text book Programmable-Logic-Controllers plc.pdfMahamad Jawhar
This document provides an overview and introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses the basic parts and components of a PLC including the input/output section, central processing unit, memory, and programming devices. It also describes the basic principles of how PLCs operate by scanning inputs, executing a user-created program, and updating outputs. The document is intended to familiarize readers with the basic concepts and components of PLCs.
Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq Ministry of Electricity generates electricity primarily from fossil fuels such as natural gas. Renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal currently account for a smaller portion of electricity generation but their use is growing. Geothermal energy harnesses heat from within the earth through technologies such as hydrothermal, geopressure, and hot dry rock systems to generate electricity without directly burning fuels. Geothermal resources in the Kurdistan region show potential for development to increase renewable energy supply and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
This document appears to be a resume for Zeyad Azeez Abdullah, a mechanical engineer. It includes his name, title, date, and sections on qualifications, experience, education, skills and interests. There are also diagrams and specifications for solar panels, batteries, and other energy related topics.
Muhammad Jawhar Anwar built a helicopter robot for his Fourth Stage A1 class at Salahaddin University-Erbil's Mechanical & Mechatronics department. The robot uses a DC motor to rotate its rotor and has an LED light, buzzer, and logic programming to move straight, rotate clockwise and counterclockwise, turn the orange LED on while moving backward, and turn the green LED on.
Power Plant Engineering - (Malestrom) (1).pdfMahamad Jawhar
This document is the preface to a book on power plant engineering. It discusses the motivation for writing the book, which was to benefit students and researchers by covering key topics in power generation in a clear and concise manner. The preface notes that the book aims to satisfy engineering scholars and researchers by addressing conventional power plant topics at an international level. It also acknowledges those who encouraged and supported the authors in writing this pioneering textbook.
This document provides an index and specifications for various optical measuring instruments, including profile projectors and microscopes. It lists several models of profile projectors from the PJ-A3000 and PJ-H30 series, along with their specifications, optional accessories, and available fixtures. It also lists several models of measuring microscopes from the MF, MF-U, and MSM-400 series, along with their specifications and optional accessories. The document provides detailed information on the specifications, features, and options for these optical measuring instruments.
text book Programmable-Logic-Controllers plc.pdfMahamad Jawhar
This document provides an overview and introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses the basic parts and components of a PLC including the input/output section, central processing unit, memory, and programming devices. It also describes the basic principles of how PLCs operate by scanning inputs, executing a user-created program, and updating outputs. The document is intended to familiarize readers with the basic concepts and components of PLCs.
Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq Ministry of Electricity generates electricity primarily from fossil fuels such as natural gas. Renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal currently account for a smaller portion of electricity generation but their use is growing. Geothermal energy harnesses heat from within the earth through technologies such as hydrothermal, geopressure, and hot dry rock systems to generate electricity without directly burning fuels. Geothermal resources in the Kurdistan region show potential for development to increase renewable energy supply and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
This document appears to be a resume for Zeyad Azeez Abdullah, a mechanical engineer. It includes his name, title, date, and sections on qualifications, experience, education, skills and interests. There are also diagrams and specifications for solar panels, batteries, and other energy related topics.
Muhammad Jawhar Anwar built a helicopter robot for his Fourth Stage A1 class at Salahaddin University-Erbil's Mechanical & Mechatronics department. The robot uses a DC motor to rotate its rotor and has an LED light, buzzer, and logic programming to move straight, rotate clockwise and counterclockwise, turn the orange LED on while moving backward, and turn the green LED on.
Power Plant Engineering - (Malestrom) (1).pdfMahamad Jawhar
This document is the preface to a book on power plant engineering. It discusses the motivation for writing the book, which was to benefit students and researchers by covering key topics in power generation in a clear and concise manner. The preface notes that the book aims to satisfy engineering scholars and researchers by addressing conventional power plant topics at an international level. It also acknowledges those who encouraged and supported the authors in writing this pioneering textbook.
