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GPU Architecture, SLI
       and CrossFire




              ก F                 F
               471660




F               Seminar in Computer Engineering
            (CPE489)
              ก               F
                  ก       F

        ก     ก 1/2550
ก               F                Seminar in Computer Engineering (CPE489)
             F       ก           ก ก                  F F ก ก                Fก
                           F       GPU Architecture, SLI and CrossFire        GPU
    F              F               F ก ก                      F         ก       F F
         F ก             GPU( GPU Architecture)                           ก F GPU 2
      F ก                  SLI        ก F          ก ก           nVidia
CrossFire      ATI                                        F                   ก
   F ก                 F       F ก ก
           F             F      F ก                             F Fก F ก            F
                      GPU Architecture, SLI            CrossFire ก F
 F             ก                  F ก               F       F F            F


                                                                      F
                                                                    ก F                 F
:      ก F               F 471660
                                 : GPU Architecture, SLI and CrossFire
         F                       : .        F ก
  ก      ก                       : 2550
                                 : GPU (Graphic Processing Unit)

                                                                  F

                 Graphic Processing Unit (GPU)                              F                 F ก ก                        F
                   nVidia           ATI             F                         ก กก F                   F        Multi-GPU
               F ก ก                          F ก F                           ก ก F F
nVidia ก                               F Scaleable Link Interface (SLI) ATI ก F CrossFire
                 GPU              F                           F                  F ก ก             F                     F
ก                                                               ก                  ก            processing stage GPU
       F                   F ก                          F                     ก (CPU) F                  F ก F
   ก F                   Fก ก             F           multi-GPU                        SLI           ก กก F 2
                    F               PCI-Express 16X                      F ก F SLI Bridge                   ก
                         ก F F ก                                  GPU           ก          F                  F Fก F F
             ก                      F ก F ก Crossfire ก                                         master-slave           ก F
      ก                         F       ก F CrossFire Edition                      ก F slave ก F F
                      F        ก        ก ก F                   ก CrossFire ก                    F           F ก F
         F                  F DVI           DMS              F Y                     F       F DVI ก F
           F          ก                 ก                 F                   ก                  ก GPU
                        CrossFire                F        ก F SLI                        ก                 F ก 4
  F SLI                                     F
                   FF                              SLI              CrossFire ก                       ก กก F 2
     F ก                     Fก          multi-GPU                F        Fก                            ก           F
                                               F            ก                           F F                      ก ก F
   F                                 F                 F ก                                           ก 3
Name                     : Miss Chulalak Prachaney
Project Title            : GPU Architecture, SLI and CrossFire
Advisor                  : Dr. UT Goenchanart
Academic year            : 2550
Keyword                  : GPU (Graphic Processing Unit)

                                         Abstract

         Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) is Processing Unit of Computer s graphic so,
NVIDIA and ATI Cooperation have built technology that link GPU together call Multi-GPU
for make the high quality by NVIDIA call this technology Scaleable Link Interfaces (SLI) .
         GPU is Processing Unit that used to display image to screen and with it parallel
processing topology in high level that computer. Follow the command of processing state
GPU So there, it help to reduce frame from CPU, from this case. Multi GPU is born. By this
technology SLI is take two graphic that process on PCI-Express 16X link together with SLI
Bridge. To processing image. And fragment processing of GPU into two fragments so it must
use graphic card in the same version, in the same time. The different of SLI and Crossfire is
it processing by master-slave, so use one main graphic card. Use to work in Crossfire Edition
and slave s card is general card that in the family of main card. Gross fire is going to link
between two graphic card troughs. DVI port of two graphic card in rendering case, for lie the
processing from two GPU on Cross Fire technology have advantage much more SLI is have
4 render modes but. SLI have only two modes.
         Nor matter SLI or Gross Fire technology processing with two graphic cards and link
by multi-GPU, So it result for high quality of rendering and processing image to two times.
F
     ................................................................................................................................   ก
         F ..........................................................................................................................
Abstract...........................................................................................................................
         ............................................................................................................................
              .......................................................................................................................

     1.       ..................................................................................................................         1
     2. Graphic Processing Unit ....................................................................................                     3
        2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................                3
        2.2 GPU Architecture........................................................................................                     4
     3. Scalable Link Interface (SLI) ............................................................................                       5
        3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................                5
        3.2 SLI                 3dfx.........................................................................................            7
        3.3 NVIDIA SLI Multi-GPU Technology.........................................................                                     8
        3.4 ก F                                                     SLI ......................................................           9
                3.4.1.                 F                 SLI Multi-GPU Technology .........................                              9
                3.4.2. ก กก F PCI Express.............................................................                                   9
                3.4.3. SLI Connector (SLI video bridge Connector) ............................                                          10
                3.4.4. NVIDIA Driver with SLI supported............................................                                     10
        3.5 SLI Rendering Mode...................................................................................                       10
                3.5.1 SFR                Split - frame Rendering.................................................                       10
                3.5.2 AFR                 Alternate - frame Rendering ........................................                          11
( F)

                                                                                                                                F
 4. CrossFire............................................................................................................      12
    4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................         12
    4.2 ก              F           F ก F                              CrossFire                                          ...   12
    4.3 CrossFire Rendering Mode..........................................................................                     14
            4.3.1 Super Tiling Mode ( F                                  ก                 F )                             .   14
            4.3.2 Scissor Mode ( F                                           F                          )..................    15
            4.3.3 Alternative Frame Rendering Mode (                                              )                    .....   16
            4.3.4 Super Anti-Aliasing (Super AA) Mode (ก                                                     ก)...........     17
    4.4 F                CrossFire                    ก F SLI                     nVIDIA............................           19
    4.5 F                           CrossFire                                  ก SLI                     nVIDIA......          20
 5.          ...............................................................................................................   21
ก F ..................................................................................................................         22
F
2.1 Illustration of the GPU graphic pipeline                                               .    4
2.2 Streaming model that applies kernels to an input stream
    and write to an output stream                                           ..............      5
3.1       ก F                SLI NVIDIA                                                   ..    6
3.2 ก F ก                     SLI        3dfx                                                   7
3.3 NVIDIA SLI Multi-GPU Technology                                            ...........      8
3.4          nForce4-SLI                                  ...                     .........     9
3.5 ก กก F PCI Express                                        ...                    ......     9
3.6 SLI Connector                                   ...                 ..................     10
3.7 Split-frame rendering                                   ...                     .......    11
3.8 Alternate-frame rendering                                     ...                          11
4.1 ก          F      F ก F            CrossFire                                        ...    13
4.2      F DMS         F DVI      Y                                         ..............     13
4.3 Super Tiling Mode                                   ...                    ...........     15
4.4 Scissor Mode                                  ...                 ....................     16
4.5 Alternative Frame Rendering (AFR) Mode                                                     17
4.6 Super Anti-Aliasing (Super AA) Mode                                                  ..    19
1


