Excursion and
the extinction of Neanderthals.
MGNREGA and Water Conservation
Topics covered from the syllabus:
 GS-2: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services
relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
 GS-3: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact
assessment.
Context:
Celebration of March 22 as World Water Day.
Read Also: World Water Day 2023 observed today: History, significance, theme and
more
Requirements of water conservation:

58.  Augment Water Availability: This will necessitate constructing water conservation
structures and ensuring the harvesting of every drop of rainwater, thereby minimizing
water wastage.
 Efficient Usage of Water: There is a need to understand the importance of water by
making behavioral adjustments and using only the water that is required. If this is not
done, the water which is almost free now would turn into a commodity fit for consumption
only by the rich. For e.g., the flood irrigation which is practiced now in the fields, needs
to give way to drip irrigation.
 Encourage Reuse and Recycling of water: As the technology progresses, the water
needs to be filtered and used sustainably. Also, technology needs to be used
to maximize the reuse of water, wherever possible. For e.g., shower water and the
water used for cleaning the utensils can be reused for flushing down the toilet.
 Prevention of degradation of water by pollution: It has been reported multiple times
that the fresh water of rivers has been rendered unusable because of the surface
runoffs from the field, polluted by fertilizers. Similarly, industrial effluents also play a
big role in polluting the river water. This needs to be terminated to increase the usability
of water in the downstream regions.
Impact of Climate Change on Water availability:
There are two major factors related to climate change which affect the availability of
water:
1. Increasing Temperature
2. Varying Rain Events
Increasing Temperature and Scorching Heat:
 Record high temperatures: In contemporary times, every year usually breaks the
record of high temperature when compared to previous years. This indicates the
rising impact of global warming in the world.
 Modified nature of geographical phenomena: 2021 being the La Nina (see inset)
year, the temperature was thought to be cooler this year. However, scientists have
already predicted that the phenomenon of La-Nina would be offset by global
warming this year.
 Rising Evaporation: Rising evaporation means faster loss of water from the water
bodies. To offset this, we need to work on innovative strategies like covering the
canals (especially by solar panels which generate electricity) to reduce the rate of
evaporation. Similarly, the storage of water needs to be increased by constructing more
structures and recharging the underground water storage like wells.
 Drying up of soil moisture: India, being a country with primarily rainfed agriculture,
needs more irrigation coverage for assured agricultural output. However, with rising
temperatures, the land would become dustier and the soil moisture would evaporate,
leading to requirement of more irrigation. Otherwise, we risk more land being rendered
useless for agriculture.
 Rise in water demand: More temperatures would lead to more requirement of water for
almost all purposes, including drinking, washing etc. As temperatures increase, leading
to higher chances of forest fires, more water would be required to conquer such fires.
Prelims Focus

59. La-Nina: It refers to the cooling of surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, west of South American coast.
It is the reverse phenomenon of El-Nino.
It leads to greater than average rainfall in the Indian subcontinent during the monsoon season.
Extreme Rain Events:
 Increased floods: Recent events indicate increased downpour, sometimes leading to
floods (or even flashfloods) in the region.
 Vagaries of the season: Apart from increased flood incidents, there are also increased
incidents of drought, which means that the water cycle gets disturbed over a period.
 Opportunity in adversity: Some experts have painted an optimistic picture of increased
flood incidents. If properly managed, the increased water flow can be harnessed and
stored to tide over the deficit periods, to balance the difference. However, this would
require careful planning and sustained intent. For e.g., the capital allocations under
MGNREGA can be utilized to construct permanent structures, which can be harnessed
at the time of need.
Prelims Focus
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): It is a poverty alleviation
programme of the government of India, which provides legal right to work in exchange for money to the
citizens of the country.
On an average, everyday approx. 1.5 crore people work under MGNREGA at almost 14 lakh sites.
Till date, it has generated almost 31 billion person-days of employment, worth almost Rs 6.4 lakh crores.
Impact of MGNREGA on water conservation:
 Productive Assets: MGNREGA has contributed to water conservation as one of its
mandates is to create productive assets including water harvesting ponds and irrigation
canals. At least 60% of the total works should be related to land and water conservation.
In fact, according to government data, 3 crore water conservation assets have already
been created under MGNREGA. This has created irrigation facility for almost 18.9
million hectares of agricultural land.
 Performance Gauge: One unique corollary of MGNREGA is the ability to gauge its
performance by the structures built with the programme allocation. If the productive
assets created by MGNREGA can generate enough remunerative
employment leading to people abandoning MGNREGA, then it would mean success for
the programme. For e.g., people can be engaged in fishing using the fish ponds created
by MGNREGA capital allocation.
 Benefits of creation of water conservation assets under MGNREGA:
o Increased agricultural productivity leading to financial gains
o Revival of water storage structures (including a river in Kerala’s Palakkad
district)
o Reduction in distress migration
Conclusion:
 As we move into an era of increased water demand and reduced availability, it is
important to address the issue of water conservation holistically. This would not only
include increased financial allocation towards the availability of water, but
also behavioral changes to increase the recycling and reuse of water.

