Rammed earth using laterite soil

1. RAMMED EARTH OF
LATERITE SOIL:
STRENGTH , BEHAVOIUR
AND REPAIR
Under the guidance of
DR. PRASANNA KUMAR P
PROFESSOR
BMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

2. Contents
• Objectives
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Materials
• Test results
• Conclusion
• References

3. OBJECTIVES
• To evaluate the feasibility of laterite soil
• To determine compressive strength
• To determine the elastic properties
• To determine the repair mechanism

4. INTRODUCTION
• Rammed Earth is a technique of construction an earthen wall using a
mixture of soil and sand with or without stabilizers by compacting them
in consecutive layers in a rigid formwork.
• Laterite is both a soil and a rock type rich in iron and aluminum and is
commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas.
• Tropical weathering is a prolonged process of chemical weathering
which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore
mineralogy of the resulting soils.

5. LITERATURE REVIEW
Title Microstructure characteristics of cement – stabilized sandy soil
using nanosilica
Author, Year Choobbasti et al., 2017
Journal Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Elsevier
Materials Babolsar Sand, Cement, Nanosilica
Experimental Work Unconfined compression tests and compaction tests are conducted on
soil to investigate the impacts of nanosilica
Conclusions 1.Enhancement in strength with nanoparticles inclusion is primarily due
to its high packing efficiency in filling pores
2.The cohesion between sand grains due to viscous gel increases the
UCS
3.Strength decreases with increasing nanosilica content which shows
that high nanosilica content causes cemented samples to have a faster
hydration process
due to the higher activity of Nanoparticles

6. Title Fiber Reinforced Compressed Earth Blocks: Evaluating Flexural
Strength Characteristics using short Flexural beams
Author, Year Donkor et al., 2021
Journal Materials, MDPI
Materials Non – plastic soil, polypropylene fiber , cement
Experimental Work The authors focused specifically on investigating the influence of the incorporation of
fibers on the flexural behaviour of compressed earth block matrices
Conclusions 1. The inclusion of the fibers into the soil – cement matrices enhanced flexural
performance and prevented catastrophic failure at large crack width
2. Increasing fiber content in matrices resulted in increase in the development of
micro fractures at soil fiber interfaces leading to reduction in strength

7. Title Cement Stabilized rammed earth as a sustainable construction material
Author, Year Kariyawasam et al., 2017
Journal Construction and Building Materials, Elsevier
Materials Laterite soil , Cement
Experimental Work Experimental programme was carried out to determine the compressive and flexural
strength of wall panels
Conclusions 1. Three types of laterite soil were compared for strength properties, out of which,
sandy laterite has been identified as the most preferred raw material
2. CSRE construction Cement contents in excess of 6% can be recommended
for successful CSRE construction considering both strength

8. Title Study on the Mechanism of Nano-Silicon dioxide for Improving the properties of
Cement Based Soil Stabilizer
Author, Year Xingchen Zhang, Jianen Gao & Shengli Sun ,2020
Journal Journal of Rock Mechanics & Geotechnical Engineering
Materials Soil Stabilizers, Nanosilicon
Experimental Work Cement Mortor test, Hydration reaction, fractal feature
Conclusion Nano material stabilizer was developed in the research by using the high activity and
ultra fine properties of nanosilica which were able to improve the properties of
cement based soil stabilizer and as broad application prospects

9. MATERIALS
• Laterite soil
• Ordinary Portland Cement
• Polypropylene fibre
• Admixture

10. Procurement of Laterite soil
Location : INOLI , Mangaluru, Dakshina Kannada 574199

11. Works carried out :
• Standard Proctor Test
• Specific Gravity
• Liquid Limit
• Plastic Limit
• Hydrometric Analysis

12. TEST RESULTS
• Standard Proctor Test → Result→ Maximum Dry Density→16.5kN/m3
Optimum Moisture Content→ 15%
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY → Result→ Average specific gravity → 2.66604
• Liquid limit → Result→ Liquid limit from graph→ 32%
• Plastic limit → Result→ Plastic limit → 18.88%
• HYDROMETRIC ANALYSIS → Result→ Textural composition
Sand (4.75-0.075 .75-0.075 mm) → 46%
Silt (0.075-0.002 075-0.002 mm) → 36%
Clay (<0.002 y (<0.002 mm) → 18%

13. CONCLUSION
• This is an attempt at evaluating the feasibility of laterite soil to be used as
rammed earth.
• Its an attempt to evaluate the technique of crack repair

14. REFERENCES :
• Changizi, F., & Haddad, A. (2016). "Effect of Nano-Si02 on the Geotechnical Properties of Cohesive Soil." Geotechnical and Geological
Engineering, 34(2). 725-733. hetps://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-015-9962-9
• Choobbasti, A. J. and Kutanael, S. S. (2017) "Microstructure characteristics of cement-stabilized sandy soil using nanosilica", Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 9(5). pp. 981-988. doi: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.03.015.
• Dhami, N. K., Reddy, M. S.. & Mukherjee, A. (2013). "Bacillus megaterium mediated mineralization of calcium carbonate as biogenic surface
treatment of green building materials." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 29(12), 2397-2406.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-013-1408-z
• Donkor, P., & Obonyo, E. (2015). "Earthen construction materials: Assessing the feasibility of improving strength and deformability of
compressed earth blocks using polypropylene fibers." Materials and Design, 83. 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.017
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earth as sustainable material." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, /03(18), 7719-7727. https://doi.org/10.1007/00253-019-10024-9
• Hussaini, S. M. S.. & Toufigh, V. (2019). "Strength and Fracture Behavior of Rammed-Earth Materials." Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering.31(10), 040|9228. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt./943-5533.0002876
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compressive strength of cement stabilized rammed earth." Materials, /3(2). https://dol.org/10.3390/ma|3020324
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