             Graphic Processing Unit (GPU)                F                     F ก ก                               F
                      F ก                                    F                              ก ก ก
ก                 F ก ก
             GPU F         ก F             Fก                                    กก F ก                 F         ก
         ก                           Fก ก 2D, 3D                                                F                       F
nVidia           ATI F F                        ก กก F                       F            Multi-GPU              F ก
      ก                F ก                 ก ก                 F ก                 F F F ก F F
                              nVidia ก                      F Scaleable Link Interface (SLI)                      ATI
     ก F CrossFire
                          SLI          ก F             ก ก nVidia                                      ก
              3dfx                    1998 F 3dfx F F                                 F                     ก
ก กก F 2                           F ก             F                   SLI                           F SLI
3dfx F           ก Scan Line Interleave                     SLI                3dfx               ก
     ก                              ก ก                กF F ก                frame rates ก                    frame
rates ก F ก                             F      กก F SLI                 Voodoo2                    F
             1024x768            F                             ก                            3dfx          F           F
ก กก F Voodoo2                                    ก                  SLI F ก ก F Voodoo2
           SLI         3dfx ก F F                     F F         F                                           F Fก
           F              กก                         F AGP                 F            F      F ก           AGP
  F กF              F       F ก           PCI ก ก                F F                            ก กก F PCI
       NVIDIA                                   F                    F                    SLI         NVIDIA
          F ก                          F PCI Express                             F                F ก ก
   F                    F           Fก        ก F                   F PCI Express                         กก F
        F (                    F            F AGP               ก ก                 F                          F
)      F   NVIDIA      F               3dfx           Fก ก   ก F
   ก F                  F                         ก ก       ก F PCI Express
        2 F
         CrossFire      ATI       F        F ก              SLI         nVidai
 F ก                     F ก               ก F ก           ก SLI
   ก          F Multi-GPU ก ATI                         F       F     ก ก F
Multi-GPU                       F Fก กก F F ก 2                   F ก F ก
      F      ก F CrossFire Edition ก F         ก F slave ก F F
     ก F            F F      ก      ก ก F    ก        ก ก           F
                 F ก F        F        F F          F Fก F
2
                               Graphic Processing Unit (GPU)

2.1 Introduction
           Graphic Processing Unit (GPU)                            ก F Visual Processing Unit
    F                   F                 F ก ก                         F       GPU                     F
                      ก ก - ก                ก            F ก ก                   F                   F
ก                                                GPU          F              F ก                    F
                ก (CPU) F            F ก
           ก F             GPU                 F F     F        F F       ก F          Fก
           กก F ก             F          ก          ก                          Fก ก 2D
BitBLT ( ก                  ก         F                Bitmap              F RasterOp)                    F
      F F             ก F bitter                       ก ก
   ก                        GPU                     ก ก 3D                                       F
           GPU            F F                   F F ก                     ก ก3              F ก
 F memory texture                rendering ก                ก                                 F ก
              F     F                                                ก              CPU            ก
         ก             ก           Fก                                        texture
       ก                   CPU             F       ก F               ก F Fก               F F
            F    กก                     F matrix         vector ก -                         ก
  ก               F ก ก ก ก GPU                           ก F GPU                    ก -        non-
graphical
2.2 GPU Architecture
         F                F ก           GPU                                                            F
   กก ก           F          ก        ก     input     F               ก output
กF     F              output ก F                  F                  ก           GPU
           ก         processing stage     ก F pipeline              ก        ก 3

        1. ก                        (vertex processing)
        2. ก                ก              F (resterization)
        3. ก                        ก ก             (fragment processing)
        ก            ก          ก                          (vertex processing)                 ก
                   3          Fก            2        ก
2,3         4        ก                         ก                                           ก
resterization           ก            F        F F                                      F
         ก                        ก ก                                    F ก ก                 F F
     F                       ก         ก F                           F ก                        ก
   ก          (fragment processing)              ก ก               pixel F
                             ก F texel pixel ก texture memory
                      F            GPU         F ก Fก                       fragment         กF
ก                        vertex        GPU ก                      fragment กก F            vertex
processor ก                                           ก                 ก         F
                      GPU                F                            ก       ก                ก
                           ก                      ก ก                 ก       ก        ก           ก
       F         F          ก      F ก                            F input vector               ก
              pixel
1
                              2.1 Illustration of the GPU graphic pipeline

        ก         F ก                              F ก                  ก        ก         GPU               F
    กก ก F                 2             ก                                  F          F             ก
                    ก      ก                                    ก ก F ก F F ก
   F GeForce 6800 GT 6 vertex processors                 16 fragment processors F ก
       ก      vector 4 (               ก F RGBA)
          F            F F              GPU              FF     ก                      ก         F
(streaming processors)        1.2               ก        F Texture              Kernel
                      F Texture F กก                          stream                  ก                  F
    F F            ก F texture            F        ก                F                  GPU                       F
                 ก                  texture F               F                            F ก
            GPU         FF ก
         Kernel                   F         ก      ก       fragment GPU ก                F
  ก F           stream          F           stream           Fก      fragment processors
GPU                                           SIMD F      F GeForce 6800 Ultra 16 fragment
processors



1
     http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/asbschmidt/paper/BioGPU.pdf
ก                      ก         F        ก F F              F      กก
kernel            ก stream                  F       output stream ก             kernel
kernel, output stream kernel ก             input stream           kernel
     F       ก F             F           GPU        F        fragment programs          ก
           F       ก     texture      F ก                 input stream        texture buffer
       output stream        F fragment processors               ก          SIMD
                          F         ก         F




                2
                    2.2 Streaming model that applies kernels to an input stream and write
                        to an output stream

    ก     1) texture          F          F
          2) F          F ก                        fragment programs
          3) Feedback ก                      ก     ก F output buffer        ก     F         F
                     input texture




2
        http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/asbschmidt/paper/BioGPU.pdf
3
                                 Scalable Link Interface (SLI)

3.1 Introduction
         Scalable Link Interface (SLI)                   ก            F    multi-GPU          F
     nVidia F                ก กก F 2              F             F      PCI-Express 16X
ก                              F ก                      ก                         ก
                         ก ก                   ก              ก ก                      F
                                  2 F ก Fก F                       ก
                        1998 F ก กก F F                                 3dfx (                    F
  ก           nVidia) 3dfx           F           F                    ก     ก กก F 2
        F ก           F                SLI                  F SLI               3dfx F F        ก
Scan Line Interleave               SLI           3dfx         F F               กก F ก
            ก                            ก ก         ก         frame rates ก F ก
         F      กก F SLI            Voodoo2 F                                1024x768           F
                         ก                  3dfx          F          Fก กก F Voodoo2
               ก                SLI F ก ก F Voodoo2                             SLI      3dfx
   F F         F F         F                                   F Fก           F            กก
                  F AGP                F     F        F ก          AGP F ก F             F          F
   ก       PCI ก              F F                    ก กก F PCI F                                     F
        SLI Voodoo2




