News of Science and Education

127(6
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
NR 20 (20) 2014
News of Science
and Education
Sheffield
SCIENCE AND EDUCATION LTD
2014

News of Science and Education
Editor in chief: SERGIY YEKIMOV
Editorial board:
prof. Vaclav Helus, CSc.
prof. Jan Kuchar, CSc.
prof. Karel Hajek, CSc.
prof. Alena Svarcova, CSc.
prof. Jiri Cisar, CSc.
prof. Vera Winterova, CSc.
doc. PhDr. David Novotny, Ph.D.
doc. PhDr. Zdenek Salac, Ph.D.
prof. Pavel Suchanek, CSc.
prof. Katarzyna Hofmannova, CSc.
prof. Vaclav Grygar, CSc.
prof. Zuzana Syllova, CSc.
prof. Alena Sanderova, CSc.
prof. Marek Jerabek, CSc.
prof. Vera Perinova, CSc.
prof. Ing. Karel Marsalek, M.A., Ph.D.
prof. Ing. Jiri Smolik, M.A., Ph.D.
Technical editor:
Mgr. Helena Krzyzankova
Editorial address:
OFFICE 1, VELOCITY TOWER,
10 ST. MARY’S GATE, SHEFFIELD, S
YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND, S1 4LR
e-mail: praha@rusnauka.com
Date signed for printing , 10.12.2014
Publisher : Science and education LTD
Registered Number: 08878342
OFFICE 1, VELOCITY TOWER,10 ST. MARY’S GATE, SHEFFIELD, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND, S1 4LR
News of Science and Education 20 (20) 2014 
- 127 -
*179751*
*181147*
*181659*
*180342*
*179667*
*179544*
*181600*
*174845*
*179773*
*179848*
*179439*
*180918*
*182103*
*179590*
*181031*

 20 (20) 2014 Chemistry and chemical technology
- 126 -
REFERENCES
1. Andreyevskaya, G.D., Plisko, T.A. (1963). Some Physical Properties of
Continuous Basalt Fibers (In Russian), Steklo i Keramika, 8: 15−18.
2. Aslanova, M.S. (1960). High-temperature Resistant Inorganic Fibers and
Properties Thereof (In Russian), Steklo i Keramika, 9: 11−13.
3. Myasnikov A.A., Aslanova, M.S. (1964). The Effect of a Chemical Com-
position of Basalt Fiber on Its Chemical Resistance (In Russian), Steklo i
Keramika, 3: 9−11.
4. Dzhigiris, D.D., Makhova, M.F., Gorbinskaya, V.D., Bombyr', L.N.
(1983). Continuous Basalt Fiber (In Russian), Steklo i Keramika, 9: 14−16.
5. Morozov, N.N., Bakunov, V.S., Morozov, Ye.N., Aslanova, L.G.,
Granovski, P.A., Proshkin, V.V., Zemlyanitsyn, A.A. (2001). Materials
Based on Basalts from the European North of Russia (In Russian), Steklo i
Keramika, 3: 24−27.
6. Perepelkin, K.Ye. (2009). Polymer matrices/binders, Reinforcing Binders
and Fibrous Polymer Composites (In Russian), Scientific Bases and Tech-
nology, Saint-Petersburg, pp. 154−160.
7. Berlin, A.A. (2009). Thermoreactive Binders, Polymer Composite Materi-
als: Structure, Properties, Technology (In Russian), Profession, Saint-Pe-
tersburg, pp. 33−50.
8. Sobolevski, M.V. (1975). Properties and Application Fields of Organic-Sil-
icon Products, Chemistry (In Russian), Moscow, pp. 93−112.
9. Mikhailin, Yu.A. (1984). Technological and Service Properties of Polyi-
mide Binders, Prepregs, and Imidoplasts (In Russian), Plasticheskiye
Massy, 3: 31−33.
10. Mallinson, G. (1973). Selecting pipes for operation, The Use of Parts of
Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastics in Chemical Production (In Russian),
Khimia, Moscow, pp. 37−38.
CONTENT
ECOLOGY
Macanović G., Lutovac M.V., Radoman K., Pljakić B.
THERMAL COMFORT ............................................................................................... 5
Hasanov G.N., Asvarova T.A., Hajiyev K.M., Akhmedova Z.N.,
Abdulaeva A.S., Bashirov R.R., Salihov S.A.
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MEADOW-CHESTNUT SOILS
OF THE NORTH – WESTERN PRECASPIAN REGION ACCORDING
TO THE DYNAMICS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS........................... 17
Hajiyev A.H., Rustamov Y.I.
ADJUSTMENT OF THE LEVEL OF GROUND WATER
BY USING HORIZONTAL DRAIN ACADEMICIAN............................................ 26
AGRICULTURE
Braginets N.V., Bakhariev D.N.
USE OF THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
AT THE THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION OF PARAMETERS
OF THE FEEDER OF THE LOADING MACHINE FOR CORN COBS ................ 32
Saydak R.V., Tarariko.Y.O.
VERTICAL INFILTRATION OF MOISTURE AND NITROGEN
IN SOD-PODZOLIC PERIODICALLY WATER-LOGGED SOILS....................... 45
Merzlyak D., Udodov S., Dovgun I., Martsynkevych L.
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE METHODS AND MEANS
OF BEER WORT HEAT TREATMENT................................................................... 50
Kopaleishvili T., Kipiani A., Xvedelidze V.
DIAGNOSIS OF BURN HEALING EFFECT OF NEW PHYTOPREPARATION
ON THE BASIS OF EXSTRACTED OIL OF TEA LEAF ....................................... 57

PHYSICS
Abdullin I., Khubatkhuzin А., Khristoliubova V., Gafarov I.
INCREASE OF HARDNESS AND PHYSICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF METALS AND ALLOYS WITH THE HELP OF RF-PLASMA
OF LOW PRESSURE................................................................................................. 63
Muminov Kh.Kh., Shokirov F.Sh., Atoeva Kh.I.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF NEW TYPES OF TOPOLOGICAL
AND DYNAMICAL SOLITONS IN NON-LINEAR SIGMA-MODEL.................. 69
Korablev G.А., Petrova N.G., Kodolov V.I., Korablev R.G.,
Osipov A.K., Akmarov P.B.
ENTROPIC NOMOGRAM ........................................................................................ 78
Kamilov I.K., Stepurenko A.A.and Gummetov A.E.
THE DIAMAGNETIC MODULATION OF THE CROSS
GALVANOMAGNETIC EFFECT IN A LONGITUDINAL
AUTOSOLITON IN P-INSB...................................................................................... 87
CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Fedina Y.A., Papulov Yu.G., Vinogradova M.G.
CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN BOILING POINT
AND RANDIĆ INDEX OF ALKANES..................................................................... 95
Sverdlikovs’ka O., Burmistr M., Chervakov O.
PERSPECTIVE IONIC LIQUIDS BASED ON QUATERNARY
AMMONIUM SALTS – DERIVATIVES OF MORPHOLINE
WITH NITRATE ANION........................................................................................... 99
Kim S., Mambeterzina G., Kim D.
FROM PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
TO THE CIRCLE AND CODE OF NATURAL ELEMENTS
OF THE UNIVERSE ................................................................................................ 105
Tatarintseva O.S., Zimin D.E., Khodakova N.N.
POLYMER COMPOSITE OF ENHANCED HEAT
AND CHEMICAL RESISTANCE FOR FILAMENT-WOUND PRODUCTS
OF FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE................................................................................. 117
- 125 -
Figure 5. Photographs of TC binder-based basalt plastic: initial sample (a)
and sample after holding in NaOH (b).
There is no doubt that the most reliable information on the efficiency of the ma-
terial developed or a product can be acquired by its direct testing. According to the
literature data [10], one of the conditions for a long-term service of plastics is a 10-fold
strength reserve of a product when normally tested. For a guaranteed service of basalt
plastic under conditions stipulated by requirements imposed on hot water supply pipes
(1.6 MPa), such tests should be conducted at a pressure of 16 MPa. When hydro-tested,
basalt plastic pipes based on the ЭХДИ and ЭДИ binders have exhibited only a 5-fold
strength reserve (8 MPa) due to enhanced moisture permeability while basalt plastic
pipes based on the TC binder have demonstrated more than a 9-fold strength reserve
(14.5 MPa). Testing at a higher pressure appeared to be impossible because of the ina-
bility of testing equipment to withstand said regime.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The choice of basalt fibers to reinforce composite materials meant to service
under extreme conditions (mechanical loads, humidity, increased temperature, corro-
sive environment) has been substantiated and experimentally confirmed by data on heat
and chemical resistances, wettability, and binder impregnation rate.
Considering the known literature and experimental data on heat resistance of
epoxy resins as well as the obtained functional dependence of heat resistance on the
content of a curing agent, a binder formulation comprising the nitrogen-containing
epoxy resin УП-610 and iso-methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride has been developed.
The binder has the Martens heat resistance greater than 150°C and rheological charac-
teristics that enable its processing to a polymer composite material at low temperatures.
Basalt plastic based on basalt fibers and the TC binder possesses excellent
strength characteristics that do not change after exposure to increased temperatures and
corrosive environments.
The hydrostatic tests have proved the possibility of utilizing the developed plas-
tic in the manufacture of filament-wound products intended for service under extreme
conditions.