This document provides an index and specifications for various optical measuring instruments, including profile projectors and microscopes. It lists several models of profile projectors from the PJ-A3000 and PJ-H30 series, along with their specifications, optional accessories, and available fixtures. It also lists several models of measuring microscopes from the MF, MF-U, and MSM-400 series, along with their specifications and optional accessories. The document provides detailed information on the specifications, features, and options for these optical measuring instruments.
This document discusses refrigeration and its various applications and methods. It begins by defining refrigeration as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below surroundings through the removal of heat. The main types of refrigeration are then listed as domestic, commercial, industrial, marine, air conditioning, and food preservation. Various natural and early mechanical refrigeration techniques are described, such as the use of icehouses and evaporative cooling. The ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle is explained through its four processes. Absorption refrigeration using ammonia-water and lithium bromide-water systems is also summarized. Compressor types including reciprocating, rotary, and centrifugal are defined. Key refrigeration system components and their functions are outlined.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC as a specialized computer that monitors processes and controls machinery. The document outlines the history of PLCs in automating factory processes. It also describes the components of a basic PLC system and lists advantages such as flexibility, ease of programming, and reliability compared to traditional relay-based controls.
This document discusses the design of a CNC plasma cutting machine. It begins with an introduction to plasma cutting, explaining that plasma cutting uses a high-temperature jet of plasma gas to cut electrically conductive materials like metals. It then provides a flow chart showing the basic components and process of a plasma cutter. The document goes on to discuss the technical details of designing a CNC plasma cutting machine, including the mechanical components, electrical systems, and software setup required to automate the plasma cutting process through computer numerical control.
This document appears to be a research project report from Salahaddin University's College of Engineering for the 2018-2019 year. The report was prepared by 4 students and supervised by a faculty member. It includes sections on the introduction, methodology, conclusion, references, and images or figures related to the research project.
This document appears to be a template for a student project submitted to the Mechanical Engineering Department at Salahaddin University-Erbil in Iraq. The template provides an outline for the typical sections included in an engineering student project paper, such as an abstract, acknowledgements, table of contents, references, etc. It also includes placeholders for the student to include the introduction, methodology, example analysis and design, results and discussion, and conclusion sections. The introduction section provides background on the project and defines the problem statement, objectives and outline. The methodology section details the analysis procedures. The example section applies the methodology to a relevant problem. The results, discussion and conclusion sections present and interpret the findings and link them back to the
The document describes a PLC program for controlling a water filling and discharging process in a tank. The program uses two level sensors, one for high level and one for low level, to control a feeding valve and discharge valve. When the low level sensor is triggered, the feeding valve turns on to fill the tank, and when the high level sensor is triggered, the discharge valve turns on to empty the tank. The program is designed to maintain the water level between the two sensor points.
This document summarizes a student project to control a two-directional traffic light using a PLC. It introduces the use of traffic lights to control vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Timers are used to provide time delays to control the light sequences. A ladder logic diagram is programmed with contacts that simulate relays to control the red and green lights for each of the three poles in sequences, with one pole green at a time for a set period before moving to the next pole. The process then repeats continuously to control traffic flow in both directions.
This document summarizes different types of cooling towers. It describes how cooling towers work by bringing air and water into contact to reduce the water's temperature through evaporation. It discusses the components of cooling towers, including fill materials, drift eliminators, nozzles, fans, and driveshafts. It also compares crossflow and counterflow cooling towers and how they differ in their water and air flow configurations. Finally, it outlines the differences between factory-assembled and field-erected cooling towers.
This document is a research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree in Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering. It contains an abstract, introduction, and 4 chapters that discuss cooling towers, their components, thermal performance testing, and electrical components. The introduction provides background on cooling towers and how they work to lower water temperature through evaporation and heat transfer to the atmosphere. It also discusses prior research on improving cooling tower performance. The abstract indicates the research examines different types of cooling towers, their application, efficiency, and working principles, and includes a simulation of flow fields around a cooling tower.