                           1
                               3.1     ก F                     SLI       nVidia

1
      http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
ก                     SLI F             F 6        nVidia            ก
                   F               F           SLI nVidia             F ก
       F     PCI Express                   F          F ก ก        F                    F
           Fก กก F               F    PCI Express            กก F          F (
         F       F AGP          ก ก          F                F              )    F
nVidia F                      3dfx                Fก ก      ก F   ก F
  F                          ก ก          ก F PCI Express         2 F
nVidia nForce4 SLI        F ก            nVidia SLI Technology F         F       F SLI
    nVidia F         ก Scalable Link Interface

3.2 SLI         3dfx
          กF    ก F           SLI                 nVidia         ก F                  SLI
          ก 3dfx กF      SLI   3dfx                 ก Scan Line Interleave
         ก ก Fก                    F ก F           scan line       F         ก   ก F
       ก ก             F F scan line                     F ก F ก
    F scan line      F    F          F F           ก F                2




                      2
                          3.2 ก   Fก                  SLI         3dfx



2
      http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
3.3 NVIDIA SLI Multi-GPU Technology
        SLI             nVidia                Scalable Link Interface      ก           F
       ก SLI             3dfx ก          SLI        NVIDIA                        กF
Dynamic Load Balancing            Fก                  GPU              F F
              nVidia SLI Multi-GPU                     Fก ก                      full-
load                  rendering (       ก F ก balance) ก F ก                         F
   F     ก 3dfx            GPU       ก             F ก             F        F GPU ก
                   F      ก F F               F                         F    F    ก
                 F             F    GPU F                             F Fก ก F
           Fก            SLI           nVidia                     ก F SLI        3dfx
     ก ก SLI         nVidia                 F         ก           ก            F
                       2048x1536




                          3
                              3.3 nVidia SLI Multi-GPU Technology




3
     http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
3.4 ก F                              SLI
     3.4.1.             F       SLI Multi-GPU Technology
                                           nVidia        F nForce4-SLI F       ก
                    SLI           nForce4-SLI      ก          ก      AMD     ก 939
                                    F SLI         Intel Pentium4                 F
SLI                       PCI Express x16         2         F ก             F SLI
Connector         F F ก          F F




                                    4
                                        3.4      nForce4-SLI

       3.4.2. ก      กก F PCI Express   SLI Capable         2
              F                   SLI              ก กก F           ก F       F
 F     ก F nVidia F                   nVidia F       ก กก F PCI Express
      SLI ก            4 F F ก     ก         F GeForce 6800 Ultra, GeForce 6800
GT, GeForce 6800    GeForce 6600 GT ก กก F 2                          F SLI
       F         F  ก กก F F         ก     F     ก                   F F Fก
         F Fก        F      Fก     SLI           F




                                5
                                    3.5 ก     กก F PCI Express


4
      http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
5
      http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
3.4.3. SLI Connector (SLI video bridge Connector)
                         F ก F SLI Connector                                F ก               F
ก กก F SLI                F F ก                Fก        F                 SLI              SLI
Connector F F ก              F           F        F F                     F F           F
PCI Express x16                F Fก




                                       6
                                           3.6 SLI Connector

          3.4.4. NVIDIA Driver with SLI supported
                    F             Fก กก F           nVidia ForceWare Driver
    F          F F        F         SLI Multi-GPU Technology

3.5 SLI Rendering Mode
                  SLI ก             F     ก                          F2
         3.5.1. SFR       Split - frame Rendering
                      F       ก             F     F                       ก       2 F          F
GPU          2     F ก ก                F        2 F                                     F ก
         F              F             ก       FF ก F                       F            F F
           ก         FF ก F ก              ก                   F          ก         F
       F




6
        http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
7
                                            3.7 Split-frame rendering

                3.5.2 AFR      Alternate - frame Rendering
                            F      ก              Fก       Fก F F
    F       ก             F กก F F                   ก     ก                    ก   F
                         F ก F          F              F         ก F
        ก             F                          ก           ก F            F   ก       F
                        F ก F                F           F ก




                                    8
                                        3.8 Alternate-frame rendering




7
        http://http.download.nvidia.com/developer/presentations/2005/GDC/
        OpenGL_Day/ OpenGL_SLI.pdf
8
        http://http.download.nvidia.com/developer/presentations/2005/GDC/
        OpenGL_Day/OpenGL_SLI.pdf
4
                                        CrossFire

4.1 Introduction
          ก F ATI                    Multi-GPU         ก                     F
   F CrossFire ก Fก nVidia F F F ก                        (          F ATI         F ก
    F ) FF            กก F      F          ก F    ATI ก F F                          กF
SLI            nVidia       ก                           ก F                          F      F F
                     ก F            PCI-Express                                           F ก
               ก
                                    CrossFire       ก            SLI     F ก       F
                     F ก       CrossFire                    F กF                        SLI
        nVidia ก F                F                   SLI      F           F         ก F F
       ก           F       ก F                   CrossFire        F ก          ก   F    ก
                         F CrossFire                F        F ก F                     ก F
 F                        ก F            F F    ก        ก ก F         กก                           F
      ก F        ก          F CrossFire        ก กก F ก F Master F                 ก F ก
             ก F               ก F ก F Slave

4.2 ก         F  F ก F                    CrossFire
        ก     F     F ก F                     CrossFire F         ก        SLI         nVidia
          SLI     F     F F              SLI bridge                    F ก F                    F
CrossFire F     F F SLI bridge             CrossFire ก             F      F ก F
 F        F DVI DMS
1
                       4.1 ก         F       F ก F             CrossFire

            ก F F ก F slave (GPU2,         )      ก                   output ก
        F DVI output              F         input ก F CrossFire Edition ก F
master (GPU1,       )      F          F DMS ก         ก F CrossFire Edition
  ก F Composite Engine          ก                    ก F      ก               F
          F                  F ก F กก F slave           กก F master กF
            ก F ก                   F          F DVI ก F master
         ก      F F ก F FF F                        F F     Y               F   F
DVI ก F                        ก FF        F DMS ก F CrossFire Edition
  F          ก ก F DVI                 ก F            ก ก F       F




                           2
                               4.2       F DMS       F DVI      Y



1
     http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf
2
     http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/ati/crossfire/index.html
ก กก F ก ATI                    CrossFire               ก         ก
    ก Radeon X800            ก Radeon X850                  F Fก F master F F
ก ก F                CrossFire ก F master          F          F Radeon X800 CrossFire
Edition ก Radeon X850 CrossFire Edition F                        F CrossFire ก ก F F
  ก F        ก F F            Radeon X800 XL           CrossFire ก F F ก Radeon
X800 CrossFire Edition
          ก กก F                 F     CrossFire ก           ก           SLI      F
        F           ก          F              F      F        ATI Xpress 200
PCI-Express x16                             F CrossFire            ก F Radeon
   (       F ก ก 775                                   ก ก 939                       )

