2. MARTIN HEIDEGGER
(1889-1976)
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) is a widely acknowledged as
one of the most important philosophers of the 19th century.
He was a German philosopher who was part of the
continental tradition of philosophy.
Martin Heidegger’s work, The Question Concerning
Technology
1/7/20XX 2
3. In this context, technology is viewed as a tool
available to individuals, groups,andcommunities
thatdesiretomakeanimpactonsociety.How
technologyisusedvariesindividual to individual,
groups to groups, and communities to
communities according to their individual and
collective functions, goals, and aspirations.
Technology can also be defined as a human
activity because to achieve an end and to
produce and use a means to an end is, by itself,
ahumanactivity.Theproductionorinventionof
technological equipment, tools and machines,
the products and inventions, and the purpose
and functions they serve are what define
technology.
3
INSTRUMENTAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF
TECHNOLOGY
INSTRUMENTAL DEFINITION: TECHNOLOGY IS
A MEANS TO AN END
ANTHROPOLOGICAL DEFINITION:
TECHNOLOGY IS A HUMAN ACTIVITY
4. MATTER
The four causes or four
explanations are four
fundamental types of answer to
the question "why?", in analysis
of change or movement in
nature: the material, the formal,
the efficient, and the final.
THE FOUR CAUSES AND THE CONCEPT OF
POIESIS
4
FORM
The formal cause of a change or movement. This is a change or movement caused by the
arrangement, shape, or appearance of the thing changing or moving.
FINAL, END, OR PURPOSE
The final cause of a change or movement. This is a change or movement for the sake of a thing to
be what it is.
EFFICIENT, OR AGENT
The efficient or moving cause of a change or movement. This consists of things apart from the thing
being changed or moved, which interact so as to be an agency of the change or movement.
The material cause of a change or movement. This is the aspect of the change or movement that is
determined by the material that composes the moving or changing things.
5. Heidegger’s “bringing-forth”comes from the Greek “poiesis”, which means to bring
something out from concealment to unconcealment. Heidegger speaks of this
revealing rather poetically, and asks the readers to imagine what is being brought
forth as already “being on its way” to existence, from unconcealment to
concealment; and so we can say that poeisis brings that which was not present into
presence.
TECHNOLOGY AS POIESIS
1/7/20XX 5
6. It cannot be denied that science and technology are responsible for the ways society is
continuouslybeing modernized.Science and technology continuously seepinto the way
people goabouttheirdailylives.
THE ESSENCEOF MODERNTECHNOLOGYAND THE
CONCEPT OF ENFRAMING
1/7/20XX Pitch deck 6
If the essence of technology can be understoodas a way of bring forththe truthin the sense of poiesis,
Heideggerdistinguished the way of revealing of modern technology by considering it as a process
enframing.
Humankind's desire to control everything, including nature, is captured in this process. By putting things, in this
case nature,in a frame,it becomes much easier for humans to control it according to their desires.
Enframingthen,is awayofordering(orframing)naturetobettermanipulateit.Enframinghappens because of how
humans desire for security,evenif it putsall of nature as a standing reserveready for exploitation. Modern technology
challenges humans to enframenature.
7. 1/7/20XX 7
HE DANGERS OF
TECHNOLOGY
The dangers of technology lie in how
humans let themselves be consumed by
it. Although humans are looped into the
cycle of bringing forth or challenging
forth, it is their responsibility to
recognize how they become instruments
of technology.
The Brazilian novelist, Paulo Coelho, once
remarked that it is boastful for humans
to think that nature needs to be saved,
whereas Mother Nature would remain
even if humans cease to exist. Hence, in
facing the dangers of technology, the fear
of disappearing from the face of the Earth
should concern people more potently than
the fear of the Earth disappearing. As
mere tenants onEarth, people must not
allow themselves to be consumed by
technology in case they lose the essence
of who they are as human beings.
8. Necessary reflection upon and confrontation with technology are required
in order to proactively address the dangers of technology Friedrich Hölderlin, a
German poet quoted by Heidegger, said: "But where danger is, grows the saving
power also". Following this, the saving power can be traced exactly where the
danger is- in the essence of technology. As mentioned, this essence is not
neutral and by no means anything technological. Along this line, Heidegger
proposed art as the saving power and the way out of enframing: "And art was
simply called techne. It was a single, manifold revealing" (1977, p. 18).
Heidegger saw art as an act of the mind, i.e., a techne, that protected and had
great power over the truth. By focusing on art, people are able to see more
clearly how art is embedded in nature. Art encourage humans to think less from
a calculative standpoint where nature viewed as an ordered system. Instead, it
inspires meditative thinking where nature is seen as an art and that, in all of
art, nature is most poetic.
ART AS THE SAVING POWER
DESIGN
Study tools are easy to use and
accessible for all demographics
1/7/20XX Pitch deck 8