This document is a research project submitted for a degree in Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering on cooling towers. It includes 4 chapters that discuss mechanical components, thermal performance testing, and electrical components of cooling towers. The introduction provides background on cooling towers and how they work to remove heat from water through evaporation. It also discusses types of cooling towers, including natural draft and mechanical draft, and covers psychrometrics and heat transfer principles.
1. The document compares three types of cooling towers - wet, dry, and hybrid - that are used in closed cooling systems for large power reactors.
2. It outlines the procedures for dimensioning each type of cooling tower, including calculating heat and mass transfer, air and water flows, electric power needs, and water loss. Equations used for each type are presented.
3. Results from dimensioning a 100 MW cooling tower of each type for a highland region in Algeria are presented to compare electricity consumption and water loss between the three options.
The document is a homework assignment submitted by Ahmed Naseh Latif, a student in the 4th stage of the Mechanic and Mechatronic Engineering department at Salahaddin University-Erbil. The assignment asks the student to list 10 applications of robots in real life with pictures. The student provides 10 applications: 1) automated transportation, 2) security/defense/surveillance, 3) robot cooking, 4) medicine, 5) education, 6) home maintenance, 7) dangerous jobs, 8) as a servant, 9) as a friend, and 10) crime fighting. The student includes references from books and articles on the history and uses of robotics.
This document summarizes the types, working principles, and applications of cooling towers. It discusses natural and mechanical draft cooling towers, as well as dry, wet, and hybrid heat transfer methods. The key components and processes of power plants that utilize cooling towers are also overviewed. Different sizes, designs, and environmental impacts of cooling towers are addressed.
There are several main types of proximity sensors:
- Capacitive sensors detect nearby objects by changes in capacitance.
- Inductive sensors detect nearby metallic objects using electromagnetic induction.
- Optical sensors use light beams and detect objects that interrupt the beams, such as photoelectric and photocell sensors.
- Ultrasonic sensors use ultrasonic sound waves to detect nearby objects.
1. The document describes the specifications and design calculations for a gear box. It includes the input/output speeds and power, gear sizes and ratios, torque and speed calculations, bending stress analysis, and material selection.
2. Stress and wear analyses were performed on each gear to calculate safety factors and select appropriate materials. Grade 3 carburized and hardened steel was chosen for gear 4 to withstand a maximum bending stress of 244,900 psi.
3. Through calculations, the gear box design was determined to safely deliver 16.4 horsepower at 72 rpm output, with an input of 1538 rpm, using gears constructed of materials like grade 2 through-hardened steel to withstand the operating stresses and wear.
1. The document contains calculations of various physical quantities such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force as they relate to an object moving in one dimension.
2. Equations of motion are used to calculate the velocity, displacement, and acceleration of the object at various points in time based on its initial position, velocity, and acceleration due to gravity.
3. Values for displacement, velocity, and acceleration are calculated and presented at different points in time during the object's motion.
1. The cold water basin collects water from the cooling tower and directs it to the sump or pump suction line. It aims to eliminate stagnant water and prevent bacterial growth.
2. Fill materials are a critical component that increase the contact surface between cooling and working media to improve heat transfer efficiency. Film style fills produce thick water strips while splash style fills break up water droplets.
3. Other important components include nozzles to spray water over fills, float valves to regulate water level, and drift eliminators to reduce water loss from the air stream and prevent chemicals from leaving the cooling tower.
1. The document provides calculations to determine the costs of various items.
2. It calculates the cost of coffee as $150 for 5 pounds at $30 per pound.
3. It also calculates the cost of oranges as $50 for 10 dozen at $5 per dozen and the total cost of coffee and oranges as $150 + $50 = $200.
1. The document discusses using a PLC to control an asynchronous motor and detect faults. It describes connecting the motor, controller circuit, and power circuit. It then replaces the controller circuit with a PLC-based control circuit.