4.3 CrossFire Rendering Mode
               F      ก              ก           F                ก                      ก GPU
                       CrossFire                   F        ก F nVidia SLI              ATI CrossFire
          ก             F ก 4                                          ก F multi-GPU
user F                    ก
        4.3.5 Super Tiling Mode ( F              ก             F )
                         ก       F Super Tiling Mode กก                              Super Tiling ก
                                           ก F                    ก            F                    32 x
32 ก             F ก            กก ก                   F             F           F            ก         F
    ก F                      F                 F               ก          F ก F                      ก
     ก                          ก            ก           F                           ก            F
Composite Engine                     F F ก ก                       F                                  F
             F                         ATI Fก              ก F             F               F
(default)                      Direct3D                    ก      ก                F            Fก F
                 ก          ก F ก ก                          F          F F            ก F
ก F Pixel Shader                ก F F กF             F             ก ก F F                    F ก
         F ก                F ก              ก ก                             F               F ก
                  OpenGL
3
                                        4.3 Super Tiling Mode

        4.3.6 Scissor Mode ( F                    F                 )
                                 F Scissor Mode ก F                     F        ก             ก
   F        ก ก F               Split-Frame Rendering                           SLI               nVidia
                     ก F          ก             F                                            F         ก
         F F ก F                    F               F F                 ก                 FF ก F ก
   ก                  F         ก        F                     F            F           ก       F
          F        F       F                            F    ก      กก                     F       50:50
     F F                ก F                          SLI                            F
             F ก           ก             ก F                                    F
                ก              Scissor        F         Fก            ก             กก F
 F          OpenGL   Direct3D ก            FF          F F F       F load balancing   F
ก F               ก F F ก F ก                   Scissor Mode ก      F          ก
       F                     ก         ก




3
     http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf
4
                                         4.4 Scissor Mode

        4.3.7 Alternative Frame Rendering Mode (          )
                                  กก       F AFR ก                    F           ก
          Fก           Fก F F                          F ก           F กก     F       F
              ก       ก                 ก        F                 F ก F                  F
               F    (        ก ก          ก ก F               ก
         กF                                        )        ก F
     ก           F                       ก                 ก F           F        F
             F ก F              F             F ก               F ก            Multi-
Frame Rendering                SLI ก                 ก                  ก             F
   ก                            ก                        ก ก                   Super
Tiling Mode        Scissor Mode       F                 ก ก F           Fก          load
balancing F                         ก    Fก F        OpenGL       Direct3D    ก F




4
     http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf
5
                             4.5 Alternative Frame Rendering (AFR) Mode

          4.3.8 Super Anti-Aliasing (Super AA) Mode (ก                     ก)
                               F                     ก F ก                   ก F
                           ก                           F             F   ก               ก
                           F                                ก F                 F   SuperAA
      F            F ก         Anti-Aliasing                              F กก ก ก
         ก               F        ก                                               ก
           F กFก                           ก     F                 F     ก F         F
   ก                                   ก F                  F    ก            F            F
  F ก                        F F
                    ก        ก               F       F      ก                 ก                   F ก
 F F               ATI S Redeon GPUS                Smooth Vision             F ก                F กก
     ก Multi-Sample Anti-Aliasing                  ก F ก 2, 4,                 6         F
        ก      F        F pixel           F gamma         ก F                    ก           F
                 F            ก F F pixel ก                               F
          Cross Fire Super AA mode             F F         ก                      ก     F       ก
        Smooth Vision HD                F ก              กFก               ก          multi GPU
system                         GPU F            ก render frame            ก            anti-aliasing


5
      http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf
F Fก F          F F ก         F            ก      F   F     ก      ก
blender Cross Fire engine                F        2 F ก F        F 4x
6x AA         8x 12x
                    ก              ก       F Fก F    ก
                 ก       ก         F ก           ก ,
       F                      ก      F F    ก        MSAA      ก
GPU                       F SSAA                   F       F ก
         SSAA        F                        F ก ก render กF           ก
                       กก F Output            ก                   ก       F

          ก    F F     F2 F       F   ก    F ก render          pixel กก F          ก
  ก        ก             ก                   F             F                grid
      ก           ก F F
         SUPER AA F F กF                        F          F F          GPU
                  render pixel frame F frame                   ก Fก F pattern
   F F                     F          F                   กก F
         Super AA 2               F ก       ก     MSAA      SSAA            F
                F          ก        F          ก Fก F                F ก        F
   ก offset pixel F ก             GPU F           ก render         ก viewpoint
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           ก ก                 SuperAA             F F ก              F ก         F
ก              Fก F F ก F                     F multi-GPU F F                 F ก
       F                     F          F F                      F        F
6
                                  4.6 Super Anti-Aliasing (Super AA) Mode

    4.4      F   CrossFire             ก F SLI                 nVIDIA
            1. ATI ก F                                 ก        CrossFire   F กF Intel    F CrossFire
                  F                   Intel      F F       F                   16xPCI-E
                    SLI             F ก            F                         F                   SLI
     F
          2. CrossFire                      F        ก Fก F                 กF             SLI
                  SLI       nVidia ก F                F                  SLI F
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ก F          ก                         F CrossFire                  F      F ก F ก
        ก F F                        ก F           F F         ก      ก ก F           กก
           F
          3. ATI CrossFire bridge          F bit width ก F SLI                  clock F ก F
   ก F ก              F      ก F ก 12                      F                       F              F
                            ก                 ก F CrossFire F F software                 F
    F CrossFire            F ก ก               F     single CrossFire ก
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6
          http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf
4.5 F                   CrossFire                       ก SLI               nVIDIA
          1. F OpenGL game F                       F CrossFire              Catalyst AI           F
        F     F rendering mode                Scissor        F                                       กF
               กF F F F ก                     SLI                  F rendering mode                  ก
            F application manually              กF               ก           F existing profile ก
    ก F                      F Catalyst AI       F        'Advanced'                   F manual mode
   ก ก ก ก 3 ( Direct 3D game)                             F OpenGL games
          2. ก F CrossFire                 F ก external y-cable/dongle                    F
               CrossFire F F ก F                       PCI-e bus         bandwidth F                Fก
    CrossFire             F ก                        F           ก        F                 F Fก F
                      F          F             Y-Dongle                       ก              ก dongle
       F ก                 F               ก F scaling effectiveness CrossFire setup
     F            F ก                 ก          CrossFire           F mid-range               กF       F
 F ก Master card                              FF F             Fก F                          ก
          3. ก          Fก F                                            กFก F             ก           F
CrossFire ก F                  F      ก F Master                      ก                 F
 ก F F                       ก              F       กก F                Fก F                        F F

         4.                     2007,               CrossFire F          ก                    notebook
   F            SLI            nVidia              F F
5