- 124 -
high. Basalt plastics based on the ЭХДИ and ЭДИ binders are however more affected
by increased temperature (Table 3).
Table 3. The temperature effect on physicomechanical characteristics of bas-
alt plastics.
Binder
brand
Binder
content
(%)
ρ
(kg/m3
)
Strength characteristics at Т (°С)
20 150
tg (MPa) Еtg (MPa) tg (MPa) Еtg (MPa)
ТС 22.8 1870 921±28 24710±338 842±25 21745±238
ЭХДИ 24.0 1860 901±28 23730±411 367±22 7380±192
ЭДИ 23.0 1840 891±25 24340±401 510±24 13052±276
The chemical resistance of basalt plastic was evaluated from the change in weight
of specimens in the form of rings cut out from pipes after holding in corrosive media
at room temperature and from the change in strength characteristics after boiling.
To conduct experiments, the samples were preliminary dried to a constant weight
at room temperature, placed in a dessicator filled with a solution, and held for 24 h
therein. Distilled water, sulfuric acid, alkali, transformer oil, gasoline, acetone, and
ethanol were utilized as solutions. The increase in weight after the samples had been
held in NaOH was 0.05%, and it did not exceed 0.03% in the other solutions, which
indicates a high chemical resistance of basalt plastic.
To study the temperature effect, the samples were placed in a water bath filled
with an appropriate reagent and boiled for 30 h. Table 4 lists the results which demon-
strate that the developed polymer composite reinforced with basalt fibers is quite re-
sistant in acid and alkali.
Table 4. The chemical resistance of basalt plastic.
Parameter Parameter value
Initial H2O
H2SO4 NaOH
1N 2N 1N 2N
σtg (MPa) 921±28 916±30 842±26 803±22 872±26 852±26
Еtg (MPa) 24710±338 24800±248 22690±289 22280±317 23680±313 23220±236
After exposure to the corrosive media the samples did not undergo changes, and
no cracks and caverns were detected on their surface, which is evidenced by photo-
graphs in Figure 5.
- 5 -
*179667*
Gordana Macanović1)
International University, District of Brcko, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mitar V. Lutovac,Kristina Radoman2)
University Union,Belgrade,
Benida Pljakić(3)
University in Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
THERMAL COMFORT
Abstract
A principal purpose of heating, ventilating and air conditioning system is to pro-
vide conditions for human thermal comfort. A widely accepted definition is «Thermal
Comfort is that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with thermal environ-
ment». The conscious mind appears to reach conclusion about thermal comfort and
discomfort from direct temperature and moisture sensations from the skin, deep body
temperatures, and the efforts necessary to regulate body temperatures. In general, com-
fort occurs when body temperatures are held within narrow ranges, skin moisture is
low, and the physiological effort of regulation is minimized.
Comfort also includes behavioral actions initiated by the conscious mind and
guided by thermal and moisture sensations to reduce discomfort. For example, altering
clothing, altering activity, changing posture or location, changing the thermostat set-
ting, opening a window, complaining, or leaving the space are some of the possible
behavioral action to reduce discomfort.
Surprisingly, though regional climate conditions, living conditions, and cultures
differ widely, throughout the world the preferred temperature that people choose for
comfort under like conditions of clothing, activity, humidity, and air movement has
been found to be similar.
The metabolic activities of the body result almost completely in heat that must be
continuously dissipated and regulated to prevent abnormal body temperatures. Insuffi-
cient heat loss leads to overheating also called hyperthermia, and excessive heat loss
results in body cooling also called hypothermia. Skin temperatures higher than 45ºC or
lower than 18ºC cause pain. Skin temperatures associated with comfort at sedentary
activities are 33 to 34 ºC. In contrast internal temperatures risk with activity. The tem-
perature regulatory center is in the brain. An internal temperature less than about 28ºC
can lead to serious cardiac arrhythmia and death and temperatures greater than 46ºC
can cause irreversible brain damage. Therefore the careful regulation of body temper-
ature is critical to comfort and health.

 20 (20) 2014 Ecology
- 6 -
Key words: thermal comfort, body, metabolic activities, temperatures, activity,
humidity
Introduction
Well protected human body can be adapted to variations of ambient temperatures from
-50ºC to 100º C. At the same time physiological mechanisms able to do it alone in the range
of 0ºC to – 50ºC, and outside these limits only with the clothes, air conditioning and the like.
Temperature of the body core, however, can vary quite a bit, by only 4ºC without changes of
optimal mental and physical abilities. The upper limit of survival at that time is very nearly
constant temperature, because the human body can only a very short time tolerate rise in body
temperature over 41ºC, and the mechanisms of defense against overheating are much better
developed than the defense mechanisms from cooling.
Thermal equilibrium
In order to keep quantity of heat in the body at constant level, that is, to keep the
body temperature unchanged, heat quantities produced and received from the environ-
ment must be equal to the heat losses, according to the formula:
φ = α ± β ± γ – δ = 0
where α means metabolic heat production, β – radiation gradient that can be positive
at a time when the ambient temperature is higher than the temperature of the skin, or nega-
tive in the opposite case, γ – convection / conduction factor, which can also be either positive
or negative, depending on the temperature of the air, δ – heat losses by evaporation.
Figure 1 Heat balance of man [1]
Live and latent heat
losses due to respiration
Methabolic heat
Exchange by radia-
tion with surround-
ing walls
Conducton to adja-
cent air layers of from
them
Convective exchanges
with air
Evaporative heat
losses due to
sweating
- 123 -
Figure 4. Temperature dependence of the TC binder viscosity.
The studies of technological properties of the TC binder have revealed that at the
processing temperature of 30°C it has viability of no less than 3.5 h, which is quite suffi-
cient for industrial conditions. It is worth mentioning that at lowered temperatures 12−16
°C the binder keeps the viability for 72 h, and its gelatinization is 8−12 min at 120 °C.
Fabricated model specimens of the cured TC binder had strength characteristics and
increased (by 50−70 %) water resistance comparable with the ЭДИ and ЭХДИ binders.
IV. THE EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT OF BASALT PLASTIC
The advantages of basalt fibers considered with respect to strength, wettability,
rate and completeness of impregnation with epoxy resins as well as high heat resistance
and low water absorption of the TC binder have served as a ground for creating a com-
posite material and testing its efficiency in products being manufactured by the wind-
ing method. As a consequence of the design and technological works under laboratory
conditions, we chose a composition containing 22−24 % of the binder providing, upon
two-step curing (125 °С – 1 h, 150 °С – 2 h), higher performance of basalt plastic at a
density, ρ, equal to (1860±10) kg/m3
. The efficiency of the composite was evaluated
from the change in strength characteristics of specimens cut out in the axial direction
from basalt plastic pipes having a diameter of 110 mm and a wall thickness of 5 mm,
under conditions of increased temperatures, humidity, and corrosive environments.
The basalt rovings, РБ 13-800-76 and РБ 9-400, were used for the cross-fibered longi-
tudinal-circumferential winding of products in the circular direction and in the axial
direction, respectively.
The experiments showed that the mechanical characteristics (strength, tg, and
modulus of elasticity, Еtg, in the tangential direction) of polymer composites fabricated
using different binders, at room temperature, were almost the same and sufficiently

- 122 -
resins with OPDA was found to be accompanied by the strong self-heating of the binder
while introduction of TEA sharply diminishes the binder pot life and raises the viscos-
ity, complicating the binder application to manufacture filament-wound products. To
this end, iso-MTHPA appeared to be the most promising. The curing reaction rate be-
ing sufficiently high in the studied concentration range for this curing agent (120−150
parts by weight), the introduction of accelerator УП 606/2, which decreases heat re-
sistance, to the binder formulation is not necessary.
When a part of resin ЭД-20 is replaced with УП 610 using iso-MTHPA, the
binder heat resistance increases. Changing the ratio of the resins content by increasing
УП 610 up to 75 % makes it possible to enhance heat resistance of the formulations up
to 142 °C, but the level needed is not achieved. The experiments showed that the high-
est heat resistance belongs to a binder based on УП 610 and iso-MTHPA whose content
is 130−135 parts by weight (Figure 3). This binder was conditionally called TC.
Figure 3. The binder heat resistance as a function of the iso-MTHPA content.
In the manufacture of filament-wound products, of importance are technological
characteristics of a binder such as viscosity, longevity, and gel time. After a curing
agent has been introduced into a resin, the viscosity initially rises (gelation) up to the
gel formation, and then the resin solidifies. To qualitatively impregnate a reinforcing
agent, a binder has to have a low viscosity. Therefore, the viscosity must not change
throughout the winding of a product at the processing temperatures. Upon completion
of the winding, the binder gelation should be sufficiently rapid to avoid its running-off
from the product.
It can be seen from the temperature dependence of the TC binder viscosity de-
picted in Figure 4 that the viscosity level necessary for the processing 20−60 s is
achieved at sufficiently low temperatures, which enables reduction of power inputs for
the manufacture of products under industrial conditions.
- 7 -
Thermo neutral environment
According to mechanisms for maintaining body temperature, man could be clas-
sified as a tropical being; his optimal ambient temperature is between 28ºC and 30ºC.
These are the conditions of thermal comfort [2], when a man can survive without cloth-
ing and shelter, and when there is no a substantial loading of physiological functions
involved in the process of thermoregulation, whose function is the maintenance of con-
stant body temperature.
This constant temperature is related to the corporal core, which consists of: brain,
heart, lungs, and abdominal organs, which do not tolerate temperature variations of
more than 4°C. In contrast, temperature gradient between them and surface of the skin
can reach even more than 20°C, but ideal difference is 4°C, when the temperature of
the core 37º and of the skin 33ºC, what is realized in just-mentioned range of the am-
bient temperature.
But even in these conditions the man produces excess of heat. Our energy metab-
olism is inefficient in terms of food energy conversion into chemical energy, because
each metabolic process generates a certain quantity of heat that appears as a byproduct.
In idle status about 75% of so generated heat is removed by process the radiation
and convection, and the remaining 25% – largely by passive evaporation.
Thermoregulation in circumstances of physical work
When a person is exposed to a greater physical loading, the production of heat in-
creases by 20 to 30 times compared to the conventional 240-360 kJ/h, reaching even
4800–8000 kJ/h. Theoretically, without mechanisms heat output body temperature could
in only 1h rise from 37ºC to 60ºC. Because of this, the conditions of thermal comfort
viewed in relation to ambient temperature, differ according to the type of work. A pre-
ferred temperature ranges from 17ºC to 31ºC, depending on climate and clothes. To en-
sure optimal working environment, it is necessary to make a local microclimate by cool-
ing or heating, wearing special clothes, isolation of specific work areas [3]. Even in ideal
conditions, specific problem can appear. Certain parts of body respond differently to the
same conditions, the legs are normally cooler than the other body parts. The air temper-
ature of 33ºC does not give the same feeling as the same temperature of the water. The
water should be 35°C if the man is going to feel pleasant in it, but doing so the body, in
fact, is heated. Local heating of legs and arms can at the same time cause trembling and
sweating. It is evident that by the inappropriate dressing, or by local heating or cooling
the process of normal thermoregulation can be disrupted.
The effects of low temperatures
In low temperature conditions the heat losses can be significant, because the tem-
perature gradient body and environment is increased. In order to prevent the drop of