2. Ladder logic programming uses contacts to represent reading bits of input memory and coils to represent writing bits of output memory. This mimics electromechanical relays. Modern PLCs use tag names instead of addresses for discrete I/O points.
3. Overcurrent relays are not well-suited for transmission line protection due to varying fault currents and relative magnitudes of minimum faults and full load. Directional relays are used with overcurrent relays where directionality
An exhaust gas analyzer measures carbon monoxide and other gases in vehicle exhaust to determine if combustion was correct. It uses infrared or chemical sensors approved for vehicle inspections. The document discusses measuring the lambda coefficient to evaluate combustion efficiency, with values above or below 1 indicating lean or rich mixtures. Portable emission analyzers are described that can accurately measure exhaust components for compliance or optimization of fuel and air inputs to reduce pollutants.
This document discusses refrigeration and its various applications and methods. It begins by defining refrigeration as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below surroundings through the removal of heat. The main types of refrigeration are then listed as domestic, commercial, industrial, marine, air conditioning, and food preservation. Various natural and early mechanical refrigeration techniques are described, such as the use of icehouses and evaporative cooling. The ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle is explained through its four processes. Absorption refrigeration using ammonia-water and lithium bromide-water systems is also summarized. Compressor types including reciprocating, rotary, and centrifugal are defined. Key refrigeration system components and their functions are outlined.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC as a specialized computer that monitors processes and controls machinery. The document outlines the history of PLCs in automating factory processes. It also describes the components of a basic PLC system and lists advantages such as flexibility, ease of programming, and reliability compared to traditional relay-based controls.
This document discusses the design of a CNC plasma cutting machine. It begins with an introduction to plasma cutting, explaining that plasma cutting uses a high-temperature jet of plasma gas to cut electrically conductive materials like metals. It then provides a flow chart showing the basic components and process of a plasma cutter. The document goes on to discuss the technical details of designing a CNC plasma cutting machine, including the mechanical components, electrical systems, and software setup required to automate the plasma cutting process through computer numerical control.
This document appears to be a research project report from Salahaddin University's College of Engineering for the 2018-2019 year. The report was prepared by 4 students and supervised by a faculty member. It includes sections on the introduction, methodology, conclusion, references, and images or figures related to the research project.
This document appears to be a template for a student project submitted to the Mechanical Engineering Department at Salahaddin University-Erbil in Iraq. The template provides an outline for the typical sections included in an engineering student project paper, such as an abstract, acknowledgements, table of contents, references, etc. It also includes placeholders for the student to include the introduction, methodology, example analysis and design, results and discussion, and conclusion sections. The introduction section provides background on the project and defines the problem statement, objectives and outline. The methodology section details the analysis procedures. The example section applies the methodology to a relevant problem. The results, discussion and conclusion sections present and interpret the findings and link them back to the
The document describes a PLC program for controlling a water filling and discharging process in a tank. The program uses two level sensors, one for high level and one for low level, to control a feeding valve and discharge valve. When the low level sensor is triggered, the feeding valve turns on to fill the tank, and when the high level sensor is triggered, the discharge valve turns on to empty the tank. The program is designed to maintain the water level between the two sensor points.
This document summarizes a student project to control a two-directional traffic light using a PLC. It introduces the use of traffic lights to control vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Timers are used to provide time delays to control the light sequences. A ladder logic diagram is programmed with contacts that simulate relays to control the red and green lights for each of the three poles in sequences, with one pole green at a time for a set period before moving to the next pole. The process then repeats continuously to control traffic flow in both directions.
This document summarizes different types of cooling towers. It describes how cooling towers work by bringing air and water into contact to reduce the water's temperature through evaporation. It discusses the components of cooling towers, including fill materials, drift eliminators, nozzles, fans, and driveshafts. It also compares crossflow and counterflow cooling towers and how they differ in their water and air flow configurations. Finally, it outlines the differences between factory-assembled and field-erected cooling towers.