60.  At the same time, it is imperative to use all means at our disposal to increase water
harvesting and preventing its pollution. This would include using capital allocations
under MGNREGA, to create permanent structures for water conservation and
harvesting.
Practice Question:
 Establish the linkage between environmental degradation and poverty headcount in a
country. Do you agree with the premise that climate change disproportionately affects
women more than their men counterparts?
UPSC Previous Year Question:
 ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change?
How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (GS3 –
2017)
 The Namami Gange and National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) programmes and
causes of mixed results from the previous schemes. What quantum leaps can help
preserve the river Ganga better than incremental inputs? (GS3 – 2015)
 Enumerate the National Water Policy of India. Taking river Ganges as an example,
discuss the strategies which may be adopted for river water pollution control and
management. What are the legal provisions for management and handling of hazardous
wastes in India? (GS3 – 2013)
Dark Underbelly of Big Pharma Lobbying
Topics covered from the syllabus:
 GS-2: Important International institutions, agencies and fora – their structure, mandate.
 GS-3: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life.
 GS-3: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, Nano-technology, bio-
technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
Context:
Lobbying by the powerful and rich western Pharmaceutical industry against
creating exceptions to the WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of IPRs
(TRIPS).
Joint Proposal by India and South Africa:
India and South Africa have proposed to temporarily halt the enforcement of the
TRIPS agreement, so that the accessibility of COVID vaccines and drugs improves
around the world, especially in the third world countries.
Prelims Focus
Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): It provides protection to
the creativity and application of intellect of a person, known as the ‘Intellectual Property Rights’, and
prevents their unauthorized copying by others.
1. TRIPS agreement was negotiated in 1986-94 during the Uruguay round of World Trade Organization

61. (WTO).
2. TRIPS agreement tries to balance innovation with social welfare, by providing for ‘Compulsory
Licensing’ and preventing ‘Evergreening of the Patents’.
3. Compulsory Licensing refers to the ability of a WTO member to provide licensing of a life-saving drug
to its domestic industry, even without the consent of the original manufacturer, if it meets certain laid-
down conditions. It is mentioned in Section 84 of the Indian Patents Act, 1970.
4. Similarly, Prevention of Evergreening refers to the practice of extending the patent of a drug by the
manufacturer for financial gains. TRIPS agreement does not allow for further extension of the patent, if
the modification in the drug is cosmetic and not substantial. It finds a place in Section 3(d) of the Indian
Patents Act, 1970.
Opposition of the Western Pharmaceutical industry to the proposal:
The pharma industry claims that if the drugs manufactured by a company can be
cloned, the company won’t be able to recover its investments,
effectively disincentivizing innovation. The cost of a drug is driven by many factors:
 Innovation – The basic argument forwarded by the pharma industry is that profits
sustain innovation.
 Investment in Research – According to the pharma industry, huge investments are
required in the research phase of the formulation of drugs and vaccines. Any drug
company does this investment in the hope of reaping the benefits when the formulation
comes out in the market and sells at profit.
 Investment in Testing – It is not just the formulation of the drugs, but the testing which
requires huge monetary investments as the testing is carried over a sustained period
with usually paid volunteers, willing to accept side-effects of the drug.
The price of the drug is usually sought to be remunerative enough to recover the
costs, apart from gaining handsome profits for the manufacturing company.
Arguments in favor of creating the exception:
 Therefore, it requires cooperation at the global level. Also, it is to be understood that
to fight the crisis effectively, it is critical to rise above the narrow interests and think
about global social welfare, rather than sticking to narrow individual interests.
 One-time exception: The exception which is sought to be created is for COVID-
induced emergency, which has not only caused economic loss but also loss of human
lives in the world. In the interest of saving human lives further, the global community
must agree to create this one-time exception.
 Narrow exception: The proposal resolves to create an exception for only the COVID-
related drugs. There is no proposal to extend this exception to any other spectrum of
drugs. Therefore, the net loss for the pharma industry is minimal.
Conclusion:
 India and South Africa, have taken the lead in articulating the demand of the third
world countries for greater access to drugs, which can be considered global
commons, at this time of crisis.