 20 (20) 2014 Ecology
- 8 -
body temperature, there is a variety of changes in adaptation, the production of heat
increases, and the losses decrease.
Increase of heat production is achieved either by tremor or by increased physical
activities. Tremor as a muscular activity created due to synchronized activation of al-
most all muscles is inefficient in a mechanical sense, but it is extremely efficient in
terms of generation of heat. It increases the metabolic rate at rest from 2 to 4 times, and
thus leads to an increased production of heat. Even moderate physical activity increases
the metabolic rate tenfold. Hard physical work or sport activities allow the production
of so much heat that the body can maintain core temperature even at -30ºC in a very
light clothes.
Reduction of the heat losses, however, is not so effective, because in the worst
case can cause tissue damage. Receptors, stimulated by cold, low temperature will react
with shock that will lead to an immediate vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels,
Table 1 Characteristics of processes preventing overheating of human body
Process Characteristics
Radiation
 Infrared thermal waves length 5-20 μm
 Depends on temperature of surrounding bodies
 No need for air
 Does not depend on the air temperature
 It is disabled when ambient temperature is higher than body
temperature
Conduction
 Direct heat transfer to molecules of solid, liquid and gaseous
bodies
 Depends directly on the temperature gradient
 Depends on conductivity; water conductivity is 20 to 25 times
higher than conductivity of air
Convection
 Heat transfer owing to air flow
 «An intimate or private air zone «
 Speed of air change in this area determines also the possibility
of conduction of these amounts of heat
 If the air temperature is higher or equal to the body tempera-
ture, air flow velocity is essential
Evaporation
 Passive evaporation, moisture loss from the skin and through
the respiratory organs
 Body has two to four million of sweat glands, which may lead
to secretion of 10-12 liters of sweat
 Evaporation of 1 liter of sweat consumes about 2500 kJ
 The sweat is hypotonic solution of NaCl (0.2-0.4%)
 Evaporation rate depends on the area of skin, as well as on air
temperature, humidity and flow
- 121 -
polymer compositions. Peculiar properties of the basalt fiber surface (the existence of
silanol and hydroxyl groups of impurity metals, which are active adsorption sites capable
of interacting with binder components) result in a variation of the interaction process
between the polymer matrix and the reinforcing agent in two aspects. Firstly, the chem-
ism of the curing process changes, which provides a greater depth of its passing. Sec-
ondly, the physicochemical interaction at the interface changes and, accordingly, physi-
cochemical properties of the composite vary. Following this particular impact, a polymer
matrix was being selected for composite materials based on basalt fibers.
III. DEVELOPMENT OF A HEAT-RESISTANT BINDER
A literature search for binder components to fabricate basalt plastic to be exploited
under conditions of 100% humidity at 150°C and 1.6 MPa showed that binders widely
used in the manufacture of polymer composites and based on unsaturated esters, phe-
nol-formaldehyde, organic-silicon, polyimidine and furan resins endowing a plastic
with high thermal stability do not meet requirements imposed on the manufacturing
characteristics, are difficult to process, and often require generation of excessive inter-
nal pressure upon curing, to remove reaction products and residual solvents.
Conventional materials to manufacture filament-wound products of high
strength and low weight include binders based on the epoxydiane resins − ЭД-20
(ЭДИ) and ЭХД (ЭХДИ) which possess technological properties necessary for the
winding and provide products with high strength characteristics and operating temper-
atures of 90 °C and 120 °C, respectively. Enhancement of the operating temperature of
composites using those binders being not possible, we attempted to create a new heat-
resistant binder. It is well known from the literature that the highest heat resistance of
glass plastics is due to the nitrogen-containing epoxy resin УП-610 − the condensation
product of epichlorohydrin and p-aminophenol followed by dehydrochlorination. It has
an increased reactivity (epoxy groups content 33−40 %) allowing the curing process at
moderate temperatures. When cured, it is characterized by high physicomechanical
properties and increased heat resistance. The resin УП-610 was therefore chosen as the
basic component of the binder under development.
To select curing agents, consideration was given to iso-methyltetrahydrophthalic
anhydride (iso-MTHPA), triethanolamine (TEA), and o-phenylenediamine (OPDA).
Diethylene glycol and trimethylaminomethylphenol (УП 606/2) served as a plasticizer
and an accelerator, respectively.
The heat resistance of the epoxy compositions was evaluated by the Martens
method that consists in measuring the temperature at which a sample, being heated
with a constant speed and exposed to the action of constant bending moment, deforms
at a given value.
The heat resistance measurement results for the majority of binder formulations
showed that plasticizers and accelerators decrease heat resistance; the content of these
components should therefore be minimized. In the course of studies, the mixing of the

- 120 -
The basalt fiber optical opacity making difficult the study of the impregnation
process under the microscope, we employed a rapid method accepted for the compar-
ative evaluation of the impregnation of reinforcing materials, using a B-630 cathetom-
eter. The impregnation rate was defined as the value of a change in height of binder
ascent in 1 min. Figure 2 illustrates kinetic curves of the impregnation of basalt and
glass fibers with an epoxy binder at 20 °C.
Figure 2. The kinetics of impregnation of fibers with epoxy binder:
1 – glass fiber; 2 – basalt fiber.
The rate and completeness of impregnation of the basalt fiber with a binder excels
the level of the same parameters for the glass fiber, which correlates with data on its
better wetting with the binder. This naturally has an impact on the enhancement of
strength characteristics of a plastic fabricated using basalt fiber (Table 2).
Table 2. Strength characteristics of fibers and plastics.
Fiber
Статья I. Characteristic value
Roving Microplastic Раздел 1.01 Unidirectio
nal plastic
Р (N) Ро (MN/tex) Р (N) Ро (MN/tex) Ро (N) σр (MPa)
Basalt 190 440 423 960 63 1507
Glass 220 520 400 920 53 1185
Note: Р, Р0 – breaking and specific breaking loads; σр – tensile strength.
Thus, the selection of a reinforcing agent for further studies on designing a com-
posite material of enhanced thermal and chemical stabilities is based on the results from
theoretical and experimental research.
The promising outlook for utilizing basalt fibers to manufacture plastics is speci-
fied not merely by their unique properties but also by a significant effect they exert on
- 9 -
what will result in reduced blood flow, or the loss of heat. Vasoconstriction is most
pronounced in the extremities, especially the fingers and toes. Studies have shown that
the blood flow through fingers may be varied up to 100 times. This reduces the tem-
perature gradient of the skin of fingers and the environment, what in extremely low
ambient temperatures can cause severe damage and even loss of fingers.
The effect of high temperatures
When one is exposed to ambient temperatures above 30ºC or performs any muscle
activity, body temperature has a tendency of rapid increase, and the mechanisms of
thermoregulation which lead to heat loses and which serve to protect the body from
overheating are as follows: radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation [4].
Their most important characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
Their contributions in the specific circumstances are very different, depending on
the temperature of the environment. In conditions of thermal comfort activation of the
sweat glands is not present, but at ambient temperature of 36ºC this mechanism serves
to release 100% of surplus heat.
Excess heat losses at high ambient temperatures
When the ambient temperature increases, efficiencies of radiation, conduction and
convection rapidly decline (Table 2). At some point, when the ambient temperature
becomes higher than body temperature, they become mechanisms through which the
body receives heat, in particular when there is a source of radiation, such as when it
comes to the workers in foundries or in glass blowing plants and similar.
Table 2 Participation of individual mechanisms the heat transfer at rest at dif-
ferent ambient temperatures [5]
Process
Environmental temperature, °C
20 30 36
Total heat losses, J/m2
s 63.1 38.1 43.1
Relative heat losses, % 100 100 100
Of that by
 Evaporation 13 27 100
 Conduction 26 27 0
 Radiation 61 46 0

 20 (20) 2014 Ecology
- 10 -
Table 3 Average and biophysical data for the human being
Parameter Value
Body weight m 60 – 70 kg
Body volume, V 60 L
Body surface A, naked 1.7 – 1.9 m2
Body temperature 37ºC
Heart rate – the pulse 70 – 80/min
Basal metabolism 70 – 80 W
Number of breaths 16/min
Amount of air inhaled 0.5 m3
/h
Average skin temperature 32 – 33ºC
Lasting effect 85 W
Exhalation of CO2 (in the stillstand) 10 – 20 E/h
In these conditions sweat glands are activated and the skin is cooled by evapora-
tion of the secreted sweat. A man has in average about two million glands, but the
capacity is sweating very different; some people even do not have sweat glands! Acti-
vation of glands in individual parts of the body is not simultaneous. When somebody
is for longer period of time exposed to high temperatures, the amount of sweat increases
so that it can reach up to several liters per hour. After a while occurs exhaustion of the
mechanism of sweating, despite to regular compensation of liquid.
An important physiological mechanism that enables release of excess heat is the
increased blood flow to the skin by process of vasodilation and by the increase in the
minute cardiac output.
Heat emission in conditions of high humidity
Sweating by itself does not lower the temperature, but is a consequence of cooling
due to sweat evaporation from the skin surface. Evaporation of 1 liter of sweat con-
sumes 2520 kJ. Several basic factors determine the rate of evaporation: (1) free surface
of skin; (2) air temperature; (3) relative humidity of air; (4) air flow velocity [6]. Rel-
ative humidity is certainly the most important parameter of the environment which in-
fluences the degree of evaporation. If the humidity is high and the relative humidity is
high it means that the pressure of the moisture in the air pressure approaches the sweat
pressure on the skin, which is 0.06 bar, and the sweat cannot evaporate, but runs down
the body. Air velocity can under such circumstances be very important. If it is higher,
fast exchange in the zone of intimate air occurs, the moisture deficit immediately on
the body increases, allowing evaporation of sweat from the skin surface. Because of
this, a man easier tolerates high temperatures in the conditions of low humidity. Dry
desert climate is easier to withstand than humid tropical climate, in spite to the much
lower temperatures of the tropics.
- 119 -
The findings afford ground to suppose that incorporation of basalt fibers in place
of glass ones will allow composites to operate under more severe conditions. When
making reinforced composite materials, of great importance is the wetting and impreg-
nation of a filling agent with a polymer, which provides products with high physicome-
chanical parameters. One of the conditions for a good polymolecular contact between
the components is the complete wetting of fibers during impregnation. The higher the
wettability, the better the binder spreading over the fiber surface and the fewer voids
are left which are stress concentrators and the causes of premature aging and disinte-
gration of a material in constructions.
The wettability of fibers with an epoxy binder was evaluated from the change in
the limiting wetting angle measured by the sessile drop method. The objects of study
were rovings from basalt and glass fibers. A drop of the binder was deposited on the
roving fixed in a frame using a water-jacketed pipette, and in certain time intervals the
drop projection was recorded to determine the wetting angle.
The experiments indicated that the basalt fiber is wetted with the epoxy binder
better than the glass one (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Wettability of fibers with epoxy binder: 1 – glass fiber at 20 °C (○)
and 50 С (●); 2 – basalt fiber at 20С (□) and 50С (■).
The wettability of fibers increases with increasing temperature, the character of
change in the wetting angle for the glass and basalt rovings being similar to the de-
pendences obtained at room temperature.
Impregnation is one of the governing factors affecting physicomechanical pa-
rameters of compositions and performance properties of products. Penetration of an
impregnant deep into a fibrous material structure is due to the action of capillary forces
and obeys the basic rules for impregnation of porous bodies.