                          SLI    CrossFire                      ก             ก  กก F 2
     F ก         ก          Fก      multi-GPU           F                      PCI-Express
                                   F ก                                        ก ก          ก
                F ก   ก     F    Fก                         ก           F
                                     F ก F          F               ก       ก F F
            F             F ก                   ก 3
    F ก           F F ก F ก F ก
                       กก F    F          F      F ก   ก F ก    FF ก
    F ก            F                 ก F      F                      ก
                     F       ก   F ก F multi-GPU     F F F
ก       F               F F           F F F F F F F F ก ก กก F
      Fก        กก F               ก         ก F         ก กก F
                       ก                F          F         F ก F
ก       F

1       ก           . 2548. CrossFire        SLI F                              . CHIP.
            ก .96-97
2    Ajit Datar and Apurva Padhye. 2005 (April, 14). Graphics Processing Unit Architecture
     (GPU Arch) With a focus on NVIDIA GeForce 6800 GPU. [Online].Available URL:
     http://www.d.umn.edu/~data0003/Talks/gpuarch.pdf
3    ATI CrossFire. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_CrossFire
4    ATI Technologies Inc. 2005. ATI CrossFire. [Online].Available URL:
     http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf
5    Gerrit Voss and others. Biological Sequence Alignment on Graphics Processing
     Units. [Online].Available URL:
     http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/asbschmidt/paper/BioGPU.pdf
     Graphics processing unit . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
6    James Fung and Steve Mann. 2004 (September, 9). COMPUTER VISION SIGNAL
     PROCESSING ON GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNITS. [Online].Available URL:
     http://www.eyetap.org/papers/docs/procicassp2004.pdf
7    Jin Hyuk Jung y. Cholesky Decomposition and Linear Programming on a GPU.
     [Online].Available URL: http://www.cs.umd.edu/Grad/scholarlypapers/papers/jjung.pdf
8    Martin Christen. 2005 (January 19). Ray Tracing on GPU. [Online].Available URL:
     http://gpurt.sourceforge.net/DA07_0405_Ray_Tracing_on_GPU-1.0.5.pdf
9    Ryszard Sommefeldt. 2004 (November, 22). NVIDIA's SLI - An Introduction.
     [Online].Available URL: http://www.hexus.net/content/item.php?item=916
10   Scalable Link Interface. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Link_Interface
     Simon Green. 2005 (March, 7). SLI MULTI-GPU. [Online].Available URL:
     http://http.download.nvidia.com/developer/presentations/2005/GDC/OpenGL_Day/
     OpenGL_SLI.pdf
11   Spin9. 2004 (December, 21). NVIDIA SLI Technology. [Online].Available URL:
     http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
20 Spin9. 2005 (October, 27). ATI CrossFire Multi-GPU Technology. [Online].Available
   URL: http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/ati/crossfire/index.html
21 Tor Dokken. 2006 (March, 10). The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) as a high
   performance computational resource for simulation and geometry processing.
   [Online].Available URL: http://www.aimatshape.net/downloads/nig-
   nirg/workshop2006/dokken-darmstadt-march-2006_print.pdf/view
22 Zhe Fan and others. 2004 (November, 6). GPU Cluster for High Performance Computing.
   [Online].Available URL: http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~vislab/papers/GPUcluster_SC2004.pdf

