David Bromley DBE Hytec

1. Produced Water
From A Waste to A Commodity
A new generation of water filtration
www.cwrh2o.com phone:432 355-3021
Presented by David Bromley M.Eng. P.E
www.dbe-rsl.com 778 882-0137

2. The Exploration
and Production
(E &P)Industry
is actually
The Exploration,
Production and
Water
(EP&W)Industry
• In two of the largest continents in the world (North
America and Asia) , the industry produces more water than
oil and gas combined.
• In the US, fracking with water has made the US the largest
producer of Oil and Gas in the world.
• In Canada the use of water in fracking and the production
of steam for injection into heavy oil-bearing formations has
made Canada the 4th largest oil producer in the world.
• And China with the same frack and steam production has
made China the 6th largest oil producer in the world
Water is not a waste it is a commodity

3. Today:
Produced
Water is
treated as a
waste with
little value
• Natural Gas used to have the same Stigma.
Then Liquified Natural Gas facilities changed
Natural Gas from a byproduct waste to a
commodity
• Natural Gas has increased 500% since the
beginning of 2020
• Produced water is no different
• Almost all unconventional oil and gas reserves
are located in arid parts of the world. In these
land locked areas, oil and gas production is the
only significant source of new water

4. Four Options to Manage
Produced water
• Salt Water Disposal Well – discouraged by
regulators and investors- numerous issues-
transporting, liability and serious seismic problems
• Enhanced Oil Recovery – need high quality water
• Reuse for Fracking-favored- but production of
produced water > than frack reuse potential- today
in TX 25-30% of frack water is reused water.
Expected max is 50%
• Beneficial Reuse - potable, irrigation, discharge to
surface water bodies – expensive treatment
Important!!
All of these methods of
management need high quality
water treatment

5. Definition of High Quality water
A Review was
undertaken on
eight SPE papers
on the subject of
water quality for
injection into
formations for
SWD , Enhanced
Oil Recovery and
Fracking. There
were four
consistent
recommendations
Remove fine colloidal particles
Remove Oil < 5 ppm
Remove Iron as much as possible. The standard has been <10
ppm but there were recommendations now for less than 5 ppm
Reduce bacterial counts using a biocide

6. Definition of
High Quality
water
Reviewed eight SPE
papers regarding water
quality for
a. injection into
formations for SWD,
b. Enhanced Oil
Recovery and
c. Fracking.
There were five consistent
recommendations
Remove
• Remove fine colloidal particles
Remove
• Remove Oil < 5 ppm
Remove
• Remove Iron as much as possible. The
standard has been <10 ppm but there
were recommendations for <5ppm
Eliminate
• Eliminate H2S
Reduce
• Reduce microorganism and bacterial
counts through the use of biocide

7. High level of
disagreement
between the
stakeholders. The
result was
developing a spec
based on the
capability of an
economical
method of
treatment
DAF and
WSF
Technology
NTU

8. Typical Produced Water after industry best effort
to separate and recover oil (Reference 6)

9. Salt Water
Waste Disposal
Well Injection
Seismic issues. Big Problem in the Delaware Basin.
There have been numerous seismic events in the
4-seismicity range.
At the PWS meeting Aug 16-17 ,2022, the lead on
the New Mexico PWS Consortium, stated if there
is a 5 seismicity, the impact on SWD’s will be
devastating
For SWDs to continue, there is a need to pretreat
the water prior to disposal to remove the colloidal
solids and oil

10. Pretreatment
requirements
for SWD’s
Oil concentrations as low as 50 ppm in the disposal water
injected into the wellbore can reduce water injectivity by
more than 70% and increase injection pressure by 2000
psi (Reference 1).
With regards to colloidal solids, all of the references
indicated that solid removal was important. For years the
problem with produced water quality was thought to be
TDS. Not so ,TSS causes the bottle neck (Reference 2)
Walsh noted in his paper (Reference 6), small particles
contribute to injection well impairment by adsorption and
bridging mechanisms and mixing with oil causing rag
layers in the injection well bore

11. Injection Wells are a cost
item- Eliminating disposal
of Produced Water is a
macro economic benefit
• Plus road and infrastructure damage

12. Making Water a
Commodity -
Enhanced Oil
Recovery
Industry now realizes that high quality water is
essential for EOR Applications
Chinese standards are <5 ppm oil ,<1 ppm of TSS,
<1 micron particle size (Reference Petro China)
North American Standards are also changing <5
ppm oil,<3 ppm TSS <3 NTU Turbidity and <1
micron particle size ( Reference Major E&P
Producer - DBE Hytec Client)

13. Making Water a
Commodity-
Fracking
options
• The good news is that Frac
fluids have very low volumes of
chemistry,
• The bad news is the use of
guar gum in gel frack waters
causes blinding on water
treatment filters and likely is one
of the problems in blinding off
deep well injection formations.
• Fortunately, the industry likes
slick frack water because of its
ability to use high salinity
produced water but still there
are some issues with Slick water.
(Reference 3)
• As a result, hybrids are used a
lot in the industry. (Reference 3)
Prediction for the
Future
• Fracknowledge undertook
an assessment (Reference
8) of production benefits
from Slick water and found
a linear improvement in
production with the more
water used. Not so with Gel
Fracs
• Consensus at PWS
meeting Aug 16-17 ,2022.
Slick water will be used
for almost all fracking

14. Particulates
Suspended Solids
Iron
Barium
Strontium
Silica
Sulfates
Oil and grease
Dissolved organics
Volatile Organics
Total Dissolved Solids(TDS)
Biological Counts
NORM
(Normally Occurring
Radio Active
Material)
Shale Gas
Fractured Water Key Contaminants
Flow
Restriction
Fluid Stability
Scaling
Bacteria Growth
Radioactivity
Making Water a Commodity-
Reuse of Produced water for
Fracking
• Conoco Phillips identified the key
parameters as TSS, oil, iron, H2S and
microorganisms (Reference 5)
• CH2M Hill in 2014 for a Haliburton Study on
the use Produced water prepared the
adjacent hierarchy of parameters that need to
be managed. (Reference 7)