- 118 -
a filler and a binder but also a theoretical and experimental investigation into mechanical,
chemical and temperature effects upon the material properties.
A successful implementation of great potentials of the polymer composite mate-
rial depends significantly on selection of the components − reinforcing agent and pol-
ymer matrix.
II. SELECTION OF A REINFORCING AGENT
For filament-wound plastics, the reinforcing materials are mainly glass fibers in the
form of rovings and filaments. At the same time, basalt fibers are known to be superior to
glass ones in a number of properties (heat and chemical resistance, longevity, environmental
safety) but have not been widely used to manufacture polymer composites till now [1-6].
The existence of huge reserves of the single-component raw material and a relatively mod-
erate cost of fibers produced therefrom is not the least of the factors determining the prom-
ising outlook for utilizing basaltfibers for those purposes. Considering this and having taken
into account that basalt fibers in the manufacture of composite products are similar in many
ways to the glass and that the available production technologies for glass plastics are also
suitable for producing basalt plastics, we have undertaken studies on establishing the feasi-
bility to replace reinforcing glass fibers with basalt ones.
As efficiency criteria for their application, we have taken absolute strength of
the fibers having a diameter of 9−11 μm, absolute strength preservation percentage
after thermal treatment, and chemical resistance estimated from weight losses after 3-
h boiling in corrosive media.
Table1presentstheexperimentaldataonstrengthpropertiesandchemicalresistanceofthe
fibers, showing that the basalt fiber has the highest modulus of elasticity, enhanced strength after
thermal treatment, and superior alkali andacid resistancesasopposed to the glass fiber.
Table 1. Comparative characteristics of basalt and glass fibers.
Parameter Parameter value
Glass fiber Basalt fiber
Tensile strength (MPa) 2600 2500
Modulus of elasticity (MPa) 72000 110000
Strength preservation after heating (%) at a tempera-
ture (ºС):
200
400
500
600
94
50
33
12
100
82
48
25
Chemical resistance (%) upon boiling
in a medium:
Н2О
2N NaOH
2N HCl
99.3
68.6
53.9
99.6
88.9
81.2
- 11 -
Acclimatization
Repeated or permanent exposure of body to high temperatures, and some people
also claim to low ones, causes a series of physiological changes in terms of adaptations
that increase tolerance to high and low temperatures. In the body of certain insects in
the fall builds up the «antifreeze» glycerol, what allows them to survive the winter.
Humans do not have a similar mechanism; so far it has not been proven that exist some
really effective physiological changes that enable the survival in harsh conditions.
Acclimatization to warmth
The changes are noticeable at the end of the first week, and completed in ten days.
Necessary exposure time is 2-4 hours per day. In practice, this means that those who
are beginning to work in such a microclimate conditions should gradually extend their
working hours, i.e. length of exposure, and establish full-time after about ten days.
Acclimatization involves two basic processes: circulatory acclimatization and in-
creased efficiency of sweating. After 10 days of exposure to heat capacity for sweating
is almost doubled, sweat is «diluted», sweating is more evenly distributed over the
entire skin surface of the body. This, as well as the circulatory acclimation provides
lower temperature of skin and core, and a lower heart rate at the identical load. Better
redistribution of cardiac output caused by less need for blood transport to the skin blood
vessels for cooling, allows better blood flow in muscles and their improved perfor-
mance. In the process of acclimatization very essential is optimal compensation of liq-
uid, particularly of water. After 2-3 weeks after termination of exposure to warm envi-
ronment, any changes in terms of acclimatization disappear. It is considered that the
acclimatization process could be affected by some physiological factors such as age,
sex, and obesity, as well as the psychosomatic state of organism. At the same time there
are still different opinions as regards to years of age. Women have lower sweating
capacity than men, but their circulatory acclimatization is such that it compensates the
difference. Such physiological mechanism makes female more resistant to dehydration
during physical activities at high temperatures. Increased body weight is an additional
factor of the metabolic load, so that the production of heat at same work load is in-
creased, and subcutaneous layer of fatty tissue as a good insulator does not allow pas-
sage of heat from the core to body surface, so that the heat output is more difficult.
Nerve unstable persons are very difficult to acclimatize.
Complications
In response to thermal stress appear thirst, fatigue, staggering, tachycardia, and
visual disturbances [7]. If something in this period is not done, there will occur over-
heating of the body, which manifests itself in varying degrees as heat cramps, heat
exhaustion and heat stroke. Heat cramps manifested in the form of involuntary spasms

 20 (20) 2014 Ecology
- 12 -
of the muscles occur during or immediately after efforts, mainly in muscles, which
were primarily engaged. They may occur because of an imbalance in body fluids and
electrolytes, caused by increased losses through sweating and accumulation of adverse
acidic metabolites. In addition to muscle spasms, also intense pains may occur, while
the body temperature need not obviously be increased significantly. The prevention of
this disorder is achieved by optimal hydration and addition of salt in the most appro-
priate manner, preferably by the food intake.
Heat stroke is the most serious complication of thermal stress, which requires ur-
gent medical intervention [9]. It occurs at high ambient temperatures, accompanied with
high relative humidity. All this causes disturbance of mechanisms regulating the body
temperature. When the thermoregulation fails, sweating stops, the skin becomes dry and
warm, and body temperature rapidly increases over 40°C, with the occurrence of pro-
nounced facial paleness and tachycardia. Indications are not dramatic; they appear grad-
ually, but if something was not done in time, they can result with fatal outcome. The
mortality is directly proportional to the level and duration of hyperthermia; therefore, it
is necessary as soon as possible and aggressively to lower the body temperature. Ice
cubes and alcoholic coverings should be applied, and a whole body should be immersed
in ice water, with providing of as comfortable environmental conditions as possible.
Upper tolerance limits of high temperatures
When it comes to thermal stress, other factors, not just the temperature, are also
important for determining of individual response. In addition to physiological determi-
nants, such as obesity and body size, the degree of well trained and acclimatization of
the body must be taken into account, as well as the external factors such as heat of
radiation, relative humidity, airflow, and clothing.
The most effective way to control heat stress is the prevention of its complica-
tions. This is achieved by acclimatization and a good hydration. Another way is to
monitor the microclimate factors. Some authors propose for these purposes determina-
tion of index of thermal stress; this requires temperature-, relative humidity-, as well
as heat radiation measurements. We as a mandatory parameter, besides to all these, use
also measurement of airflow velocity. Combination of these factors should be such as
to provide the effective temperature within the comfort zone in which 50% of people
feel comfortable dressed in light clothing while performing easy operations.
Compensation of water and electrolytes
Appropriate hydration is one of the most important factors which enable acclimati-
zation to high temperature and prevent complications of thermal stress. High temperature
combined with high humidity, is especially beneficial for dehydration. It has been found
that loss of water, in amount of only 1% of body weight increases rectal temperature, and
that the loss of 5-6% significantly reduces the working capacity. The dehydration reduces
- 117 -
*180342*
Tatarintseva O.S., Zimin D.E., Khodakova N.N.
Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies,
Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
POLYMER COMPOSITE OF ENHANCED HEAT
AND CHEMICAL RESISTANCE FOR FILAMENT-WOUND
PRODUCTS OF FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE
ABSTRACT: The possibility to fabricate a heat- and chemical-resistant compo-
site material using continuous basalt fibers and a nitrogen-containing epoxy resin-
based binder as a reinforcing agent and a polymer matrix, respectively, is demon-
strated. The composite can be employed in the manufacture of products for transpor-
tation of water, vapor, oil, chemical reagents, etc.
KEY WORDS: polymer composite material, reinforcing fibers, epoxy binders,
basalt plastic, heat resistance, chemical resistance.
I. INTRODUCTION
The experience in application of metal pipes in cold and hot water supply systems,
sewerage, chemical and petrochemical productions has shown them to be greatly ex-
posed to corrosion that reduces the useful life to several years. The observed worldwide
tendency of replacing steel and cast iron with composite materials of high heat and
chemical resistance is therefore natural. Glass reinforced plastics − polymer compo-
sites reinforced with glass fibers − should primarily be referred to such materials. They
exhibit resistance in corrosive environments, great hydraulic friction, and high specific
strength. One of the most important advantages of glass reinforced plastics over metals
is the possibility to control their properties during fabrication of products and ensure a
desired strength of constructions when reducing the weight of products. The consumers
of fiberglass pipes are nowadays companies engaged in public service, chemical and
petrochemical engineering, mining industry, and power engineering.
The analysis of service conditions of fiberglass pipes being presently produced by
various companies has shown that products are to be considered heat-resistant if they can
withstand a prolonged exposure to temperatures of not less than 120 °C. However, the issue
regarding guaranteed operation of pipelines at this temperature and a pressure of 1.6−2.5
MPa has not been resolved so far; moreover, fiberglass products to transport water and
chemicals under such a pressure at 150 °C are unknown. The problem of designing a poly-
mer composite material that would ensure a long-term operation of products under extreme
conditions is therefore topical but sufficiently complicated as it requires not only the
knowledge of basic dependences of the composite characteristics on types and quantities of

- 116 -
Conclusions
Thus, dyadic periodic System of Natural Elements of the Universe in the form of
a Circle holistic: not «Two tablecloth «, has no empty places, as the Periodic table
recommended by IUPAC. In addition, the System of the Natural Elements of the Uni-
verse satisfies the philosophical principle of unity and struggle of opposites – activity
and passivity. Finally, the System of the Natural Elements of the Universe is mathe-
matical reasoning and expression in the form of a Code of System.
Theoretically grounded System of Natural Elements in the form of a Circle is
actually accomplished from the bottom. It can be only at the top, with the discovery of
new chemical elements.
Further development of the theme can go in the area of theoretical physics, in
development and change of views on the Problem of Unity of the Universe. Because
the first Natural Element Spaciony actually revives Absolute Space, and that is com-
pletely devoid of absolute emptiness. Absolute emptiness in Nature, in the Universe.
Absolute Space, excluding the Absolute emptiness, fixed in the Code and the
Circle of the Natural Elements of the Universe. This may lead to the emergence from
a long and growing crisis of physics.
- 13 -
the ability of circulatory or other systems involved in thermoregulation, because the loss
of 4% of weight in the form of water corresponds to the reduction of volume of plasma
for as much as 16 to 18%. When it is known that a well acclimatized person can lose 3
L/h or 12 L/day, the importance of proper fluid replacement is easy to understand.
Compensation of water serves to maintain plasma volume in order to keep optimal
circulation and sweating. It is necessary to provide water in small amounts of 100-150
ml at each 10-15 minutes. Optimal water temperature is 12ºC.
Acclimatization to cold
Warm-blooded animals periodically exposed to cold have developed some very
effective defense mechanisms, such as winter furs or metabolic adaptation of skin cells
which may be chilled to 0°C without adverse effects. Regarding human, changes are
somewhat different. During exposure to cold the metabolic rate increases without trem-
bling. Aborigines in Australia and the Bushmen in the Kalahari Desert could without
visible trembling, poorly dressed tolerate night temperatures around 0ºC and at the
same normally sleep.
Researchers who voluntarily participated in the experiment were unable to sleep
and shivered all night; the problem is that it comes to a serious reduction in body tem-
perature, which means that a person which is exposed to gradual reduction of the ex-
ternal temperature can freeze to death in his sleep.
Physiological changes in the cold are proven and if exist, they are not of great
practical value. The ability to survive in the harsh climate the Eskimos owe to ability
to avoid exposure to cold temperatures. In addition to the fur clothing and shelter, the
only option is to be constantly on the move and thus increase the metabolic rate, or the
amount of heat produced as a by-product of muscle metabolism.
Damages by cold
Damages induced by cold can be seen on people who work outdoors in low tem-
peratures or who deal with winter sports. Local damages are observable on the exposed
parts of the body such as the face, hands and feet; they arise as a result of vasocon-
striction and consequent tissue ischemia or due to the formation of ice crystals and
freezing of tissue.
Changes on respiratory system when staying at low temperatures are not common
or frequent, as it is commonly thought. Even on the very low temperatures, the inhaled
air is heated to a temperature between 26.5 and 32.2°C when it reaches bronchi. Cod
outdoor air after heating to higher temperatures obtains higher capacity for moisture,
and heat loss through the respiration by evaporation of moisture from the mucous mem-
branes increases manifold. Therefore, appear feelings of dryness in the mouth, burning
in the throat and respiratory tract irritation in general. This can be prevented by wearing
headscarf or scarf over nose and mouth.