This document is a research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree in Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering. It contains an abstract, introduction, and 4 chapters that discuss cooling towers, their components, thermal performance testing, and electrical components. The introduction provides background on cooling towers and how they work to lower water temperature through evaporation and heat transfer to the atmosphere. It also discusses prior research on improving cooling tower performance. The abstract indicates the research examines different types of cooling towers, their application, efficiency, and working principles, and includes a simulation of flow fields around a cooling tower.
This document is a research project submitted for a degree in Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering on cooling towers. It includes 4 chapters that discuss mechanical components, thermal performance testing, and electrical components of cooling towers. The introduction provides background on cooling towers and how they work to remove heat from water through evaporation. It also discusses types of cooling towers, including natural draft and mechanical draft, and covers psychrometrics and heat transfer principles.
1. The document compares three types of cooling towers - wet, dry, and hybrid - that are used in closed cooling systems for large power reactors.
2. It outlines the procedures for dimensioning each type of cooling tower, including calculating heat and mass transfer, air and water flows, electric power needs, and water loss. Equations used for each type are presented.
3. Results from dimensioning a 100 MW cooling tower of each type for a highland region in Algeria are presented to compare electricity consumption and water loss between the three options.
The document is a homework assignment submitted by Ahmed Naseh Latif, a student in the 4th stage of the Mechanic and Mechatronic Engineering department at Salahaddin University-Erbil. The assignment asks the student to list 10 applications of robots in real life with pictures. The student provides 10 applications: 1) automated transportation, 2) security/defense/surveillance, 3) robot cooking, 4) medicine, 5) education, 6) home maintenance, 7) dangerous jobs, 8) as a servant, 9) as a friend, and 10) crime fighting. The student includes references from books and articles on the history and uses of robotics.
This document summarizes the types, working principles, and applications of cooling towers. It discusses natural and mechanical draft cooling towers, as well as dry, wet, and hybrid heat transfer methods. The key components and processes of power plants that utilize cooling towers are also overviewed. Different sizes, designs, and environmental impacts of cooling towers are addressed.
There are several main types of proximity sensors:
- Capacitive sensors detect nearby objects by changes in capacitance.
- Inductive sensors detect nearby metallic objects using electromagnetic induction.
- Optical sensors use light beams and detect objects that interrupt the beams, such as photoelectric and photocell sensors.
- Ultrasonic sensors use ultrasonic sound waves to detect nearby objects.
1. The document describes the specifications and design calculations for a gear box. It includes the input/output speeds and power, gear sizes and ratios, torque and speed calculations, bending stress analysis, and material selection.
2. Stress and wear analyses were performed on each gear to calculate safety factors and select appropriate materials. Grade 3 carburized and hardened steel was chosen for gear 4 to withstand a maximum bending stress of 244,900 psi.
3. Through calculations, the gear box design was determined to safely deliver 16.4 horsepower at 72 rpm output, with an input of 1538 rpm, using gears constructed of materials like grade 2 through-hardened steel to withstand the operating stresses and wear.
1. The document contains calculations of various physical quantities such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force as they relate to an object moving in one dimension.
2. Equations of motion are used to calculate the velocity, displacement, and acceleration of the object at various points in time based on its initial position, velocity, and acceleration due to gravity.
3. Values for displacement, velocity, and acceleration are calculated and presented at different points in time during the object's motion.
1. The cold water basin collects water from the cooling tower and directs it to the sump or pump suction line. It aims to eliminate stagnant water and prevent bacterial growth.
2. Fill materials are a critical component that increase the contact surface between cooling and working media to improve heat transfer efficiency. Film style fills produce thick water strips while splash style fills break up water droplets.
3. Other important components include nozzles to spray water over fills, float valves to regulate water level, and drift eliminators to reduce water loss from the air stream and prevent chemicals from leaving the cooling tower.
1. The document provides calculations to determine the costs of various items.
2. It calculates the cost of coffee as $150 for 5 pounds at $30 per pound.
3. It also calculates the cost of oranges as $50 for 10 dozen at $5 per dozen and the total cost of coffee and oranges as $150 + $50 = $200.