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Gpu Architecture

  • 1. GPU Architecture, SLI and CrossFire ก F F 471660 F Seminar in Computer Engineering (CPE489) ก F ก F ก ก 1/2550
  • 2. F Seminar in Computer Engineering (CPE489) F ก ก ก F F ก ก Fก F GPU Architecture, SLI and CrossFire GPU F F F ก ก F ก F F F ก GPU( GPU Architecture) ก F GPU 2 F ก SLI ก F ก ก nVidia CrossFire ATI F ก F ก F F ก ก F F F ก F Fก F ก F GPU Architecture, SLI CrossFire ก F F ก F ก F F F F F ก F F
  • 3. : ก F F 471660 : GPU Architecture, SLI and CrossFire F : . F ก ก ก : 2550 : GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) F Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) F F ก ก F nVidia ATI F ก กก F F Multi-GPU F ก ก F ก F ก ก F F nVidia ก F Scaleable Link Interface (SLI) ATI ก F CrossFire GPU F F F ก ก F F ก ก ก processing stage GPU F F ก F ก (CPU) F F ก F ก F Fก ก F multi-GPU SLI ก กก F 2 F PCI-Express 16X F ก F SLI Bridge ก ก F F ก GPU ก F F Fก F F ก F ก F ก Crossfire ก master-slave ก F ก F ก F CrossFire Edition ก F slave ก F F F ก ก ก F ก CrossFire ก F F ก F F F DVI DMS F Y F F DVI ก F F ก ก F ก ก GPU CrossFire F ก F SLI ก F ก 4 F SLI F FF SLI CrossFire ก ก กก F 2 F ก Fก multi-GPU F Fก ก F F ก F F ก ก F F F F ก ก 3
  • 4. Name : Miss Chulalak Prachaney Project Title : GPU Architecture, SLI and CrossFire Advisor : Dr. UT Goenchanart Academic year : 2550 Keyword : GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) Abstract Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) is Processing Unit of Computer s graphic so, NVIDIA and ATI Cooperation have built technology that link GPU together call Multi-GPU for make the high quality by NVIDIA call this technology Scaleable Link Interfaces (SLI) . GPU is Processing Unit that used to display image to screen and with it parallel processing topology in high level that computer. Follow the command of processing state GPU So there, it help to reduce frame from CPU, from this case. Multi GPU is born. By this technology SLI is take two graphic that process on PCI-Express 16X link together with SLI Bridge. To processing image. And fragment processing of GPU into two fragments so it must use graphic card in the same version, in the same time. The different of SLI and Crossfire is it processing by master-slave, so use one main graphic card. Use to work in Crossfire Edition and slave s card is general card that in the family of main card. Gross fire is going to link between two graphic card troughs. DVI port of two graphic card in rendering case, for lie the processing from two GPU on Cross Fire technology have advantage much more SLI is have 4 render modes but. SLI have only two modes. Nor matter SLI or Gross Fire technology processing with two graphic cards and link by multi-GPU, So it result for high quality of rendering and processing image to two times.
  • 5. F ................................................................................................................................ ก F .......................................................................................................................... Abstract........................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................... 1. .................................................................................................................. 1 2. Graphic Processing Unit .................................................................................... 3 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 3 2.2 GPU Architecture........................................................................................ 4 3. Scalable Link Interface (SLI) ............................................................................ 5 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 5 3.2 SLI 3dfx......................................................................................... 7 3.3 NVIDIA SLI Multi-GPU Technology......................................................... 8 3.4 ก F SLI ...................................................... 9 3.4.1. F SLI Multi-GPU Technology ......................... 9 3.4.2. ก กก F PCI Express............................................................. 9 3.4.3. SLI Connector (SLI video bridge Connector) ............................ 10 3.4.4. NVIDIA Driver with SLI supported............................................ 10 3.5 SLI Rendering Mode................................................................................... 10 3.5.1 SFR Split - frame Rendering................................................. 10 3.5.2 AFR Alternate - frame Rendering ........................................ 11
  • 6. ( F) F 4. CrossFire............................................................................................................ 12 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 12 4.2 ก F F ก F CrossFire ... 12 4.3 CrossFire Rendering Mode.......................................................................... 14 4.3.1 Super Tiling Mode ( F ก F ) . 14 4.3.2 Scissor Mode ( F F ).................. 15 4.3.3 Alternative Frame Rendering Mode ( ) ..... 16 4.3.4 Super Anti-Aliasing (Super AA) Mode (ก ก)........... 17 4.4 F CrossFire ก F SLI nVIDIA............................ 19 4.5 F CrossFire ก SLI nVIDIA...... 20 5. ............................................................................................................... 21 ก F .................................................................................................................. 22
  • 7. F 2.1 Illustration of the GPU graphic pipeline . 4 2.2 Streaming model that applies kernels to an input stream and write to an output stream .............. 5 3.1 ก F SLI NVIDIA .. 6 3.2 ก F ก SLI 3dfx 7 3.3 NVIDIA SLI Multi-GPU Technology ........... 8 3.4 nForce4-SLI ... ......... 9 3.5 ก กก F PCI Express ... ...... 9 3.6 SLI Connector ... .................. 10 3.7 Split-frame rendering ... ....... 11 3.8 Alternate-frame rendering ... 11 4.1 ก F F ก F CrossFire ... 13 4.2 F DMS F DVI Y .............. 13 4.3 Super Tiling Mode ... ........... 15 4.4 Scissor Mode ... .................... 16 4.5 Alternative Frame Rendering (AFR) Mode 17 4.6 Super Anti-Aliasing (Super AA) Mode .. 19
  • 8. 1 Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) F F ก ก F F ก F ก ก ก ก F ก ก GPU F ก F Fก กก F ก F ก ก Fก ก 2D, 3D F F nVidia ATI F F ก กก F F Multi-GPU F ก ก F ก ก ก F ก F F F ก F F nVidia ก F Scaleable Link Interface (SLI) ATI ก F CrossFire SLI ก F ก ก nVidia ก 3dfx 1998 F 3dfx F F F ก ก กก F 2 F ก F SLI F SLI 3dfx F ก Scan Line Interleave SLI 3dfx ก ก ก ก กF F ก frame rates ก frame rates ก F ก F กก F SLI Voodoo2 F 1024x768 F ก 3dfx F F ก กก F Voodoo2 ก SLI F ก ก F Voodoo2 SLI 3dfx ก F F F F F F Fก F กก F AGP F F F ก AGP F กF F F ก PCI ก ก F F ก กก F PCI NVIDIA F F SLI NVIDIA F ก F PCI Express F F ก ก F F Fก ก F F PCI Express กก F F ( F F AGP ก ก F F