62.  The western world needs to understand its responsibility in ensuring the access of drugs
for the third world, as it has been long established that the west has grown at the cost
of the developing countries of Africa and South Asia.
Practice Question:
 Discuss the dilemma faced by the authorities in the debate between safeguarding
innovation and rooting for social welfare. Also, discuss the contemporary challenges
faced by the third world countries in pursuit of development as compared to their
western counterparts.
UPSC Previous Year Question:
 “The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international
trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due
to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss in the
Indian perspective. (GS2 – 2016)
 In a globalised world, intellectual property rights assume significance and are a source of
litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms – copyrights, patents and trade secrets.
(GS3 – 2014)
 Bring out the circumstances in 2005 which forced amendment to section 3(d) in the India
n Patent Law, 1970. Discuss how it has been utilized by Supreme court in its judgment
rejecting Novartis patent application for “Glivec”. Discuss briefly the pros and cons of the
decision. (GS3 – 2013)
Untold Risks
Topics covered from the syllabus:
 GS-3: Disaster and disaster management.
 GS-3: Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal
security.
Context:
The article explores the preparedness of India against a COVID-like biological terror
attack.
Three types of biological threats which India might face:
 Naturally occurring infections: This includes commonly transmitted pathogens
in humans, plants and animals. For e.g., the recent locust attacks in south asia, bird-
flu outbreak, COVID-19 etc.
 Unintentional Release of Pathogens from the labs: India has not experienced such
an attack. However, the fear against Genetically Modified (GM) crops is partially due
to the unintentional spillover and irreversible modifications, which it may give rise to, in
the existing crops.
 Terrorist attack by Biological weapons: This has been a possibility that is dreaded by
the governmental institutions the world over. In fact, in 2001, India faced a real scare
when 17 unidentified letters were detected, being suspected of containing the Anthrax
spores.
Prelims Focus

63. Australia Group – It is an informal group of countries which seeks to manage export laws in such a
manner that they do not contribute to the development of Biological and Chemical weapons.
1. The group was established in 1985 and has an annual meeting in Paris.
2. The group currently has 43 members including India.
Is India prepared to face bio-terrorist threats?
Media reports have pointed to glaring gaps in the Indian strategy to fight bioterrorism:
 Poor Disease Surveillance Network: The basic issue with the disease surveillance
network of India is its reactive nature. It is often seen that the Indian medical system
starts responding to the threats of a disease when it has already consumed human lives
and is being ferociously reported by the media. The need of the hour is for the health
network to be proactive whenever any pathogen is discovered in the country.
 Dismal investment in Scientific Research: Yet another issue with India’s healthcare
industry is its focus on disease management, rather than on scientific research. The
focus of the industry is on recovering the investment and becoming profitable. This
leads to fewer discoveries and a poor understanding of the nature of the environment
in which people reside.
 Multiplicity of authority: There are multiple ministries and institutions involved in the
regulation of healthcare industry, which leads to conflicting rules and regulations, and
creates confusion. For e.g., Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change look into the safety of biotechnological
research. Conversely, researchers from the same field frequently have affiliations with
laboratories that receive support from the Indian Council of Medical Research and Indian
Council of Agricultural Research, both of which are established under the purview of the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Agriculture, respectively.
 Inadequate Coordination between the ministries: As already discussed above,
multiple ministries are looking into the biosafety of the country. However, the situation
regarding sharing of the data and coordination between the ministries is not ideal.
Too much red tape and bureaucratic inertia lead to a backlog in the decision-making.
 No involvement of experts: Typically, the ministries engaged in this field hold meetings
behind closed doors, neglecting to seek the input of experts. This results in the
underestimation of valuable human resources and expertise, and the formulation of
poorly informed decisions that lack a comprehensive understanding of practical realities.
Conclusion:
A full-time authority should be established to study threats originating from
biotechnology and formulate plans to proactively address such concerns before they
escalate into significant challenges for governing bodies. It might be a good idea
to engage the National Disaster Management Authority for keeping oversight over
such a body.
Practice Question:
 COVID-19 has exposed serious lacunae in the preparedness of the Indian healthcare
system. Discuss the steps required to put in place a mechanism to fight any similar
future events in the country.
UPSC Previous Year Question:

64.  Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this
activity benefitted the field of biopharma? (GS3 – 2018)
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