1. The document discusses using a PLC to control an asynchronous motor and detect faults. It describes connecting the motor, controller circuit, and power circuit. It then replaces the controller circuit with a PLC-based control circuit.
2. Ladder logic programming uses contacts to represent reading bits of input memory and coils to represent writing bits of output memory. This mimics electromechanical relays. Modern PLCs use tag names instead of addresses for discrete I/O points.
3. Overcurrent relays are not well-suited for transmission line protection due to varying fault currents and relative magnitudes of minimum faults and full load. Directional relays are used with overcurrent relays where directionality
An exhaust gas analyzer measures carbon monoxide and other gases in vehicle exhaust to determine if combustion was correct. It uses infrared or chemical sensors approved for vehicle inspections. The document discusses measuring the lambda coefficient to evaluate combustion efficiency, with values above or below 1 indicating lean or rich mixtures. Portable emission analyzers are described that can accurately measure exhaust components for compliance or optimization of fuel and air inputs to reduce pollutants.
1. 1
.
Student Name: Muhammad Dlshad
Class: 4 Stage – Group:A1
Course Title: Instrumentation & Measurements
Department: Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering
College of Engineering
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Academic Year 2021-2022
2. 2
Introduction
An Profile Projector (often simply called a optical comparator in context) is a
device that applies the principles of optics to the inspection of manufactured
parts.
In a comparator, the magnified silhouette of a part is projected upon the screen,
and the dimensions and geometry of the part are measured against prescribed
limits.
The idea of using profile projector, which is created by James Hartness and
Russell W. Porter, came from mixing optics and measurement in a device.
The use of the term comparator for metrological equipment, had existed in other
forms prior to Hartness's work; but they had remained in realms of pure science
(such as telescopy and microscopy) and highly specialized applied science (such
as comparing master measuring standards).
3. 3
Profile Projector Applications
Hartness's comparator, intended for the routine inspection of machined parts,
was a natural next step in the era during which applied science became widely
integrated into industrial production.
It’s also employed for inspecting and comparing very small and complex parts,
which play very significant role in system’s structure, as an application of
quality.
Profile Projector Profile Projector can reveal imperfections such as burrs,
scratches, indentations or undesirable chamfers which both micrometers or
calipers can’t reveal.
They’re able to measure in 2-D space. Unlike micrometers and calipers,
which measure one dimension at a time, where comparators measure
length and width simultaneously.
Costsavings:
Optical comparators save time. Ease-of-use factors and ergonomic designs
reduce the inspection time, retraining costs and operator fatigue, all while
increasing throughput.
Custom hard gages are subject to wear and need frequent recertification, which
takes them out of service and adds
an additional cost.
Measuring Length and Width
"Points in Space" Measurement
4. 4
Profile Projector Components
Conclusion
Optical comparators are used to measure manufactured parts in a wide range of
industries around the world every day. Available with numerous features and
options to suit many applications, comparators can be used throughout a
factory, including incoming inspection areas, R&D labs, machine shops,
assembly and productionfloors, and final inspection areas. Their versatility,
range of capabilities and return on investment make comparators indispensable
and integral to any quality plan.
5. 5
Advantages of profile projector:
Profile projector is high precision measurement machine. It can be used
for error
analysis of mechanical components at microscopic level. I this experiment we
used
this machine for finding form error in gear teeth.
It gives more accurate readings compared to vernier and micrometre.
Dimensions of complex profiles can easily be obtained by magnifying the
object.
It is a non-contacting method for measurement and hence reduces the
chances of
error.
Easy to install. it really is as easy to set up as a simple television
Disadvantages of Profile Projector:
Transportation problem becauseof large size.
Costly compared to conventional measuring devices.
Dark environment necessary to clearly see the image.
High maintenance is required
The limitation of using profile projector as a fixed device forms a
disadvantage of it,
while instruments such micrometer or callipers can be used to reach for
measuring far
and joint accessible component