 20 (20) 2014 Ecology
- 14 -
Hypothermia
Clinically manifested Hypothermia is a condition when the body temperature falls
below 35°C. In the beginning, occurs pronounced trembling, followed by apathy, dis-
orientation, hallucinations or aggressivity up to euphoria. With the fall of rectal tem-
perature below 30ºC begins paralytic stage, in which the skin is completely cold, no
pulse, pupils are completely dilated and heart sounds are not hearable.
Wind Chill Index
Ambient temperature is not sufficient parameter in assessment of individual ther-
mal stress. In assessing the effects of low temperatures an additional important factor
is the wind or air movement [8]. When the airflow velocity is high, occurs rapid re-
placement of the hot air with the cold one which is directly around the body, in the so-
called «private areas», and the heat loss and faster. When the wind speed increases to
24.8 km/h, ambient temperature of +1.7ºC acts on the body as like it was -17.2ºC.
Clothing and thermoregulation
Clothing has a role of an insulator of the body from the environment. It can reduce
the amount of heat radiation received by the body, but also reduce heat emission by
conduction and convection. At low ambient temperatures clothing is the one that cap-
tures air that then as a poor conductor reduces heat losses.
The thicker layer of trapped air, means better insulation; because of that, layered
clothing is recommended. Wool and polypropylene have good insulating properties
and dry quickly, what is very important, as wet clothing loses 90% of its insulating
abilities and it quickly conducts heat. A woolen hat may have a very important role
because 30-40% of total waste heat is lost through the head skin. While working out-
doors at low temperatures, the problem arises when body gets warm. And here one
should have clothes in layers in order to remove some parts of clothes when the man
turns warm and return them during breaks and resting periods.
At high temperatures any clothing bothers heat output. The best is that of cotton
and linen which fastest and most comprehensive absorb sweat and allow evaporation.
White clothing rejects a dark absorbs radiation from the environment. Clothes designed
for high temperatures should be comfortable and allow continuous flow of air between
skin and environment.
Insulating ability of most clothing materials (Table 4) depends on the amount of
air trapped inside the material. In fur in question is air that lies between hairs. A unit
that measures the resistance of clothes to heat emission is called Clo.
- 115 -
of connecting ends. The first dyad consists of two elements. When looping back a dyad,
each monade will be represented by its own circle, but in concentric interposition. The
second dyad of 4 elements will be represented by two concentric annular strips, each
of which contains two elements. The third dyad will be represented by a two ring bands
with 8 elements each. 4th and 5th dyads – by the paired annular bands with 18 and 32
elements respectively. Ring stripes and circles of all dyads are concentric.
On Fig. 4 one can see dyadic-periodical Circle of Natural Elements.
Fig. 4 The Dyadic periodic Circle of Natural Elements

- 114 -
characters (symbols) of chemical elements occupy spaces with numbers from 5 to 122
in Fig. 1. As for the introduction of a natural element, then: Spacionyt is denoted by
Sp, neutrinos – by Nr, Positronium already has a symbol Ps, Neutron we will rename
into Neutrony and denote it by symbol Nn.
Fig. 3. System of the Natural Elements in the periodic dyadic wedge table view.
Presented in Fig. 3 table in the form of a stepped wedge is complete without any
defects, it is a single table single-table and has no empty spaces unlike recommended
system of IYPAK with two tables and 36 empty cells. Additionally, system in Fig. 3
has a mathematical reasoning and expression (11). Moreover, mathematical expression
turned out to be the Code of the systems of Natural Elements.
In the original periodic table by Mendeleev inert gases were located in the zero
group adjacent to the first group of hydrogen and alkali metals. During his life Mende-
leev was not aware of the structure of atoms. Nevertheless, he presciently set the group
of the restorative-active elements next to the group of the most passive elements. This
allowed not only to reduce the number of empty cells in the table, but reflected the
Hegelian-dialectical unity and struggle of the opposites – passivity and activity, the
ratio of which periodically changes in elements, reaching a maximum in the equilib-
rium in the elements of connected IY group. But in Y, YI and YII groups another ac-
tivity is strengthen – oxidizing. Therefore, current location of the inert (He) and noble
gases in YIII-th group in the vicinity of the YII-th group is also a subject to the men-
tioned above-Hegelian dialectical justification. How can we satisfy both contradicting,
but philosophically reasonable location requirements of the groups?
I and YII groups in the periodic table lies on opposites sides. In order to have 0th
Mendeleev's group and YIII-th post-Mendeleev's group neighbouring with the Ist and
YII-th groups at the same time, it is necessary to connect the ends of the I and YII via
0 = YIII.
Connecting the ends of the straight line can be done by polygon, but also by the
smooth curve, ideally – a circle. Looping dyads seems preferable to the other methods
- 15 -
Table 4 Insulating values of cloths
Type o cloths
Insulating values
m2
K/W Clo
No clothes (naked) 0 0
Light clothing (shorts, clothing) 80 0.5
Clothing – shirts, pants, socks, shoes 100 0.55
Typical clothing during work 125 – 160 0.8 – 1
Light sportswear with jacket 160 1
Heavy winter clothing for indoors, thick sweater 200 1.25
Heavy work clothes with underwear, socks, shoes, jacket, coat 210 1.3
Clothing for cold weather with coat 250 – 300 1.6 – 3
Clothing for the coldest weather 450 – 600 3 – 4
The physical unit of thermal conductivity resistance of air applies 1 Clo (from
«Clothing» = clothes).
1 Clo = = 0.155 m2
K/W
Clo is such degree of thermal insulation that allows a man in standby mode to feel
comfortable in an environment with air temperature of 21ºC, relative humidity lower
than 50%, and air velocity of 0.1 m/s.
When a man sleeps outdoors at – 40 º C, for protection he needs 12 Clo. So much
have two layers of fur; caribou is reindeer type whose furs Eskimos use to make clothes.
Those who have measured microclimate conditions of living of residents of the Far North
say that thanks to these clothes Eskimos are surrounded by tropical climate.
In any case clothing is essential to adapt to external factors and the level of phys-
ical activity; it would help the good process of thermoregulation.
REFERENCES
1. Todorović B.: Klimatizacija, SMEITS, Beograd, 2005.
2. Silva, M.C.G.: Measurement of comfort in vehicles, Measurement Science
and Technology, Vol 23, R41 – R60, 2006.
3. SAE J 2234 Equivalent Temperature, Surface Vehicle Information Report
4. ASHRAE, 2008. Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy,
AMSI/ASHRAE, Standard 55, 2008.
5. Grahovac, S.: Prilog predskazivanja globalne termičke neugodnosti u put-
ničkim vozilima, Zbornik radova za 40. Kongres KGH, SMEITS, Beograd,
2009.
6. DIN EN ISO 7730, Ergonomie der thermischen Ungebung – Analytische
Bestimmung und Interpretation der thermischen Behaglichkeit durch

 20 (20) 2014 Ecology
- 16 -
Berechnung des PMV – und des PPD – Indexes und Kriterien der lokalen
thermischen Behaglichkeit, 2006.
7. Australian Department of Health and Ageing, Healthy Homes, Common-
wealth of Australia, 2002.
8. Godish, T., Air Quality, 4th Edition Lewis Publishers New York, USA,
2004.
9. Burroughs, B., S. Hansen, Managing Indoor Air Quality, Fairmont, Press,
Indiana Trasl, Lilbum, USA, 2004.
- 113 -
Cubon is a particle, a quantum of the world space. In the role of the first elements
of the system of Natural Elements with zero mass it can be named as Spaciony
(Spaciony) originated from the word Space. Having zero mass means producing mass.
Only this role, this mission is required from Spaciony to build a system of Natural
Elements – the objectives of all previous and this final message. The rest: electrical
charges and fields generated by magnetic charges and fields, ... – lies outside the scope
of this topic. These issues should be considered in the selected topics of theoretical
physics. Outlined above lengthy discussions about cubon and Spaciony were only
needed to form sound, solid basis to include Spaciony, corresponding to the relation
(9), to the system of Natural Elements.
Returning to the system of the Natural Elements, the distribution in Fig. 1 can be
taken as a numeric dyadically periodic representation of the system of Natural Ele-
ments. In the case of «spheres of Natural Elements», the general expression (7a)
DPDPCS of irradii transforms into a particular expression:
M = 2(2m2
), (7b)
where m = 1/20,5
; 1; 2; 3; 4.
Accordingly, the General expression (9) goes into a particular expression:
K = ΣM = 2(1 + 2 + 8 + 18 + 32), (11)
where K is an element of the system of Natural Elements with number
m = 1; 2; 3; ... 122. Elements Km forms dyadic periodic distribution of Natural
Elements from theirradii:
Rk/ Rmin = 1; 20,5
; 2(20,5
); 3(20,5
); 4(20,5
) (12)
Equation (11) is not a mathematical expression of the Law of the dyadic periodic
distribution of the Natural Elements. Under mathematical expression of the law of Na-
ture we normally understand a dependency of a certain function (value) – property
(attribute) of the object, – from the varying (given) arguments and parameters (varia-
bles, properties, characteristics, conditions), such as Newton's laws, Faraday's, Cou-
lomb's, laws of radiation, thermodynamics, etc. In the expression (11) there are no un-
known arguments and options. There are only specific numbers. In these terms expres-
sion (9) is not a law, but a Code – the Code of dyadic periodic distribution of the Nat-
ural Elements of the universe. Code coming out of the Code (9) DPDCS of the infinite
three-dimensional space of the universe.
Symbolic dyadic-periodic representation of the system of Natural Elements can
be obtained by the replacement of numerical numbering by the appropriate symbols of
elements. For chemical elements existing numbers from 1 to 118 and corresponding

