1. Languages are classified into families and trees, with over half of the world's population speaking just a few languages. The spread of dominant cultures and empires helped certain languages like Latin, Arabic, and Bantu expand. 2. Languages change over time with technology introducing new words and as people migrate and cultures interact. 3. The classification, spread, and change of human languages over history is a complex topic with political, cultural, and social influences.

1. Questions Cornell Notes: Language
1. Classification of Languages
A. estimated
B. geographers organize language into a language tree
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C. more than half of the world’s population
D. this domination means that
E. families
2. Language Spread
A. Language Expansion
i. Latin spread throughout Europe during the Roman Empire
ii. from the 16th century onwards,
iii. in Southeast Asia, Austro-Asiatic languages
iv. as Islam spread through Northern Africa
v. Bantu tribes from spread Bantu through most of Sub-Saharan Africa
vi. mostly, the language of a dominant culture
vii. many ethnic groups
B. Language Change
i. language can change over time
ii. discovery of the New World
iii. modern technology also introduces many new words
3. The Story of English
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Summary
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2. Questions 4. Standard and Variant Languages
A. Standard Language
i. official version of a language
B. Dialects
i. version of a language
ii. social dialects
iii. vernacular
iv. linguistic geography studies
v. Mandarin has
C. Five Major Dialects of the United States (see map)
i. Northern Dialect
ii. Midland Dialect
iii. Upland Southern Dialect
iv. Coastal Southern Dialect
v. Civil War
vi. immigrant communities
vii.
D. Pidgins and Creoles
i. pidgin
ii. creole
E. Lingua Franca
i. language that is
F. Official Languages
i. multilingual (many languages)
ii. many languages are threatened by English
5. Language, Territoriality, and Cultural Identity
A. anti-globalization and fears of EU centralization has led to the encouragement of
movements to promote smaller ethnic languages
i.
ii.
iii.
6. Language on the Landscape, Toponymy
A. toponymy is the study of toponyms (names of places) to give clues as to who lived
in which places in the past
Summary
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