2.  Great changes began in
Spain during the first part
of the 19th century, thanks
to the industrial
revolution. Spain and the
rest of Europe changed
because of the
development of industry.
Modern industries were
born thanks to inventions
such as the steam engine,
electic light in cities and
the steam locomotive.

3.  Cities changed completely.
Streets became wider and
markets, hospitals and schools
were built. The population grew
thanks to better medical care
and hygiene. However, these
advances made some people
much richer and others much
poorer. This caused differences
between the social classes. They
had money and were capitalists.
Doctors and lawyers belonged to
the middle class included
workers and farmers, who were
often poor.

4.  The first Spanish king in the 19th
century was Carlos iv. He reigned
utile 1808. that year, France, under
napoleon bonaparte invaded Spain.
The Spanish defended themselves and
fought against the french army in the
war of the independence.
The uniteted kingdom and Portugal
helped the Spanish guerriall, who were
armed civilians that fought against f
rench soldiers. The first important
battle was in Bail'en, Jaen , where
Spanish soldiers defeated napoleon´s
army. The war ended with a Spanish
Victory.

5.  The civil war :
Alfonso XIII succeeded his father as
king in 1902.During his reign Spain
lost its last colonies in the Americas (
Cuba and Puerto Rico ) and the
Philippines. When the Second Spanish
Republic was proclaimed in 1931, the
monarchy was abolished. Alfonso XIII
left Spain and went to Rome.
The first president of the 2nd Republic
was Alcalá – Zamora. Azaña follpwed
him. Disagreement between the
different political parties produced
internal problems. Part of the army
rebelled against the democratic
government and a civil war began.

6.  A new society:
Our world is changing constantly.
People have experienced more changes
during the last two centuries than in
the whole of history.
Here are some events from this period.
Society. Society is changing . Many
new social groups have formed, such of
pacifists, ecologists ,feminists, your
movements and NGOs. Now it is easier
for groups of people in different
countries to communicate with each
other through media like television or
the internet.