- 112 -
sented as an instance of transverse elastic waves in the massless cubon medium. Elec-
tric, magnetic, gravitational and any other fields are represented by the voltages of «in-
significantly» but still deforming cubon meduum.
Deformation creates voltages which propagates in the cubon medium (physical
vacuum) at the speed of light in vacuum. However, the voltages waves create difor-
mations under certain circumstances.
Mass is a manifestation of the elastic deformation of massless cubon environ-
ment. The energy mc2
is a deformation energy of the cubon medium. At low velocities
of the relative motion of certain particles, such as proton, the energy is proportional to
the square of its velocity v, and the mass is a constant value playing a role of a coeffi-
cient of proportionality. During proton acceleration to the nearly speed of light m loses
its role of the constant coefficient of proportionality and grows to infinity using the
theory of relativity. The role of the coefficient of proportionality moves to the square
of the speed, not v but maximal c.
Mass (deformation) at the sub-light speeds, «dissolves» by cubon space and
transforms into a wave of elastic voltage of the cubon medium, receding from the mass
(deformation) at the maximum speed of light. Mass disappears, turning into a wave of
elastic voltage moving at the speed of light thus not approachable (for example, to
measure the mass). There is no mass in grams, but equivavalent energy is preserved.
The energy in this case, when moving at the speed of light is defined and measured
frequency of the waves and the Planck constant.
Indeed, the growth of the mass to infinity with increasing velocity to the speed of
light does not occur. It (mass, deformation) is «absorbed» into elastic waves of the
cubon medium before reaching the speed of light. Otherwise, it would be impossible
to disperse protons to the speed of light. But we know that this is actually being done
in accelerators.
It does not matter whether it is cubons, tetrahedrons or octahedrons (octahedron
– the third Platonic body) that cannot fill three-dimensional space only by themselves,
but their combination can make it (space) complete. The important thing is that the
space would be filled entirely, without any void volumes, by those geometrical bodies.
Only this condition ensures the existence of the space. No volume – no space.
Space is a set of volumes. Space is a medium of volumes. Note that in the concept
of the ether medium consisting of the very small, infinitesimal massless particles most
likely of the spherical shapes their «molecular» motion was wrong. Motion where? In
what space? They did not mention but but it is quite clear – in a vacuum, in an absolute
vacuum. This is a contradiction, furthermore, it proves the concept of «gas-like» ethe-
real medium is wrong. The absolute emptiness was allowed between ethereal particles.
Absolute emptiness does not exist because the absolute emptiness assumes absence of
the fundamental feature – the three-dimensional volume. If there is no three-dimen-
sional volume, there is no three-dimensional space. Once again: no volume – no space.
So ethereal particles simply cannot move in an absolute vacuum – absolute emptiness.
- 17 -
*179544*
Hasanov G.N. *, Asvarova T.A. * Hajiyev K.M. *, Akhmedova Z.N. *,
Abdulaeva A.S.*, Bashirov R.R. *, Salihov S.A. **
* Precaspian Institute of Biological Resources of Dagestan Scientific Center
of Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Russia
**The Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Dagestan Russia, Makhachkala
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MEADOW-CHESTNUT SOILS
OF THE NORTH – WESTERN PRECASPIAN REGION
ACCORDING TO THE DYNAMICS
OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Abstract.
The productivity of phytocenoses on the meadow-chestnut soils is theoretically
calculated under hydrothermal conditions and practically implented moisture integral.
It is found that high productivity (0,5T/ha of air-dry weight) of ephemeral synusiae is
achieved through the combination of the following environmental factors in April-
May; precipitation 80-85 mm, the average temperature is 15-16°C, relative humidity
70-73%, volatility 130-140mm, KU 0,30, integral hydration period 29,8. In this case,
the degree of salinity in soil layer 0-23cm classified as weak, salinity type is sulfate-
chloride. In normal climatic conditions of the year (2013), when precipitation during
the vegetation period is distributed relatively evenly, productivity of ephemers and
ephemeroids is 2.0 С/ha of grasses and thistles -18,2 С/ha, the utilization rate of FAR
during the vegetation period of 0.30, the share of the ephemeral synusiae in it – 0,16%.
Keywords: evaporation, hydrothermal conditions, integral moisture in the soil, the
integral of aridity, meadow -chestnut soil, sulphates, chlorides, degree of salinity, sa-
linity type, productivity of phytocenosis, ephemers, halophytes, species composition
of phytocenoses, coefficient the use of FAR.
I. INTRODUCTION
The North – Western Precaspian sea covers the lands of Nogai, Tarumovsky and
Kizlyar areas of Dagestan and the part of the lands of the Chechen Republic, Stavropol,
Kalmyks total area of more than 1.5 million hectares. This is an important area distant
and stationary livestock of Dagestan and neighboring regions, which contains more
than 2 million sheep and hundreds of thousands of heads of cattle.
The climate is continental, with hot, dry summers and cold winters. Annual pre-
cipitation of 150 – 320mm, 1300-1600mm volatility, the maximum temperature in July
and August 40-450C, its relative humidity in these months of 10-15%. 55 days in a

 20 (20) 2014 Ecology
- 18 -
year blow withering (> 15 m/s) southeasterly winds, 110 days – at a rate of more than
5.4 m/s [1]. Soil cover is dominated by light-chestnut soils of varying degrees of salin-
ity, total 534 thousand hectares or 31,7% of the lowland area. The share of the meadow
(232,8 thousand hectares), meadow-chestnut (193,0 thousand hectares) and meadow –
marsh (80,3 thousand hectares) soil is 32.6%, salt marshes (191,1 thousand hectares) –
12, 3% of the total area of semi-desert [3]. This article discusses the issues related to
the implementation of the productivity potential only meadow-chestnut soils in the en-
vironmental conditions of the Terek-Kuma lowland. A distinctive feature of the low-
land soil is light particle size distribution, which combined unfavorable climatic fac-
tors, the irrational use of pastures, enhances deflation, degradation of soil – vegetation
and desertification area. At the moment there are 319 thousand hectares of open sand
areas, which is 20.5% of the area.
The most important factor in desertification of the territory under consideration
researchers [9, 10, 12, 13, 18 etc.] consider also a significant incidence of secondary
processes of soil salinization. Therefore, relevant scientific and production is the study
of the dynamics of the content of water-soluble salts in the soil profile, their chemistry
in connection with the change of climatic factors on the seasons (spring, summer) and
year of studies.
Pasture productivity in the region according to different authors may vary within
considerable limits: from 1.6 to 4, C/ha [14] – 5-6 [9] – 7, 2-8,1[19] and 17.1 C/ha [7].
With yields of 5-7 C/ha of air-dry biomass of coming to the surface of the soil of this
area of 50.0 kkal/cm2, pasture phytocoenosis according to our calculations using only
0.04 – 0.05% FAR. However, such a yield above-ground mass, in our opinion, it is too
low, since the above data may not have been received in protected conditions, and in
terms of pasture use phytocenoses, at least for a limited period. It is therefore of con-
siderable interest to establish the species composition of pasture cenoses and potential
productivity of meadow-chestnut soils and its implementation in different environmen-
tal conditions during the years of research and for different periods of the year.
II. OBJECTS AND METHODS
Object of study is the meadow-chestnut carbonate saline soil Kochubeyskoy bio-
sphere station controller (KBS), the Precaspian Institute of Biological Resources, Da-
gestan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences (PIBR DSC RAS) in the terri-
tory of the Terek – Kuma lowland. The main physical and chemical characteristics of
the soil layers in the experimental section (cm) 0-14, 15-20 and 40-60 are as follows:
humus content,% – 1.33; 1.25, 0.36; N total,%-0.10, 0.07, 0.06; N hydrolysable mg/kg
-52.6, 48.5, 36.0; P2O5, mg/kg, 0.84, 0.45, 0.11; K2O, mg / kg, 33.8, 30.5, 28.9; Density,
g/sm3
-1,18 1.35, 1.36; solid phase density, g/sm3
-2,60, 2.62, 2.62; porosity: general, -
52.2%, 50.3, 48.7; aeration porosity,% – 22.5, 22.2, 20.8; Field capacity,% – 23.6, 20.4,
18.7; water permeability, mm/min, 1.26; 1.08; 0.97; EKO mg/ekv.-12.6, 13.3 13.2; pH:
7.1, 7.3, 7.2. Cationic and anionic composition of the soil will be discussed in more
- 111 -
D.I. Mendeleev meant massless ether, or using current terminology quantum ether,
under the «Newton» in his table. He put Newton to the zero group of the zero row. Periodic
table indicates that the first element must have a minimal, precisely, the minimum, more
precisely, the infinite minimum – zero mass. This important fact allows us to augment 3
principles that Mendeleev used as a basis for elements systematization, with the 4th Prin-
ciple of Zero Mass for the first element of the system. It is an element with zero mass that
should be the lower limit of the system of Natural Elements.
Ether, as we know, was withdrawn from the scientific and philosophical usage,
in the first quarter of the 20th century after the Michelson-Morley experiments, special
relativity theory by Einstein and philosophical attacks of Vladimir Lenin, as useless
since «the forest at the end of the building construction is not needed so it has to be
cleaned.» Under the building he [Lenin] meant a widely used until now Maxwell's
electrodynamics theory, which was essentially ether hydrodynamics. But by replacing
the ether by void, a vacuum, we found out that vacuum is not empty.
Dirac in his quantum electrodynamics theory stated that positrons and electrons
are born from vacuum. Then they moved to the concept of 'physical vacuum' – medium
of the world's space.
Basically, until now people lack understanding of what exactly is a world space
or universe space, except that it is a field, i.e. massless space. In this situation one can
assume that it consists of a space cubes that do not have mass. We can say that these
cubes – massless quanta of the world space/medium. Following the tradition of intro-
ducing new definitions/names, let's call these objects as «cubons». Thus, we define a
cubon as a minimum volume of the three-dimensional space having (defining) all the
properties and opportunities of this space.
There is no absolute vacuum in the Universe. A space vacuum, physical vacuum,
the world cosmos, infinite three-dimensional space of the universe consists of (com-
pletely filled, not allowing to contract and collapse into absolute zero) massless «cu-
bons». Therefore, a quantum of the world space creates three-dimensional space being
a necessary feature of any three-dimensional volume. Primary property is volume, ge-
ometric three-dimensional space, and mass is a secondary property. Mass is created
with cubons, 3D volume cubes. Space is eternity which was not created. Therefore it
cannot be destroyed. The space has always been, is, and always will be. Stars, galaxies
can be created and destroyed (in space, by space), but space – cannot. The difference
between massless cubons world space and massless ethereal space lies in the fact that
ether medium was «Gas-like» environment of the ether particles in a vacuum, and cu-
bon medium is presented as «Crystal-like», that is a very, very, but not completely solid
medium consisting of infinitesimal «crystals» – «cubons». If the «gas-like» ethereal
medium can propagate longitudinal elastic wave, but cannot propagate transversal, in
the «crystal-like» cubon medium, not absolutely incompressible, both longitudinal and
transverse elastic waves can propagate. Transversal electromagnetic waves are repre-