  • 9. ) F NVIDIA F 3dfx Fก ก ก F ก F F ก ก ก F PCI Express 2 F CrossFire ATI F F ก SLI nVidai F ก F ก ก F ก ก SLI ก F Multi-GPU ก ATI F F ก ก F Multi-GPU F Fก กก F F ก 2 F ก F ก F ก F CrossFire Edition ก F ก F slave ก F F ก F F F ก ก ก F ก ก ก F F ก F F F F F Fก F
  • 10. 2 Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) 2.1 Introduction Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) ก F Visual Processing Unit F F F ก ก F GPU F ก ก - ก ก F ก ก F F ก GPU F F ก F ก (CPU) F F ก ก F GPU F F F F F ก F Fก กก F ก F ก ก Fก ก 2D BitBLT ( ก ก F Bitmap F RasterOp) F F F ก F bitter ก ก ก GPU ก ก 3D F GPU F F F F ก ก ก3 F ก F memory texture rendering ก ก F ก F F ก CPU ก ก ก Fก texture ก CPU F ก F ก F Fก F F F กก F matrix vector ก - ก ก F ก ก ก ก GPU ก F GPU ก - non- graphical
  • 11. 2.2 GPU Architecture F F ก GPU F กก ก F ก ก input F ก output กF F output ก F F ก GPU ก processing stage ก F pipeline ก ก 3 1. ก (vertex processing) 2. ก ก F (resterization) 3. ก ก ก (fragment processing) ก ก ก (vertex processing) ก 3 Fก 2 ก 2,3 4 ก ก ก resterization ก F F F F ก ก ก F ก ก F F F ก ก F F ก ก ก (fragment processing) ก ก pixel F ก F texel pixel ก texture memory F GPU F ก Fก fragment กF ก vertex GPU ก fragment กก F vertex processor ก ก ก F GPU F ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก F F ก F ก F input vector ก pixel
  • 12. 1 2.1 Illustration of the GPU graphic pipeline ก F ก F ก ก ก GPU F กก ก F 2 ก F F ก ก ก ก ก F ก F F ก F GeForce 6800 GT 6 vertex processors 16 fragment processors F ก ก vector 4 ( ก F RGBA) F F F GPU FF ก ก F (streaming processors) 1.2 ก F Texture Kernel F Texture F กก stream ก F F F ก F texture F ก F GPU F ก texture F F F ก GPU FF ก Kernel F ก ก fragment GPU ก F ก F stream F stream Fก fragment processors GPU SIMD F F GeForce 6800 Ultra 16 fragment processors 1 http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/asbschmidt/paper/BioGPU.pdf
  • 13. ก F ก F F F กก kernel ก stream F output stream ก kernel kernel, output stream kernel ก input stream kernel F ก F F GPU F fragment programs ก F ก texture F ก input stream texture buffer output stream F fragment processors ก SIMD F ก F 2 2.2 Streaming model that applies kernels to an input stream and write to an output stream ก 1) texture F F 2) F F ก fragment programs 3) Feedback ก ก ก F output buffer ก F F input texture 2 http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/asbschmidt/paper/BioGPU.pdf
  • 14. 3 Scalable Link Interface (SLI) 3.1 Introduction Scalable Link Interface (SLI) ก F multi-GPU F nVidia F ก กก F 2 F F PCI-Express 16X ก F ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก F 2 F ก Fก F ก 1998 F ก กก F F 3dfx ( F ก nVidia) 3dfx F F ก ก กก F 2 F ก F SLI F SLI 3dfx F F ก Scan Line Interleave SLI 3dfx F F กก F ก ก ก ก ก frame rates ก F ก F กก F SLI Voodoo2 F 1024x768 F ก 3dfx F Fก กก F Voodoo2 ก SLI F ก ก F Voodoo2 SLI 3dfx F F F F F F Fก F กก F AGP F F F ก AGP F ก F F F ก PCI ก F F ก กก F PCI F F SLI Voodoo2 1 3.1 ก F SLI nVidia 1 http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
  • 15. SLI F F 6 nVidia ก F F SLI nVidia F ก F PCI Express F F ก ก F F Fก กก F F PCI Express กก F F ( F F AGP ก ก F F ) F nVidia F 3dfx Fก ก ก F ก F F ก ก ก F PCI Express 2 F nVidia nForce4 SLI F ก nVidia SLI Technology F F F SLI nVidia F ก Scalable Link Interface 3.2 SLI 3dfx กF ก F SLI nVidia ก F SLI ก 3dfx กF SLI 3dfx ก Scan Line Interleave ก ก Fก F ก F scan line F ก ก F ก ก F F scan line F ก F ก F scan line F F F F ก F 2 2 3.2 ก Fก SLI 3dfx 2 http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
  • 16. 3.3 NVIDIA SLI Multi-GPU Technology SLI nVidia Scalable Link Interface ก F ก SLI 3dfx ก SLI NVIDIA กF Dynamic Load Balancing Fก GPU F F nVidia SLI Multi-GPU Fก ก full- load rendering ( ก F ก balance) ก F ก F F ก 3dfx GPU ก F ก F F GPU ก F ก F F F F F ก F F GPU F F Fก ก F Fก SLI nVidia ก F SLI 3dfx ก ก SLI nVidia F ก ก F 2048x1536 3 3.3 nVidia SLI Multi-GPU Technology 3 http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
  • 17. 3.4 ก F SLI 3.4.1. F SLI Multi-GPU Technology nVidia F nForce4-SLI F ก SLI nForce4-SLI ก ก AMD ก 939 F SLI Intel Pentium4 F SLI PCI Express x16 2 F ก F SLI Connector F F ก F F 4 3.4 nForce4-SLI 3.4.2. ก กก F PCI Express SLI Capable 2 F SLI ก กก F ก F F F ก F nVidia F nVidia F ก กก F PCI Express SLI ก 4 F F ก ก F GeForce 6800 Ultra, GeForce 6800 GT, GeForce 6800 GeForce 6600 GT ก กก F 2 F SLI F F ก กก F F ก F ก F F Fก F Fก F Fก SLI F 5 3.5 ก กก F PCI Express 4 http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html 5 http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
  • 18. 3.4.3. SLI Connector (SLI video bridge Connector) F ก F SLI Connector F ก F ก กก F SLI F F ก Fก F SLI SLI Connector F F ก F F F F F F F PCI Express x16 F Fก 6 3.6 SLI Connector 3.4.4. NVIDIA Driver with SLI supported F Fก กก F nVidia ForceWare Driver F F F F SLI Multi-GPU Technology 3.5 SLI Rendering Mode SLI ก F ก F2 3.5.1. SFR Split - frame Rendering F ก F F ก 2 F F GPU 2 F ก ก F 2 F F ก F F ก FF ก F F F F ก FF ก F ก ก F ก F F 6 http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
  • 19. 7 3.7 Split-frame rendering 3.5.2 AFR Alternate - frame Rendering F ก Fก Fก F F F ก F กก F F ก ก ก F F ก F F F ก F ก F ก ก F F ก F F ก F F F ก 8 3.8 Alternate-frame rendering 7 http://http.download.nvidia.com/developer/presentations/2005/GDC/ OpenGL_Day/ OpenGL_SLI.pdf 8 http://http.download.nvidia.com/developer/presentations/2005/GDC/ OpenGL_Day/OpenGL_SLI.pdf
  • 20. 4 CrossFire 4.1 Introduction ก F ATI Multi-GPU ก F F CrossFire ก Fก nVidia F F F ก ( F ATI F ก F ) FF กก F F ก F ATI ก F F กF SLI nVidia ก ก F F F F ก F PCI-Express F ก ก CrossFire ก SLI F ก F F ก CrossFire F กF SLI nVidia ก F F SLI F F ก F F ก F ก F CrossFire F ก ก F ก F CrossFire F F ก F ก F F ก F F F ก ก ก F กก F ก F ก F CrossFire ก กก F ก F Master F ก F ก ก F ก F ก F Slave 4.2 ก F F ก F CrossFire ก F F ก F CrossFire F ก SLI nVidia SLI F F F SLI bridge F ก F F CrossFire F F F SLI bridge CrossFire ก F F ก F F F DVI DMS
  • 21. 1 4.1 ก F F ก F CrossFire ก F F ก F slave (GPU2, ) ก output ก F DVI output F input ก F CrossFire Edition ก F master (GPU1, ) F F DMS ก ก F CrossFire Edition ก F Composite Engine ก ก F ก F F F ก F กก F slave กก F master กF ก F ก F F DVI ก F master ก F F ก F FF F F F Y F F DVI ก F ก FF F DMS ก F CrossFire Edition F ก ก F DVI ก F ก ก F F 2 4.2 F DMS F DVI Y 1 http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf 2 http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/ati/crossfire/index.html