15. Water Quality for Frack re-use : John Walsh
Reference 6:Walsh and his company CETCO have undertaken extensive work in collaboration with Ramesh Sharma of Conoco
• Small particles have exponentially greater surface area which have an impact on the effectiveness of
threshold chemical treatment such as coagulant and flocculant.
• Re-use requires the elimination of small particles as they are incompatible with fracturing polymer and they
block the pores in the proppant pack
• Small particles also agglomerate with the oil causing rag layers in the bore of the injection wellls
• The ability for water to be injected into a formation is measured by a test known as the Barkman-Davidson
Injectivity Test. A number of 300 is the desired number for injectivity
• The above table shows the B-D results for the produced water in three fields assessed in the Permian.
Obviously water treatment is necessary

16. Most of the iron and sulfides are in the small colloids
The Constituents of a Colloid

17. Particle Size
Water
treatment must
be capable of
removing 1-3
micron particles

18. Making Water
a Commodity –
Beneficial
Reuse
Beneficial Re-use = water for Irrigation, Industrial
Process Water and Potable (Drinking) Water.
Big Hurdle- Need to remove the salt- Cost is high
Technologies available to remove Salt
• High Pressure RO membranes – limited to max
TDS of 70000 ppm
• Evaporation
• Membrane Distillation
All Technologies need high quality water as the Feed
water – Pretreatment is Essential

19. Conclusion Four Options to
Manage Produced water
• Salt Water Disposal Well – discouraged by
regulators and investors- numerous issues-
transporting, liability and serious seismic problems
• Enhanced Oil Recovery – need high quality water
• Reuse for Fracking-favored- but production of
produced water > than frack reuse potential- today
in TX 25-30% of frack water is reused water.
Expected max is 50%
• Beneficial Reuse - potable, irrigation, discharge to
surface water bodies – expensive treatment
Important!!
All of these methods of management
need high quality water treatment
<3 ppm of TSS
< 2 micron particle size
< 5 ppm of oil
< 5 ppm Fe
H2S – non detect
Focus on
Making water
a Commodity

20. Alternatives to treat
water to meet
high quality specification

21. Permian Basin Case Study-RSL Membranes-45 day Test
Inside Trailer – RSL
Membranes™
Product 1- Treated water
ready for resale to Frac
operations, EOG, feed
water for irrigation
treatment
Product 2- Recovered oil
from the treated Produced
water

22. Thank you - Questions
References
1. SPE-184411-MS
An Analytical Model Predicts Pressure Increase During Waste Water Injection to Prevent Fracturing and Seismic Events-
Lu Jin and Andrew K. Wojtanowicz, Louisiana State University; Jun Ge, University of North Dakota’ April 2017
2. SPE-207835-MS
A Comprehensive Review on the Characteristics, Challenges and Reuse Opportunities Associated with Produced Water in Fracturing Operations
Mustafa Ahmed Alkhowaildi, Saudi Aramco; Mohamed Mahmoud, King Fahd University for Petroleum & Minerals; Mohammed Abdullah Bataweel,
Saudi Aramco; Bassam Tawabini, King Fahd University for Petroleum & Minerals, December 2021
3. SPE-200809-MS
Creating Value for the High-Saline Bakken Produced Water by Optimizing itsViscoelastic Properties and Proppant Carrying Tendency with High-
Viscosity Friction Reducers: Olusegun Stanley Tomomewo, Michael Daniel Mann, Abdulaziz Ellafi, Hadi Jabbari, and Clement Tang, Universityof North
Dakota; Mohammed Ba Geri, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Oladoyin Kolawole, TexasTech University; Azeez Adebisi, University of
North Dakota; Omolara Ibikunle, Schlumberger Technical Services;Moones Alamooti, University of North Dakota; Adedayo Iroko, Anadril International
S.A April 2021
4. URTeC: 2666379
Effective Utilization of Field Water Resources and Optimization of Water Cycle in Reservoir Operations and Petroleum Production by Proper
Characterization and Processing: Faruk Civan*, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States July 2017 (Note very uninformative paper)
5. IPTC-18340-MS
Fit-for-Purpose Treatment of Produced Water for Hydraulic Fracturing – A Permian Basin Experience: Ramesh Sharma, ConocoPhillips, Water
Solutions; Kristie McLin, ConocoPhillips, Permian Unconventional; Kevin Bjornen, ConocoPhillips, Global Wells; Austin Shields, ConocoPhillips, Permian
Conventional; Zakir Hirani, ConocoPhillips, Water Solutions; Samer Adham, ConocoPhillips, Water Solutions, Presenter, December 2015
6. SPE-191529-MS
Fit-for-Purpose Water Treatment in Permian Shale – Field Data, Lab Data and Comprehensive Overview
John Walsh, CETCO Energy Services, Inc.; Ramesh Sharma, ConocoPhillips Company, September 2018

23. References (continued)
7. DBE Hytec Internal Document :
Shale Gas - China's Energy Source - Critical Limitation is Water, A technological solution to use waters generated from Oil and Gas
operations as the source water for Shale gas fracturing operations
David Bromley M.Eng., P.E. ; Liu Fagao P.E. June 2014
8. SPE-181687-MS
Duvernay Proppant Intensity Production Case Study and Frac Fluid Selection
Tim Leshchyshyn (P.Eng.) and Jim Thomson (P.Eng.), FracKnowledge; Cory Larsen (P. Eng.), June 2016