- 110 -
3. Existence in the simple or complex form, at least in one of the 4 aggregate states;
4. Collision of the elements by direct contact, with the chemical or physical reac-
tions as well as technological processes;
5. Conversion to another simple or complex shapes as a result of physical or chem-
ical transformations;
6. Destruction and birth in accordance with Einstein's formula and all laws of en-
ergy conservation.
Noted that out of 6 properties of the substance, the the first feature is main. Indeed,
having mass is a determining (absolute) indication of the real substance – remaining 5
items actually reflect properties or «behavior» of the real matter in certain states and
conditions.
But if we consider the real matter from this position, the only (absolute) indica-
tion of the real matter should recognize (accept) its MASS, and instead the real matter
we can talk about Mass matter ('mass-matter', unlike massless energy or field matter),
not in the sense of its mass, as in the concept «mass production of hydrogen» for in-
stance, but in the sense of defining the (absolute) feature – mass (weight).
In this case, the «Natural Elements» can not be limited by «chemical elements»
and neutron with positron. On what basis we deny neutrino to be a «Natural Elements»?
Do not they have a defining feature of the matter – mass? Since they have, they defi-
nitely are 'mass-matter'. Is it possible being a mass of matter, but not being its element?
Could the Hydrogen atoms can be elements of gas, liquid or solid hydrogen? Never-
theless, including neutrino in the «Natural Elements» can be problematic due to the
fact that a substance or matter is understood to consist of not only Natural Elements,
but in the associated, aggregated states in the substance. However, for mass-matter this
condition of association, aggregation is not described by well defined concepts. There-
fore, if we talk about natural mass-matter element, not about natural element, then neu-
trino can be included in the set of the Natural Elements of the mass-matter.
There exist three types of neutrino: electronic neutrino, muon neutrino and tau-
neutrino. Furthermore, Furthermore, each neutrino has corresponding anti-neutrino. It
is believed that the total weight of all neutrinos in the Universe is a substantial share of
«dark matter» and is comparable to the mass of the whole Universe. All variety of
neutrinos for inclusion in the system of the Natural Elements of the mass-matter, we
shall call a general name – Neutrino, with a capital letter. This is analogous to that of
the entire set of specific isotopes of a chemical element in the Periodic table we placed
only one isotope. For example, out of three isotopes of hydrogen, only one isotope is
presented in the Periodic table.
Thus, in the system of Natural Elements we included Neutron, Positron and Neu-
trino. Why only these three elements? To answer to this natural and legitimate question
we return to the defining basis of the mass-matter – the mass. Out of all particles having
weight, neutrino is the lightest. Does Neutrino represent the lower limit of the system
of Natural Elements?
- 19 -
details below. Analyses of soil chemical and water-physical characteristics, water ex-
traction were performed according to known methods [2, 4].The sampling soil within
each site samples were taken from 4 sites.
Climatic conditions characterized by weather data Kotchubey on the amount of
monthly and annual precipitation, monthly and annual average air temperature and hu-
midity. On the basis of these data were calculated evaporation rate and humidity. Evap-
oration (E0) calculated by the formula [11]:
E0 = 0.028 (T + 25) 2
(100-a) mm/month (1)
where T – air temperature, °C, and – relative humidity,%.
Dampening factor was determined as the ratio of precipitation (R) to evaporation (E0).
The calculation of the duration of the vegetative period of plants was carried out
on the transition date and the average daily temperature ±50
C.
The studies were conducted in the experimental area, with an area of 100m2
, en-
closed with an iron grid in order to avoid damage phytomass cattle. The plot is divided
into 100 permanent plots, with an area of 1 m2
(1m x 1m), polyethylene twine. This
breakdown was maintained for the whole period of experimental studies (2011-2013).
Samples for the determination of the yield of biomass and species composition were
taken eight times a year: in the first ten days of each month from April to November
include, and soil two times: in the spring during the resumption of the growing season
(the second half of April) and late July – early August (the hottest period of the year).
Stocks above and below ground plant matter was considered in [17]. Above-
ground mass was determined by cutting method with selected groups of plants in spe-
cies composition (ephemers and ephemeroids, grass, glasswort) and fractions: live phy-
tomass, rags (dead parts of plants, not deprived of communication with plants), above-
ground mortmass (dead remains of plants on the soil surface, deprived of communica-
tion with plants). Underground mass was determined after cutting aboveground mass
at the same time on the same account sites in the layer 0-60cm method of the monolith.
The size of the monoliths 10x10x10 cm, repetition 4 fold. The list of plants compiled
by S.K. Cherepanovu [20].
The utilization of the FAR was determined using the formula [15].
Y=Rх108
хK/102
х4х103
х102
(2),
To calculate the utilization of FAR formula has the form:
K=Ух102
х4х103
х102
/Rх108
(3),
Where Y- is biological yield completely dry aboveground mass, kg/ha; Rх108
–
number of FAR coming on 1 hectare during the growing season of plants, kkal; K-
planned utilization of FAR, %; 4x103
– amount of energy released by burning 1 kg of
dry matter biomass, kkal/kg;102 –
translation kg in center of product.

 20 (20) 2014 Ecology
- 20 -
The significance of differences between the indicators of hydrothermal condi-
tions, productivity of plant communities were evaluated according to the coefficient of
variation (Cv) of salt-forming ions in the soil, standard deviation (s), the average error
(m), variance analysis yields of biomass across years and seasons [8].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Receipt of FAR on the soil surface depends on many factors, primarily on the
geographic latitude and hypsometric marks. In the foothills of the territory of Dagestan
on 1cm2
have of 47.55 (Buynaksk) – 43,91 (Sergokala) kkal, Terek-Sulak of territory
– 49,94 (Babaurt) – 51,19 (Kizlyar), Terek-Kuma the territory (Kochubey) – 50,87, in
the Coastal lowlands (Derbent) – 56,kkal/cm2
.
Of the annual amount of FAR entering 1cm2
(50.87 kkal or kJ 213.23), in the
Terek -Kumskoy semidesert accounts (kkal) for January-0.59-1.99 in February, March,
-3.82, April -5.97, 7.27-May, June-8.48, July – 7.84, -6.22 in August, September, -
4.59, -2.57 in October, November, -1.19, December -0 , 34kkal [5].
It is known that the yield of phytomass in ecosystems depends not only on enter-
ing the soil surface FAR, but also on the climatic conditions of the year or period, as
well as soil conditions. Therefore great interest in the scientific and practical terms, is
the study actually sold phytocenoses yield on meadow-chestnut soil moisture under
different conditions of the territory, not only in the yearly averages, but also from sea-
son to season. Such studies under these conditions, and adjacent regions of the Caspian
has not previously been conducted.
Judging by the indicators KU, 2012 and all long – term value of 0.11 (deviation
±0,01) on the territory of the Terek-Kuma lowland, and in 2011 exceeded it by 0.03.
So we can assume that years of research, in General,
were typical for these conditions.
According to our observations, the most important for achieving high productivity
ephemeral of synusiae in the considered conditions are precipitation for April and May.
For those months in 2011. fell 85mm precipitation, 2012 25,3mm, 2013.-40,0mm, that
is, in the first year of studies, the amount of precipitation exceeded two years in 3.4
and 2.1 times (table 1).
The temperature during these months is also favored the formation of high yields
of biomass. Accordingly, the same month it was in 2011year- 9.2 and 18.40
С, в 2012
year -15.1 and 20.90
С, в 2013 year -12,2 and 20,00
С. Between total precipitation for
April-May and yield of aboveground phytomass of ephemers and ephemeroids there is
a direct correlative relationship that in 2011 on this soil had a strong (r=0.78), and in
the next two years – the average (r=0,35) in 2012 and high severity (r=0,95) in 2013.
- 109 -
believed that all substances, all living and non-living in the world consisted of those
basic elements.
More than two thousand years ago, Democritus stated that everything consists of
the tiny invisible indivisible «atoms» and empty spaces between them. We do not know
whether he meant atoms we know today.
Rather, he was referring to the atoms of the same type, but of different geometrical
forms, or some kind of universal principle, from which everything real is generated or
born in the empty space. Then the «atom» of Democritus can be regarded as a harbinger
of ether, ether particles in the vacuum.
It is interesting that only recently (by the standards of history), in the 18th century
there were only five elements: light, heat, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen, which were
presented as «simple bodies, related to all three kingdoms of nature that should be re-
garded as elements of bodies» in the «Table of Lavoisier». From the «four ancient
elements» it makes only one element difference (20% mismatch), but qualitatively the
changes are quite significant: light was added (of the luminiferous ether); heat (ther-
mogen) replaced fire; earth, water and air were replaced by oxygen, hydrogen, and
nitrogen of which they are mainly composed.
Awareness of the complex elemental composition of the «four ancient elements»,
especially earth, has stimulated the search and experimental works on the identification
of new elements. Rapid discovery of new elements occurred in the first half of the 19th
century. In the 60s of the 19th century 62 elements were discovered. It is from the 19th
century people began using concept of the «chemical element». Nowadays, we know
92 stable and around 23 unstable chemical elements.
In the 19th century the term 'ether' was widely used. Dmitry Ivanovich Mende-
leev put ether in his periodic table of elements. Under the first of the two elements
preceding Hydrogen – Newtony, Mendeleev actually meant ether, its particles. In fact,
it was the second attempt (refering to the first attempt with «atom» by Democritus) of
the introduction of the universal principle in the foundation of the real diversity of the
world. Mendeleev actually did not limit his Table by the chemical elements only,
though current 'gold' standards start with Hydrogen.
From this brief historical view to the development of the concept of the «sub-
stance» and its elements, one can see that the concept of the elements has changed with
«acceleration». Involved in this «acceleration», we proposed to move from the concept
of chemical elements to the broader concept of «Natural Elements» (http://mega-
nauka.com/sciencecosmos/1094-sistema-estestvennyhelementov.html,
http://www.sciteclibrary.ru/cgibin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1392307734). In fact, why
giant objects in the Universe, such as neutron stars, are not subject to the concept of
«substance»? Or Positrons, having same chemical reactions as Hydrogen?
In the following thread (see comments #13 and #20 at the http://www.de-
coder.ru/list/all/topic_126/) following properties of the substance, matter were mentioned:
1. Mass (weight);
2. Stability, at least for the time required for identification;

- 108 -
All numbers in the sequence (10) are irrational, due to irrationality of the Rmin
by definition. Hence this sequence can be called «irr-sequence» or «irr-radii». Dimen-
sionality of Rn – 10r
where r can vary from -35 to +35.
Therefore there is a Dyadic periodic distribution and partitioning of the concen-
tric spheres (DPDPCS) of irr-radii (10). Center of the spheres can be any point of the
Universe. Thus the first conclusion is that any consequences of this distribution are
universal. For instance, it could be central forces. DPDPCS can affect many (perhaps
all) phenomena since they were, are happening and will happen in the infinite three-
dimensional space of the Universe. The spatial DPDPCS of irradii is related to chemi-
cal elements just because all chemical elements are formed, transformed and exist in
the three-dimensional space of the Universe.
Periodic system of chemical elements can be represented in the long numerical
form, symmetrized with respect to hydrogen and helium as follows:
Fig. 2. Symmetrized super long periodic system of chemical elements.
Here s-elements are colored in red, p-elements – in light brown, d-elements – in
blue and f-elements- in green. Numbers starting from 100, in Fig. 1 are depicted with
only decimal digits.
The similarity of configurations on Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 is obvious. The only differ-
ence is that on Fig.2 there are only four dyads, the first dyad has only one monad.
Furthermore, the entire set contains only 118 chemical elements. Chemical elements
with higher numbers are assumed, but none of them is discovered until now. If at least
one of them is discovered, the number of dyads in Figure 1 and Figure 2 can be easily
increased to 6 and 5 in Figure 2 and Figure 1, correspondingly. The rest parts in Figure
1 and Figure 2 exactly match – so we have 96.72% of match or 3.28% of mismatch.
Such a great coincidence (both configurational and quantitative) eliminates deviation
of the distribution of chemical elements of DPRPKS irradii in the world space. Hence,
leading to the conclusion of the incompleteness of the set.
The concept of substance, its components, its elements, has changed over time.
In the ancient times there were four basic elements: earth, water, air and fire. People
- 21 -
Table 1. Environmental factors and the yield of above-ground phytomass in
the meadow-chestnut soils for 2011-2013
*in the column «spring» shows the yield of above-ground phytomass and ephem-
ers and ephemeroids, summer – grass and thistle.
Integral moisture for the same months in 2011. 29.8.
In 2012 and 2013, the curve of moisture fell below the curve of air temperature, therefore,
formed integral aridity , which amounted, according to years
37.3 and 98,9. Mainly for this reason, the yield of above-ground living biomass ephemers
and ephemeroids for 2012 and 2013 decreased respectively in 5 and 2.5 times.
The species composition of ephemers on the meadow-chestnut soils were very limited,
included only Eremopyrum orientale (L.) Jaub. et Spach. and Bromus squarrosus L.
Rainfall in the first two decades of June in 2011 didn't provided a noticeable in-
crease in phytomass on logopolitans soil. By this time, the harvest of ephemers had
already been formed and the rainfall of this period could not give the essiantial supple-
ment. And high average daily air temperature during this and the two following months
(respectively 24.3; and 27.9 24.9 0
C) contributed to the heavy loss of soil moisture,
precipitation, because the evaporation for the same months amounted to 291; 337 mm,
KU -, respectively 0,08; of 0.04 and 0.18. Therefore, the total yield of grass and thistle
indicator 2011г. 2012г. 2013г.
Spring summer spring Summer spring summer
amount of precipi-
tation, mm
85 64 25 102 40 83
Average daily air
temperature,0
C
13,8 27,4 18,0 25,8 16,4 25,0
Relative humid-
ity, %
73 58 61 62 64 59
Evaporation, mm 135 315 202 275 178 355
КU 0,30 0,11 0,06 0,21 0,10 0,11
Content in the
layer 0,23cm (h
A+B1):
Cl-
SO4
--
2,58±0,05
S=0,13,
Cv =5,04
1,71±0,05
S=0,11,
Cv =6,31
7,24±0,45
S=0,11,
Cv =1,52
2,92±0,06
S=0,15,
Cv =5,14
5,56±0,08
S=0,19,
Cv =3,92
2,37±0,05
S=0,11,
Cv =4,64
4,60±0,06
S=0,14,
Cv =3,04
2,37±0,02
S=0,04,
Cv =1,69
4,16±0,07
S=0,13,
Cv =5,04
2,46±0,02
S=0,02,
Cv =2,44
5,16±0,04
S=0,18,
Cv =4,33
2,58±0,02
S=0,05,
Cv =1,98
yield of above-
ground mass*,
T/ha:
0,55 0,99 0,10 2,11 0,20 1,82
НСР 0,5 0.17 0.11 0.10