  • 22. ก กก F ก ATI CrossFire ก ก ก Radeon X800 ก Radeon X850 F Fก F master F F ก ก F CrossFire ก F master F F Radeon X800 CrossFire Edition ก Radeon X850 CrossFire Edition F F CrossFire ก ก F F ก F ก F F Radeon X800 XL CrossFire ก F F ก Radeon X800 CrossFire Edition ก กก F F CrossFire ก ก SLI F F ก F F F ATI Xpress 200 PCI-Express x16 F CrossFire ก F Radeon ( F ก ก 775 ก ก 939 ) 4.3 CrossFire Rendering Mode F ก ก F ก ก GPU CrossFire F ก F nVidia SLI ATI CrossFire ก F ก 4 ก F multi-GPU user F ก 4.3.5 Super Tiling Mode ( F ก F ) ก F Super Tiling Mode กก Super Tiling ก ก F ก F 32 x 32 ก F ก กก ก F F F ก F ก F F F ก F ก F ก ก ก ก F ก F Composite Engine F F ก ก F F F ATI Fก ก F F F (default) Direct3D ก ก F Fก F ก ก F ก ก F F F ก F ก F Pixel Shader ก F F กF F ก ก F F F ก F ก F ก ก ก F F ก OpenGL
  • 23. 3 4.3 Super Tiling Mode 4.3.6 Scissor Mode ( F F ) F Scissor Mode ก F F ก ก F ก ก F Split-Frame Rendering SLI nVidia ก F ก F F ก F F ก F F F F ก FF ก F ก ก F ก F F F ก F F F F F ก กก F 50:50 F F ก F SLI F F ก ก ก F F ก Scissor F Fก ก กก F F OpenGL Direct3D ก FF F F F F load balancing F ก F ก F F ก F ก Scissor Mode ก F ก F ก ก 3 http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf
  • 24. 4 4.4 Scissor Mode 4.3.7 Alternative Frame Rendering Mode ( ) กก F AFR ก F ก Fก Fก F F F ก F กก F F ก ก ก F F ก F F F ( ก ก ก ก F ก กF ) ก F ก F ก ก F F F F ก F F F ก F ก Multi- Frame Rendering SLI ก ก ก F ก ก ก ก Super Tiling Mode Scissor Mode F ก ก F Fก load balancing F ก Fก F OpenGL Direct3D ก F 4 http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf
  • 25. 5 4.5 Alternative Frame Rendering (AFR) Mode 4.3.8 Super Anti-Aliasing (Super AA) Mode (ก ก) F ก F ก ก F ก F F ก ก F ก F F SuperAA F F ก Anti-Aliasing F กก ก ก ก F ก ก F กFก ก F F ก F F ก ก F F ก F F F ก F F ก ก F F ก ก F ก F F ATI S Redeon GPUS Smooth Vision F ก F กก ก Multi-Sample Anti-Aliasing ก F ก 2, 4, 6 F ก F F pixel F gamma ก F ก F F ก F F pixel ก F Cross Fire Super AA mode F F ก ก F ก Smooth Vision HD F ก กFก ก multi GPU system GPU F ก render frame ก anti-aliasing 5 http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf
  • 26. F Fก F F F ก F ก F F ก ก blender Cross Fire engine F 2 F ก F F 4x 6x AA 8x 12x ก ก F Fก F ก ก ก F ก ก , F ก F F ก MSAA ก GPU F SSAA F F ก SSAA F F ก ก render กF ก กก F Output ก ก F ก F F F2 F F ก F ก render pixel กก F ก ก ก ก F F grid ก ก F F SUPER AA F F กF F F F GPU render pixel frame F frame ก Fก F pattern F F F F กก F Super AA 2 F ก ก MSAA SSAA F F ก F ก Fก F F ก F ก offset pixel F ก GPU F ก render ก viewpoint F ก pixel ก ก SuperAA F F ก F ก F ก Fก F F ก F F multi-GPU F F F ก F F F F F F
  • 27. 6 4.6 Super Anti-Aliasing (Super AA) Mode 4.4 F CrossFire ก F SLI nVIDIA 1. ATI ก F ก CrossFire F กF Intel F CrossFire F Intel F F F 16xPCI-E SLI F ก F F SLI F 2. CrossFire F ก Fก F กF SLI SLI nVidia ก F F SLI F F ก F F ก F ก F CrossFire F ก ก F ก F CrossFire F F ก F ก ก F F ก F F F ก ก ก F กก F 3. ATI CrossFire bridge F bit width ก F SLI clock F ก F ก F ก F ก F ก 12 F F F ก ก F CrossFire F F software F F CrossFire F ก ก F single CrossFire ก F SLI F GeForce 8800GTX F F F 2 F FF F Fก F Bridge F ก F กF ก F multi-GPU F pairs 6 http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf
  • 28. 4.5 F CrossFire ก SLI nVIDIA 1. F OpenGL game F F CrossFire Catalyst AI F F F rendering mode Scissor F กF กF F F F ก SLI F rendering mode ก F application manually กF ก F existing profile ก ก F F Catalyst AI F 'Advanced' F manual mode ก ก ก ก 3 ( Direct 3D game) F OpenGL games 2. ก F CrossFire F ก external y-cable/dongle F CrossFire F F ก F PCI-e bus bandwidth F Fก CrossFire F ก F ก F F Fก F F F Y-Dongle ก ก dongle F ก F ก F scaling effectiveness CrossFire setup F F ก ก CrossFire F mid-range กF F F ก Master card FF F Fก F ก 3. ก Fก F กFก F ก F CrossFire ก F F ก F Master ก F ก F F ก F กก F Fก F F F 4. 2007, CrossFire F ก notebook F SLI nVidia F F
  • 29. 5 SLI CrossFire ก ก กก F 2 F ก ก Fก multi-GPU F PCI-Express F ก ก ก ก F ก ก F Fก ก F F ก F F ก ก F F F F ก ก 3 F ก F F ก F ก F ก กก F F F F ก ก F ก FF ก F ก F ก F F ก F ก F ก F multi-GPU F F F ก F F F F F F F F F F F ก ก กก F Fก กก F ก ก F ก กก F ก F F F ก F
  • 30. F 1 ก . 2548. CrossFire SLI F . CHIP. ก .96-97 2 Ajit Datar and Apurva Padhye. 2005 (April, 14). Graphics Processing Unit Architecture (GPU Arch) With a focus on NVIDIA GeForce 6800 GPU. [Online].Available URL: http://www.d.umn.edu/~data0003/Talks/gpuarch.pdf 3 ATI CrossFire. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_CrossFire 4 ATI Technologies Inc. 2005. ATI CrossFire. [Online].Available URL: http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf 5 Gerrit Voss and others. Biological Sequence Alignment on Graphics Processing Units. [Online].Available URL: http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/asbschmidt/paper/BioGPU.pdf Graphics processing unit . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit 6 James Fung and Steve Mann. 2004 (September, 9). COMPUTER VISION SIGNAL PROCESSING ON GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNITS. [Online].Available URL: http://www.eyetap.org/papers/docs/procicassp2004.pdf 7 Jin Hyuk Jung y. Cholesky Decomposition and Linear Programming on a GPU. [Online].Available URL: http://www.cs.umd.edu/Grad/scholarlypapers/papers/jjung.pdf 8 Martin Christen. 2005 (January 19). Ray Tracing on GPU. [Online].Available URL: http://gpurt.sourceforge.net/DA07_0405_Ray_Tracing_on_GPU-1.0.5.pdf 9 Ryszard Sommefeldt. 2004 (November, 22). NVIDIA's SLI - An Introduction. [Online].Available URL: http://www.hexus.net/content/item.php?item=916 10 Scalable Link Interface. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Link_Interface Simon Green. 2005 (March, 7). SLI MULTI-GPU. [Online].Available URL: http://http.download.nvidia.com/developer/presentations/2005/GDC/OpenGL_Day/ OpenGL_SLI.pdf 11 Spin9. 2004 (December, 21). NVIDIA SLI Technology. [Online].Available URL: http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html
  • 31. 20 Spin9. 2005 (October, 27). ATI CrossFire Multi-GPU Technology. [Online].Available URL: http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/ati/crossfire/index.html 21 Tor Dokken. 2006 (March, 10). The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) as a high performance computational resource for simulation and geometry processing. [Online].Available URL: http://www.aimatshape.net/downloads/nig- nirg/workshop2006/dokken-darmstadt-march-2006_print.pdf/view 22 Zhe Fan and others. 2004 (November, 6). GPU Cluster for High Performance Computing. [Online].Available URL: http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~vislab/papers/GPUcluster_SC2004.pdf