 20 (20) 2014 Ecology
- 22 -
in the following months, the growing season was higher than ephemers and ephem-
eroids twice due to the predominance of the species composition of Artemisia taurica
Willd. and Artemisia lercheana Web. ex Stechm.,which are more tolerant to high tem-
peratures, efficient use of precipitation for the second half of the summer and form a
high yield of biomass [21,22].
Spring months of 2012 differed significantly aridity: the integral of aridity in April
and May was 37.3, volatility increased by 67mm, KU decreased by 5 times compared
with 2011 (Table 1). These conditions contributed to the rise of water-soluble salts in
the upper soil horizons. Cl-
content in the layer 0-23sm compared with the same period
in 2011 increased by 2.2 times, SO4
--
1.4 times the ratio Cl-
: SO4
--
with 0,36, increased
to 2.34. This means that the composition of the anion chemistry salinity and chloride –
sulfate shifted towards sulfate-chloride. If, in 2011 salinity of the soil in the same layer
is characterized as weak in 2012 it was as the average [16].
Reverse pattern was observed for the same period in the summer. In the dry season
(July-August) 2012. in the layer 0-23sm where the main bulk of the roots, Cl content
decreased by 1.6 times compared to 2011., of – for heavy rainfall in these months in
2012. SO4
--
changed insignificantly, the ratio of Cl-
: SO4
--
decreased from 2.5 to 1.9.
Although the type of salinity in both cases was characterized as sulfate-chloride, the
degree of soil salinity in the second half of the summer in 2011 existing classification
[16] refers to a very large, in 2012 to strong. This degree of salinity meadow-brown
soil with enough moisture provision contributed to a sharp increase in the yield of forbs
and especially thistles in 2012.
Yields of air-dry above-ground biomass of the second half of the summer 2012.
increased compared to 2.3 times 2011 by forbs, primarily, of the Asteraceae family –
Artemisia taurica Willd. and Artemisia lercheana Web.ex Stechm.
Environmental conditions for the functioning of ecosystems in 2013 occupy an inter-
mediate position between the two preceding years of research. This also applies to climatic
conditions, and content of the salt-forming ions in the soil, and the yield of the biomass.
Thus, the formation of biomass and species composition on the meadow-chestnut
soils of the North-Western Precaspian region is the result of the combined action of vari-
ous environmental factors, the main of which are: precipitation, air temperature, relative
humidity, evaporation, moisture ratio and the degree of the chemical environment of soil
salinity. Dependencies between these factors are expressed by the following equations
multiple regression:
for the ephemeral synusiae: Y = 0.66 + 0.00268X1-6.5E-5X2-0.18X3-0.21X4 + 0.27X5
for grasses and thistle: Y = 4.1 + 0.00068X1-0.000381X2 + 1.02X3-0.35X4-0.2X5,
where Y is yield of air-dry biomass, C/ha; X1 precipitation during the vegetation
period, mm; Х2 – evaporation, mm; X3 – KU; X4 – concentration of Cl – in the layer of
0-20cm, mg-ecv./100g soil; X5 is the ratio of Cl-
:SO4 --
in the layer of 0-20cm.
- 107 -
4 (20,5
)Rmin = 4 (20,5
) [1/(2π)]0,5
(7)
Thus, the concentric sphere (1) consist of pairs of hemispheres of radii (3) – (7).
Equation (1a) can be rewritten as:
Sn = 2 [2π(Rmin 20,5
n)2
], (7а)
where n = 1/20,5
; 1; 2; 3; 4.
Thus concentric spheres consist of semi-spheres of the radii defined by (3)-(7).
One can see that these radii forms a sequence of the numbers, multiples of Rmin:
1; 20,5
; 2(20,5
); 3(20,5
); 4(20,5
) (8)
Surfaces of the spheres are 2; 4; 16; 36; 64 equal surfaces of the minimal semi-
sphere. They can be split into two sequences: 1; 2; 8; 18; 32. All 5 spheres can be
represented as a sum of dyads:
ΣSn = 2(1 + 2 + 8 + 18 + 32) (9)
Let us represent these dyads with integer numbers (bottom to top, right to left):
Fig 1. Numbered and symmetrized dyads (9). Numbers after 99 are represented
with two decimal digits only and colored in light brown.
Five dyads are five spheres, each with two monads – semi-spheres. Number of
members in a dyad is a number of parts each monad is split into. Monads of the first
dyad are not split. Monads of the second dyad are split into two parts, monads of the
3rd dyads – into 8 parts, monads of the 4th dyads – into 18 parts, monads of the 5th
dyad – into 32 parts. Therefore, there is a dependency as in (10).
Rn/ Rmin = 1; 20,5
; 2(20,5
); 3(20,5
); 4(20,5
) (10)

- 106 -
II. Statement of the problem
The rationale of the material Unity of the Universe by identifying a
Сode of dyadic periodic System of Chemical Elements and consistent representation
of the complete System in the form of a Circle of Natural Elements of the Universe.
III. Results
Without loss of generality, let us consider one sphere from the infinite number of
spheres with the center in its central infinite small cube. Any point of the sphere can be
defined with a radius and two angles in the spherical coordinates system. Thus a sphere
can be described with 3 spherical coordinates of the centers of the cubes. We can also
consider that the sphere consists of a sequence of conical embedded spheres each defined
by a radius Rn, where n is a finite positive real (rational, irrational , integer) number.
A sphere except for its radius has a very important characteristics – its surface
area defined by its radius:
Sn = 4πRn
2
(1)
We can rewrite (1) in identical form:
Sn = 2(2πRn
2
) (1a)
which describes statement that all embedded spheres consist of two semi-spheres
2πRn
2
of the radius Rn. Let us assume that there exist a minimal semi-sphere with the
minimal radius Rmin. Let us normalize its area:
2π Rmin
2
= 1 (2)
Then Rmin = 1/(2π)0,5
(3)
A minimal sphere of the radius Rmin consists of two semi-spheres. Next spheres embed-
ding the minimal sphere also consist of two semi-spheres as assumed before. Let us represent
the next sphere consisting of two semi-spheres with area equal to irrational number:
20,5
Rmin = 20,5
[1/(2π)]0,5
(4)
Next embedding semi-sphere is defined as double irrational number:
2 (20,5
)Rmin = 2 (20,5
) [1/(2π)]0,5
(5)
Next embedding semi-sphere will be defined as triple, quadruple of coefficient
and Rmin, etc:
3 (20,5
) Rmin = 3 (20,5
) [1/(2π)]0,5
(6)
- 23 -
In the mean annual data, the duration of the vegetation period of the pasture plant
communities in the area Kochubey is 260 days (from 27 March to 15th November).
Over the years of our research, the transition of the specified temperature ± 5°C in
2011. recorded on 15 of March and November 2, 2012 – March 24, and November 30,
2013 – on March 1 and November 27.
Table 2. The duration of the period with temperatures above 50
C and coeffi-
cient the use of FAR pasture plant communities in the North-West Precaspian
region for 2011-2013.(admission of FAR on 1cm2
for March-June-25,54; July-
September 21,22 kkal)
Year Length of period
t0
C air above 50
C (day)
coefficient the use
of FAR
just including
ephemers and
ephemeroids
grass and thistle
2011 232 0,029 0,009 0,020
2012 251 0,023 0,007 0,016
2013 274 0,033 0,003 0,030
Average 252 0,028 0,006 0,022
The duration of the vegetation period of grassland ecosystems and the factors
driving through communities for the considered conditions are shown in table 2.
Depending on climatic conditions, the pasture plant communities of meadow-
chestnut soils used 0,023- 0.033% FAR. Win ephemera and ephemeroids of this
amount was on average 21.4% of years of research, the remaining 78.6% are mixed
grasses and halophytes.
IV. CONCLUSION
In the North – West Precaspian productivity meadow-chestnut soils may reach 5
C/ha of air-dry aboveground mass ephemers and ephemeroids at the confluence of the
following environmental factors during April – May precipitation 80-85 mm, the aver-
age temperature is 15-16°C, relative humidity 70-73%, evaporation 130-140mm, KU
0,30, integral hydration period 29,8. Under such climatic conditions, the degree of sa-
linity in soil layer 0-23cm classified as weak, salinity type is sulfate-chloride. The uti-
lization of the FAR is 0,009. Deterioration hydrothermal conditions in the same period
(2012-precipitation 25-26mm, relative humidity 61%, KU 0,06 average daily air tem-
perature is 18.0°C, isparameter-mm, integral aridity 37,3) leads to an increase in the
content of Cl – in the same soil layer to 5.56 mg-ekv/100g, lower yields of biomass to
1,C/ha and utilization of FAR to 0.007.The increased rainfall in July-August to 102mm,
even at high daily temperatures (25-260
C) and evaporation (275mm), contributes to
maintaining the high rate KU (0,21), reducing the concentration of Cl – in the layer 0-
23cm to 1.40 mg-ekv./100g in the second half of the summer, increasing the yield of
grass and thistle to 21.1 C/ha utilization of FAR reaches of 0.02. In normal climatic

News of Science and Education

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (19)

Similar to News of Science and Education

Similar to News of Science and Education (20)

More from dr Mitar Lutovac

More from dr Mitar Lutovac (15)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

News of Science and Education